Effectiveness of mobilisation of the upper cervical region and craniocervical flexor training on orofacial pain, mandibular function and headache in women with TMD. A randomised, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Studies exploring interventions targeting the cervical spine to improve symptoms in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are limited. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether mobilisation of the upper cervical region and craniocervical flexor training decreased orofacial pain, increased mandibular function and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) of the masticatory muscles and decreased headache impact in women with TMD when compared to no intervention. METHODS: In a single-blind randomised controlled trial, 61 women with TMD were randomised into an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). The IG received upper cervical mobilisations and neck motor control and stabilisation exercises for 5 weeks. The CG received no treatment. Outcomes were collected by a blind rater at baseline and 5-week follow-up. Orofacial pain intensity was collected once a week. A mixed ANOVA and Cohen's d were used to determine differences within/between groups and effect sizes. RESULTS: Pain intensity showed significant time-by-group interaction (P < 0.05), with significant between-group differences at four and five weeks (P < 0.05), with large effect sizes (d > 0.8). The decrease in orofacial pain over time was clinically relevant only in the IG. Change in headache impact was significantly different between groups, and the IG showed a clinically relevant decrease after the treatment. No effects were found for PPT or mandibular function. CONCLUSION: Women with TMD reported a significant decrease in orofacial pain and headache impact after 5 weeks of treatment aimed at the upper cervical spine compared to a CG.

Influence of removable prostheses on mastication in elderly subjects with rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent disease in the elderly population, and it may affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the stomatognathic system. This study evaluated masticatory function in elderly patients with RA before and after oral rehabilitation with removable prostheses. Forty-five elders with partial or total edentulism who were using unsatisfactory removable prostheses were selected and assigned to 3 groups: RA with TMJ involvement, RA without TMJ involvement and healthy controls. Masticatory function was assessed in terms of masticatory performance (MP) and maximum bite force (MBF). The former was determined by the sieving method, and the latter was measured by pressure sensors placed in the bilateral molar regions. The variables were first evaluated in elderly subjects wearing unsatisfactory prostheses and re-assessed after participants had received new removable prostheses. Comparisons between groups and among time points were performed with analysis of variance for repeated measures and the Tukey-Kramer test (P < .05). Comparison among groups showed decreased MP in elders with RA before new prosthesis insertion (P < .05). Irrespective of TMJ involvement, MP improved after treatment in subjects with RA. Rheumatoid arthritis groups also showed decreased MBF (P < .05), which improved after new prosthesis insertion. Rheumatoid arthritis might impair masticatory function, and well-fitted removable prosthesis insertion might be very beneficial in elders with RA.

La importancia del tratamiento multidisciplinario en los trastornos temporomandibulares / The importance of multidisciplinay treatment intemporomandibular disorders / A importância do tratamento multidisciplinar das desordens temporomandibulares

Introducción: las disfunciones temporomandibulares constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de afecciones que involucran a la articulación temporomandibular y los músculos masticadores y del cuello. Existe consenso acerca que las disfunciones temporomandibulares son de naturaleza multifactorial en relación a factores musculares, articulares, oclusales, psicológicos e inmunológicos. Objetivo: Valorar los beneficios del tratamiento multidisciplinario en pacientes diagnosticados de disfunción temporomandibular, llevado a cabo en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial de la Unidad Asistencial Hospital César Milstein. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de 206 pacientes que consultaron por algún tipo de disfunción temporomandibular desde enero de 2011 a diciembre de 2015. Se evaluaron un total de 111 pacientes (103 mujeres y 8 hombres) con una edad promedio de 65,6 (24-82), con diagnóstico de desorden interno de la articulación temporomandibular, utilizando la Clasificación de Wilkes. Los 111 pacientes recibieron tratamiento conservador como primera medida. Resultados: 89 pacientes se vieron beneficiados en cuanto a la reducción del dolor y al aumento en el rango de la apertura oral; 21 pacientes necesitaron tratamiento quirúrgico mínimamente invasivo y 1 paciente necesitó intervención quirúrgica a través de cirugía abierta. El 80% respondió al tratamiento conservador, mientras que el 20% necesitó algun tratamiento quirúrgico. La escala visual analógica de dolor inicial fue 7,6 cm (3-10) y la final 1,14 cm (0-5). La máxima apertura oral inicial fue de 34 mm (21-50) y la final de 40 mm (35-50). Conclusión: Debido a la etiologia multifactorial de las disfunciones temporomandibulares, el fracaso en el tratamiento puede deberse a la falta de abordaje interdisciplinario. La combinación de diferentes terapéuticas nos permite alcanzar resultados más favorables, en contraposición a la realización de modalidades terapéuticas únicas y aisladas.

Introduction: temporomandibular disorders are an heterogeneous group of disorders related to the temporomandibular joint and to the masticatory and neck muscles. There exists agreement regarding the nature of temporomandibular disorders, including muscular, joint, oclussal, psycological and immunological factors. Objective: To assess the benefits of the multidisciplinary treatment in patients with temporomandibular disorders, carried out at the Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the Cesar Milstein Hospital Material and method: A retrospective descriptive study of 206 patients, assessed for temporomandibular disorders between january 2011 and december 2015. A total of 111 patients with diagnosis of internal temporomandibular joint disorder were evaluated using the Wilkes Classification. 103 females and 8 males, with a mean age of 65.6 years old (24-82). All of the patients received conservative treatment as a first choice. Results: 89 patients improved pain score and increased mouth opening range. 21 patients required minimally invasive surgical treatment and 1 patient needed open surgery. 80% responded to conservative treatment, while 20% required some type of surgical treatment. The initial Visual Analog Scale for pain was 7.6 cm (3-10) and the final 1.14 cm (0-5). The Maximum Mouth Opening was 34 mm (21-50) and the final 40 mm (35-50). Conclusions: Due to multifactorial ethiology of temporomandibular disorders, failure on its treatment may be because of the lack of an interdisciplinary approach. The combination of different therapies allows to achieve better results, in comparison with unique and isolated therapeutic modalities.

Introdução: as disfunções temporomandibulares (DTM) são um grupo heterogeneo de condições que envolvem a articulação temporomandibular (ATM) e os músculos mastigatórios e do pescoço. Há consenso que as disfunções temporomandibulares são de natureza multifactorial relacionada a fatores musculares, articulares, oclusais, psicológicos e inmunologicos. Objetivo: Avaliar os benefícios do tratamento multidisciplinar em pacientes diagnosticados de disfunção temporomandibular realizados no Serviço de Cirurgia Maxilofacial da Unidade Assistencial Hospital César Milstein. Material e método: estudo retrospectivo descritivo de 206 pacientes que consultaram por algum tipo de disfunção temporomandibular desde janeiro 2011 a dezembro 2015. Um total de 111 pacientes (103 mulheres e 8 homens) com idade média de 65,6 (24- 82) foram avaliados, com diagnóstico de transtorno interno da articulação temporomandibular, utilizando a Classificação de Wilkes. Os 111 pacientes receveron tratamento conservador como primeira medida. Resultados: 89 pacientes foram beneficiados na redução do dor e aumento no rango de apertura oral. 21 pacientes necessitaram de tratamento cirúrgico minimamente invasivo e 1 paciente necessitou de intervenção cirúrgica através de cirurgia aberta. 80% responderam ao tratamento conservador, enquanto 20% exigiram algum tratamento cirúrgico. A escala visual analógica de dor (EVA) inicial foi de 7,6 cm (3-10) e a final 1,14 cm (0-5). A máxima abertura oral (MAO) inicial foi de 34 mm (21-50) e a final de 40 mm (35-50). Conclusões: Devido à etiologia multifatorial dos disfunções temporomandibulares, o fracasso no tratamento pode ser devido à falta de abordagem interdisciplinar. A combinação de diferentes terapias nos permite obter resultados mais favoráveis, em oposição à realização de modalidades terapêuticas únicas e isoladas.

Effects of oral motor exercises and laser therapy on chronic temporomandibular disorders: a randomized study with follow-up.

This study investigated the efficacy of combining low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with oral motor exercises (OM-exercises) for rehabilitation of patients with chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Eighty-two patients with chronic TMD and 20 healthy subjects (control group) participated in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment groups: GI (LLLT + OM exercises), GII (orofacial myofunctional therapy-OMT-which contains pain relief strategies and OM-exercises), and GIII (LLLT placebo + OM-exercises) and GIV (LLLT). LLLT (AsGaAl; 780-nm wavelength; average power of 60 mW, 40 s, and 60 ± 1.0 J/cm²) was used to promote analgesia, while OM-exercises were used to reestablish the orofacial functions. Evaluations at baseline (T1), after treatment immediate (T2), and at follow-up (T3) were muscle and joint tenderness to palpation, TMD severity, and orofacial myofunctional status. There was a significant improvement in outcome measures in all treated groups with stability at follow-up (Friedman test, P < 0.05), but GIV did not show difference in orofacial functions after LLLT (P > 0.05). Intergroup comparisons showed that all treated groups had no difference in tenderness to palpation of temporal muscle compared to GC at follow-up (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.01). Moreover, GI, GII, and GIII showed no difference from GC in orofacial functional condition (T2 and T3) while they differed significantly from GIV (P < 0.01). In conclusion, LLLT combined with OM-exercises was more effective in promoting TMD rehabilitation than LLLT alone was. Similar treatment results were verified with the OMT protocol.

Effect of the Pilates method on women with temporomandibular disorders: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus regarding the influence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) on postural changes, but it is believed that an imbalance in one may influence the other. The aim of this study is to evaluate changes in the level of pain, the severity of TMD, the EMG activity of masticatory muscles and posture of young women undergoing training in Pilates, as well as correlating postural changes, pain level, severity of TMD and EMG activity of masticatory muscles. METHODS/DESIGN: A randomized clinical trial with blinded assessors will be held. 40 patients divided randomly into two groups will be assessed. The control group will receive conventional treatment with occlusal splint while the intervention group, in addition to conventional treatment will participate in Pilates sessions. Both groups will consist of women aged 18-35 years with TMD and pain. The research follow-up period will be 15 weeks.

Effect of temporomandibular disorder therapy on otologic signs and symptoms: a systematic review.

The most common temporomandibular disorders (TMD) signs and symptoms are related to muscle sensitivity through palpation, restricted mouth opening, asymmetric mandibular movements, joint sounds, pain and otologic signs and symptoms. To date, counselling, occlusal splints, exercises, biofeedback and acupuncture are examples of conservative modalities proposed for TMD therapy. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of these conservative therapies for TMD on otologic signs and symptoms. The authors searched the following electronic databases published up to 1st May 2015: PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct with no time or language limitations. Using a two-phase selection process, the authors identified 08 articles and used them to conduct a qualitative analysis. Methodological quality of each article was performed with the aid of 'Quality Assessment of a Cohort Study' and 'Quality Assessment of a Randomized Clinical Trial', developed by the Dutch Cochrane Centre, a centre of the Cochrane Collaboration. This systematic review showed in seven of the eight studies included that a total or partial resolution of otologic complains occurred after counselling, exercise therapies and occlusal splint therapy. Upon the limitations of the studies included in this systematic review, the present outcomes suggested that there is insufficient evidence in favour or against the conservative therapies for TMD on changes in otologic signs and symptoms. Thus, further studies with a higher level of evidence and more representative samples should be conducted to better understand the relationship of TMD therapy changes on otologic complains.

Development of an intraoral device for social inclusion of a physically disabled patient.

The aim of this study is to describe the use of an intraoral assistive technology for a patient with idiopathic generalized muscular dystonia, presenting temporomandibular disorder and severe anterior tooth mobility and diastema. A multidisciplinary team developed an intraoral device to provide typing and painting functions, and promote relaxation of masticatory muscles without compromising the teeth and supporting tissue structures. The occlusal splint associated with the device promoted muscle relaxation and relief of the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction, in this case with generalized muscle dystonia, allowing typing and painting with her mouth without causing tooth mobility or occlusal alteration. This intraoral device has low cost, easy adaptation and was efficient in TMD symptoms. Furthermore, the patient returned to her rehabilitation allowing performance of her duties without compromising dental structures, facilitating the social and the digital inclusion.

Diagnóstico e tratamento das fraturas e luxações da articulação temporomandibular em cães e gatos / Diagnostic and treatment of temporomandibular jont fractures and luxation of dogs and cats / Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las fracturas e luxaciones de la articulación temporomandibular em perros e gatos

Las fracturas y luxaciones de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) pueden deberse a lesiones de vehículos, caídas, peleas o agresiones. Los pacientes con lesiones en la región generalmente presentan desviación de la oclusión y incapacidad para ocluir la cavidad oral. La evaluación física y radiográfica (radiografía de cráneo convencional o tomografia computarizada) son esenciales para la planificación y la indicación de un tratamiento adecuado. En luxaciones y fracturas con poca desviación de los fragmentos, los resultados del tratamiento conservador tiene bon pronóstico ya estabelecido poco después del trauma. En luxaciones crónicas y fracturas con grandes desviaciones, abordaje quirúrgico (condilectomia) llevará a buenos resultados con respecto al mantenimiento de la oclusión.

Fractures and luxation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may be due to motor vehicle injuries, fall, fights and aggressions. Patients with injury in the region usually present malocclusion and are unable to close the mouth. The physical assessment and radiographic examination (conventional skull radiograph or CT scan) are essential for planning and indication of proper treatment. In luxations and fractures with little deviation of the fragments, conservative treatment with tape muzzle or dental bonding results in good prognosis since established shortly after the trauma. In chronic luxations and fractures with large deviations, surgical approach (condylectomy) will have good results in maintenance of occlusion.

As fraturas e luxações da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) podem ser decorrentes de traumas automobilísticos, quedas, brigas ou agressões. Os pacientes com lesão traumática na região, normalmente apresentam desvio da oclusão e impossibilidade de ocluir a cavidade oral. A avaliação física e exame radiográfico (radiografia de crânio convencional ou tomografia computadorizada) são fundamentais para o planejamento e indicação do tratamento adequado. Nas luxações e fraturas com pouco desvio de eixo dos fragmentos, o tratamento conservador com limitação da abertura da cavidade oral (focinheira esparadrapada ou bloqueio intermaxilar com resina acrílica) tem bom prognóstico desde que instaurado logo após o trauma. Nas luxações crônicas e nas fraturas com grandes desvios e eixo, a abordagem cirúrgica (condilectomia) terá bons resultados com relação à manutenção da oclusão.

Diagnóstico e tratamento das fraturas e luxações da articulação temporomandibular em cães e gatos / Diagnostic and treatment of temporomandibular jont fractures and luxation of dogs and cats / Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las fracturas e luxaciones de la articulación temporomandibular em perros e gatos

Las fracturas y luxaciones de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) pueden deberse a lesiones de vehículos, caídas, peleas o agresiones. Los pacientes con lesiones en la región generalmente presentan desviación de la oclusión y incapacidad para ocluir la cavidad oral. La evaluación física y radiográfica (radiografía de cráneo convencional o tomografia computarizada) son esenciales para la planificación y la indicación de un tratamiento adecuado. En luxaciones y fracturas con poca desviación de los fragmentos, los resultados del tratamiento conservador tiene bon pronóstico ya estabelecido poco después del trauma. En luxaciones crónicas y fracturas con grandes desviaciones, abordaje quirúrgico (condilectomia) llevará a buenos resultados con respecto al mantenimiento de la oclusión.(AU)

Fractures and luxation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may be due to motor vehicle injuries, fall, fights and aggressions. Patients with injury in the region usually present malocclusion and are unable to close the mouth. The physical assessment and radiographic examination (conventional skull radiograph or CT scan) are essential for planning and indication of proper treatment. In luxations and fractures with little deviation of the fragments, conservative treatment with tape muzzle or dental bonding results in good prognosis since established shortly after the trauma. In chronic luxations and fractures with large deviations, surgical approach (condylectomy) will have good results in maintenance of occlusion.(AU)

As fraturas e luxações da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) podem ser decorrentes de traumas automobilísticos, quedas, brigas ou agressões. Os pacientes com lesão traumática na região, normalmente apresentam desvio da oclusão e impossibilidade de ocluir a cavidade oral. A avaliação física e exame radiográfico (radiografia de crânio convencional ou tomografia computadorizada) são fundamentais para o planejamento e indicação do tratamento adequado. Nas luxações e fraturas com pouco desvio de eixo dos fragmentos, o tratamento conservador com limitação da abertura da cavidade oral (focinheira esparadrapada ou bloqueio intermaxilar com resina acrílica) tem bom prognóstico desde que instaurado logo após o trauma. Nas luxações crônicas e nas fraturas com grandes desvios e eixo, a abordagem cirúrgica (condilectomia) terá bons resultados com relação à manutenção da oclusão.(AU)

Transcranial direct current stimulation and exercises for treatment of chronic temporomandibular disorders: a blind randomised-controlled trial.

To evaluate the effect of adding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to exercises for chronic pain, dysfunction and quality of life in subjects with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Participants were selected based on the RDC/TMD criteria and assessed for pain intensity, pressure pain threshold over temporomandibular joint and cervical muscles and quality of life. After initial assessment, all individuals underwent a 4-week protocol of exercises and manual therapy, together with active or sham primary motor cortex tDCS. Stimulation was delivered through sponge electrodes, with 2 mA amplitude, for 20 min daily, over the first 5 days of the trial. A total of 32 subjects (mean age 24.7 ± 6.8 years) participated in the evaluations and treatment protocol. Mean pain intensity pre-treatment was 5.5 ± 1.4 for active tDCS group, and 6.3 ± 1.2 for sham tDCS. Both groups showed a decrease in pain intensity scores during the trial period (time factor--F(4.5,137.5) = 28.7, P < 0.001; group factor--F(1.0,30.0 = 7.7), P < 0.05). However, there were no differences between the groups regarding change in pain intensity (time*group interaction--F(4.5,137.5) = 1.5, P = 0.137). This result remained the same after 5 months (t-test t = 0.29, P > 0.05). Pressure pain thresholds decrease and improvement in quality of life were also noticeable in both groups, but again without significant differences between them. Absolute benefit increase was 37.5% (CI 95%: -15.9% to 90.9%), and number needed to treat was 2.66. This study suggests that there is no additional benefit in adding tDCS to exercises for the treatment of chronic TMD in young adults.

Additional effect of occlusal splints on the improvement of psychological aspects in temporomandibular disorder subjects: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of occlusal splints as an additional treatment on psychological aspects in temporomandibular disorder patients. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial was performed comprising 60 adults diagnosed with masticatory myofascial pain according the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). The participants were divided equally into 2 treatment groups, which received only counselling (Group 1) or occlusal splints in addition to counselling (Group 2). The assessments occurred at baseline and at 2 and 5 months after treatment. The outcomes were symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as pain catastrophizing. Two-way ANOVA, Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests were used to perform the statistical analysis, considering a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: In relation to the baseline assessment, 60% of the subjects had at least mild anxiety and 25% had at least mild depression, and the mean and standard deviation (SD) of pain catastrophizing was 2.41 (1.33) for Group 1 and 2.06 (1.04) for Group 2. Comparisons between baseline and the fifth-month evaluation showed an improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms only in Group 2 (p<0.05). Otherwise, there was a significant reduction in pain catastrophizing in both groups (p<0.05), with a mean (SD) of 1.14 (1.28) for Group 1 and 0.76 (0.82) for Group 2. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive strategies could provide an improvement in the psychological aspects of temporomandibular disorder patients, and the use of an occlusal splint seems to hasten the manifestation of these effects.

Diseño de un dispositivo como herramienta diagnóstica en trastornos témporomandibulares / Design of a device as a diagnostic tool for temporomandibular joint disorder

En la práctica odontológica se puede evidenciar una insatisfacción, de los profesionales de la odontología, al solo contar con una imagen diagnóstica de una radiografía panorámica y lo inaccesible que resulta adquirir otros equipos que puedan aportar información para estudiar las afecciones en la Articulación Témporo Mandibular (ATM). Esta investigación orientada al diseño de un dispositivo receptor de imagen que asemeja un arco facial y un audífono, el cual, a su vez posee cámaras para la obtención de imágenes. A su vez, apoyado por un software (matlab) que interpreta los cambios de la imagen como una línea de desplazamiento, arrojando valores que son llevados a formar parte de un diagnóstico, en el estudio de desórdenes témporomandibulares. Este proyecto se enmarco en la modalidad de proyecto factible, con enfoque tecnicistas. Se utilizó una encuesta como técnica de recolección de datos y como instrumento se uso un cuestionario estructurado con preguntas dicotómicas. El estudio se aplico a docentes de la asignatura Oclusión y Rehabilitación Protésica, del Departamento de Prostodoncia y Oclusión de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Carabobo. Se evidencio que la mayoría de los docentes manifestaron poca confianza en los métodos diagnósticos existentes, ya que no ofrecen imágenes dinámicas y son poco accesibles a la población. Además, se encontró que el 100% está de acuerdo que el desarrollo del dispositivo antes mencionado. Se encuentra que este dispositivo seria innovador y cómodo, además de encontrarse una amplia motivación hacia su aplicación...

The purpose of this research is to develop a design of a receiver device supported by software that interprets the changes in an image as a displacement line of the TMJ. This research aims to present a device as a diagnostic tool for the témporomandibular joint disorder to the professors of the Faculty of dentistry in Carabobo University. This project was delimited as a workable project with a technicist approach where it is used a survey, as data collection technique and a structured questionnaire with dichotomous questions, as instrument. The study was applied to the professors of occlusion and prosthetic rehabilitation subject of the Faculty of dentistry in Carabobo University having 15 professors. It was found that most of the professors manifest a lack of confidence on the methods to study the TMJ disorders, due to it is unable to show the condylar dynamics and are also expensive for most of the population. Plus, it was evidenced that 100% were agree on develop of the device mentioned before, It´s described as comfortable, being motivated for the application..

Características de los pacientes con desórdenes temporomandibulares del Hospital de San José / Characteristics of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders at Hospital de San José

Los desórdenes temporomandibulares son la causa más frecuente de dolor no dental en la región orofacial. Se caracterizan por dolor y disfunción del sistema masticatorio. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de los pacientes con desórdenes temporomandibulares del Hospital de San José. Materiales y métodos: Serie de casos. Se incluyeron los pacientes con diagnóstico de desórdenes temporomandibulares durante junio del 2010 a junio del 2013. Resultado: Se identificaron 284 registros, con un promedio de edad de 41,5 años (DE 17,3). El 81,7% eran mujeres. El síntoma reportado con mayor frecuencia por el paciente fue dolor, con el 86,6%. La media de apertura oral fue 3,8 cm (DE 0,7). La resonancia magnética constituyó el examen más solicitado, con el 16,5%. El tratamiento médico más indicado fue la combinación de placa miorrelajante, dieta blanda y terapia térmica, con el 57%. El 18,6% de los pacientes con disfunción temporomandibular requirieron manejo quirúrgico. Conclusión: Al describir las características de los pacientes con desórdenes temporo-mandibulares en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital de San José, en el periodo de junio del 2010 a junio del 2013, se puede concluir que el sexo que más presenta esta patología es el femenino, en mayores de 40 años, posiblemente por alteraciones oclusales debidas a mala adaptación protésica o ausencia de piezas dentales, estrés, presencia de hábitos parafuncionales asociados a posibles cambios artrósicos por la edad...

Temporomandibular joint disorders are the most frequent cause of non-dental orofacial pain. They are characterized by pain and mastication system dysfunction. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders at Hospital de San José. Materials and methods: Case series. Patients diagnosed with temporomandibular joint disorders between June 2010 and June 2013 were included. Results: Overall, 284 records were identified of patients with a mean age 41.5 years (SD 17.3). Of those, 81.7% were women. The most frequent symptom reported by the patients was pain (86.6%). Mean oral opening was 3.8 cm (SD 0.7). Nuclear magnetic resonance was the most requested study (16.5%). The medical treatment most frequently indicated was a combination of splint, soft diet and thermal therapy (57 %). Of the patients with temporomandibular dysfunction, 18.6% required surgical management. Conclusion: Based on the description of the characteristics of patientes with temporomandibular joint disorders coming to the Maxillofacial Surgery Service at Hospital de San José, between June 210 and June 2013, it may be concluded that this disorder is more frequent in the female gender and in people over 40. This may be explained perhaps by the occlusion abnormalities due to poor prosthetic fitting or absence of teeth, stress, or habitus associated with potential age-related arthrosis changes...

Mandibular manipulation for the treatment of temporomandibular disorder.

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review to identify the randomized clinical studies that had investigated the following research question: Is the mandibular manipulation technique an effective and safe technique for the treatment of the temporomandibular joint disk displacement without reduction? The systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases: PubMed (Medical Publications), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database), PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), BBO (Brazilian Library of Odontology), CENTRAL (Library Cochrane), and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online). The abstracts of presentations in physical therapy meetings were manually selected, and the articles of the ones that meet the requirements were investigated. No language restrictions were considered. Only randomized and controlled clinical studies were included. Two studies of medium quality fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. There is no sufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of the mandibular manipulation therapy, and therefore its use remains questionable. Being minimally invasive, this therapy is attractive as an initial approach, especially considering the cost of the alternative approaches. The analysis of the results suggests that additional high-quality randomized clinical trials are necessary on the topic, and they should focus on methods for data randomization and allocation, on clearly defined outcomes, on a priori calculated sample size, and on an adequate follow-up strategy.

Effectiveness of global postural reeducation in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder: case report.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of global postural reeducation in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder through bilateral surface electromyographic (EMG) analysis of the masseter muscle in a 23-year-old volunteer. EMG values for the masseter were collected at rest (baseline) and during a maximal occlusion. There was a change in EMG activity both at rest and during maximal occlusion following the intervention, evidencing neuromuscular rebalancing between both sides after treatment as well as an increase in EMG activity during maximal occlusion, with direct improvement in the recruitment of motor units during contractile activity and a decrease in muscle tension between sides at rest. The improvement in postural patterns of the cervical spine provided an improvement in aspects of the EMG signal of the masseter muscle in this patient. However, a multidisciplinary study is needed in order to determine the effect of different forms of treatment on this condition and compare benefits between interventions. Therefore, this study can provide a direction regarding the application of this technique in patients with temporomandibular disorder.

Efeitos do uso da placa oclusal sobre equilíbrio postural em indivíduos dentados, não reprogramados, com sinais e sintomas de desordem temporomandibular diagnosticados pelo RDC/TMD e ressonância magnética / Effects of using occlusal splint on postural equilibrium in dentate, non-reprogrammed, individual with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder diagnosed via RDC/TMD and magnetic-resonance imaging

A desordem temporomandibular (DTM) de origem multifatorial pode estar associada a fatores oclusais e também a alterações posturais. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os efeitos do uso da placa sobre o equilíbrio postural em indivíduos dentados, não reprogramados, com sinais e sintomas de desordem temporomandibular (DTM). Colaboraram com a pesquisa 70 pacientes (59 placa e 21 controle), entre 18e 84 anos, de ambos os gêneros, diagnosticados com DTM por meio do questionário do RDC/TMD além de ressonância magnética da articulação temporomandibular. O estudo foi de ensaio clínico, randomizado, controlado, prospectivo e de intervenção. Foram respondidos os questionários de risco de quedas - FES-I e de qualidade de vida - SF-36 antes que fosse realizada a avaliação do equilíbrio postural por meio da plataforma de força. Cumprida estas etapas eram feita a randomização: o grupo da amostra recebia placa oclusal com critérios de estabilidade oclusal além de orientação para que fizesse exercícios terapêuticos, enquanto o grupo controle era orientado para fazer apenas exercícios terapêuticos. Após 12 semanas, os dois grupos eram reavaliados. A análise estatística foi feita por frequências, avaliação da associação entre grupos por teste de Fisher; medidas quantitativas considerando por média, mediana, desvio padrão, percentis 25 e 75 além de valores máximo e mínimo; as comparações entre os tempos fez uso de teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon enquanto a entre grupos usou o teste de Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância de 5%.

O total de pacientes, que completou o estudo de risco de queda e qualidade de vida, era composto por 77% de mulheres, com média de idade de 42,5 anos. Os itens significantes do risco de queda contribuíram para reduzir a preocupação em cair da mesma forma que os de qualidade de vida auxiliaram o aumento dos domínios saúde mental, dor e vitalidade. Dos setenta pacientes, 64 completaram o RDC/TMD (47 placa e 17 controle), com diferenças significativas no que diz respeito ao diagnóstico de dor miofascial, deslocamento do disco, artralgia direita e esquerda, grau de dor crônica, depressão esomatização relacionada a placa. Dentre os mesmos 70 pacientes, 49 completaram o estudo sobre o equilíbrio postural (36 placa e 13 controle), que apresentou aumento significante na velocidade anteroposterior do CP nas condições olhos abertos e fechados (VAPoa e VAPof), durante a postura em pé no grupo placa. Concluiu-seque o uso da placa foi eficaz no tratamento da DTM sendo que seu efeito pode ser observado no equilíbrio postural a ponto de diminuir a preocupação em cair além de melhorar os domínios de saúde mental e dor, com consequente repercussão sobre a qualidade de vida.

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) of multifactorial origin may be associated with occlusal factors but also with changes in posture. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the use of the occlusal splint on the postural equilibrium of non-reprogrammed, dentate individual with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder. The research group consisted of 70 patients (59 with occlusal splints, 21 in the control group) between 18 and 84 years of age, of both genders, diagnosed with TMD by way of the RDC/TMD questionnaire and magnetic-resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint. The research was performed via a randomized, controlled, prospective clinical study and intervention. The questionnaires regarding risk of falls - FES-I and quality of life - SF-36 were filled out before evaluating postural equilibrium by way of a force platform. In the randomization, the sample group received occlusal splint, occlusal-stability criteria, and advice about therapeutic exercises; the control group only received advice about therapeutic exercises. After 12 weeks, the groups were re-evaluated qualitatively by frequency, evaluation of the association between the group via Fisher testing; quantitatively via average, median, standard deviation, 25 and 75 percentiles, and minimum and maximum values; comparison between the times via non-parametric Wilcoxon testing and between the groups via Mann-Whitney testing with a threshold of significance of 5%. Of the universe of the patients patients who completed the risk-of-fall and quality-of-life study, 77% were women with an average of 42.2 years.

Atividade elétrica dos músculos cervicais e amplitude de movimento da coluna cervical em indivíduos com e sem DTM / Electrical activity of cervical muscles and range of movement of cervical column in individuals with and without DTM

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a atividade elétrica e a dor à palpação dos músculos cervicais, a amplitude de movimento (ADM) da coluna cervical e a relação entre atividade elétrica e ADM cervical em indivíduos com e sem desordem temporomandibular (DTM). Participaram do estudo 53 voluntários, sendo 24 com DTM e 29 sem, de ambos os gêneros, com 18 a 32 anos de idade. A DTM foi diagnosticada pelo critério de diagnóstico em pesquisa para DTM (Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders). A eletromiografia dos músculos esternocleidomastoídeo (ECOM) e trapézio superior foi realizada bilateralmente, na situação de repouso, com frequência de 2 KHz e filtro passa-faixa de 10-1000 Hz. As medidas de ADM de flexão, extensão, lateroflexão e rotação foram realizadas com um flexímetro e a comparação entre os grupos contou com o teste de Mann Whitney. O teste de Spearman foi aplicado para a correlação entre as variáveis, com nível de significância de 5%. Não foi verificada nenhuma diferença na ADM cervical entre os grupos. A atividade elétrica demonstrou-se significativamente maior nos músculos ECOM direito (p=0,0130), trapézio superior direito (p=0,0334) e esquerdo (p=0,0335) no grupo DTM em relação ao grupo controle. Não houve correlação significante entre atividade elétrica e ADM cervical. A dor nos músculos cervicais apresentou-se significativamente maior apenas no músculo ECOM direito (p=0,0055). Conclui-se que os grupos estudados registraram diferença na atividade elétrica dos músculos cervicais, sendo esta maior em indivíduos com DTM.

The aim of the research was to evaluate the electrical activity and pain on palpation of the cervical muscles, the cervical range of motion (ROM) and the relationship between electrical activity and ROM in individuals with and without temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Fifty three volunteers took part in the study, being 24 with TMD and 29 without, both genders, from 18 to 32 years old. The TMD was diagnosed through Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder (RDC/TMD). The electromyografhy of Sternocleidomastoideus (SCM) and upper trapezius muscles was carried out bilaterally during rest situation, with a frequency of 2 KHz and band-pass filter of 10-1000Hz. The measures of flexion, extension, lateral tilt and rotation ROM were acquired through a fleximeter and the comparison between groups was analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. The Spearman test verified the correlation between the variables, with 5% of significance level. There were no differences in the cervical ROM between the groups. The electrical activity was significantly higher in the right SCM (p=0,0130), left (p=0,0335) and right (p=0,0334) trapezius muscles in the TMD group. There were no significant correlations between electrical activity and cervical ROM. Pain in the neck muscles was significantly higher only in the right SCM (p=0,0055). It is concluded that the studied groups had difference in the electrical activity of the cervical muscles, which was larger in the individuals with TMD.

Rehabilitación ocluso-articular en un paciente bruxópata / Occlusal-articular rehabilitation in a patient with bruxism

Se realizó la presentación del caso de un paciente masculino de 68 años de edad que acudió a la Consulta de Trastornos Temporomandibulares de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana, por presentar problemas estéticos y dificultades masticatorias. Durante la anamnesis y el examen físico se observaron facetas de desgastes oclusales, disminución de la dimensión vertical y prominencias óseas asociadas al bruxismo. Se realizó la discusión del caso y el tratamiento seguido para su rehabilitación ocluso-articular. El resultado final fue la restauración de la estética y la función(AU)

This is the presentation of the case of a male patient aged 68 came to our consultation of temporomandibular disorders of the Stomatology Faculty of Ciudad de La Habana due to esthetic problems and mastication difficulty. During anamnesis and physical examination it was possible to note occlusal wear facets, decrease of vertical dimension and bone prominences associated with bruxism. Case was discussed and treatment was followed for its occlusal-articular rehabilitation. Final result was the restoration of esthetics and function(AU)

Evaluación de tratamiento con artroplastia y eminectomía endesarreglos internos de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) / A clinical evaluation of arthrotomy and eminectomy for internal derangement of temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Introducción y Objetivo: El tratamiento de los desarreglos internos de la articulación temporomandibular ha tenido múltiples enfoques y se ha realizado de diversas maneras. La artrotomíade la articulación es considerada como última alternativa para casos renuentes al tratamiento conservador, sin embargo no ha estado exenta de controversia por los riesgos que presenta para el paciente, las complicaciones que eventualmente se pueden presentar y por los resultados que se pueden obtener a largo plazo. El objetivo es medir el éxito del procedimiento quirúrgico (artroplastia y eminectomía) en pacientes con desarreglos internos de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM). Materiales y Métodos: Se trata de un estudio clínico descriptivo retrospectivo con 20 pacientes que evaluó apertura máxima, ruidos y dolor articular. El dolor se evaluó con escala visual análoga; asimismo, valoró la satisfacción general de los pacientes que habían sido sometidos a cirugía de ATM. Resultados: Se encontró disminución significativa del dolor en 70% de los pacientes; los ruidos articulares persistieron en el 60% de los casos y el 15% mejoró en cuanto al ruido; 65% de los pacientes tuvieron apertura normal y hubo satisfacción del 90%. Conclusión: La cirugía de ATM con Artroplastia y eminectomía mejoran el dolor y disfunción de ATM en la población estudiada.

Introduction and Objetive: The treatment of the internal disorders of the temporomandibular joint has had multiple approaches and it has been made of diverse ways. The surgery of the joint is considered like last alternative for reluctant cases to the preservative treatment, nevertheless it does not have been free of controversy by the risks that displays for the patient, the complications which they are possible to be presented and by the results that can be obtained in the long term. The objective was to assess the success of surgical procedure (meniscal plication and eminectomy) in patients with internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Materials and Methods: Twenty patients in a retrospective clinical study design. The maximal opening, noise/clicking, and joint pain was recorded preoperatively. Completed visual analogue scales of pain at the time of followup and the patient satisfaction were evaluated. Results: Decrease in TMJ pain after surgery was reported by 70% of the patients. Joint sounds persisted in a 60%, 15% improve in noise/clicking. Postoperative findings relating to open mouth showed 65% of the patients with normal opening.The patient satisfaction with this TMJ surgery was 90%. Conclusion: TMJ meniscal placation and eminectomy improve pain and dysfunction after surgery enhancing quality of life.

Electromyographic evaluation during masticatory function, in patients with temporomandibular disorders following interocclusal appliance treatment.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the electromyographic activity during masticatory function, in patients with stomatognathic system dysfunctions, treated with interocclusal splints. Electromyography was carried out through a computer diagnostic system K6-l DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM (Myo-Tronics, Inc.; Tukwila, WA; USA). Study sample involved 20 individuals, age 18-53 years, both genders. Electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscles (masseter and anterior temporalis) was measured before and 90, 120, and 150 days after treatment with interocclusal splints, which were modified at days 90 (in canine guidance) and 120 (in group function). Data were statistically analyzed through a simple linear regression model. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) among the 3 periods assessed. Bilateral equilibrium of electromyographic activity was observed for the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles during the treatment.