RESUMEN
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and can be life-threatening. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adult stem cells with immunomodulatory properties, have been used as therapeutic agents in a variety of ways and have demonstrated efficacy against acute GVHD (aGVHD); however, variability in MSC pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and the limitation that they only exhibit immunosuppressive effects at high levels of inflammation have prevented their widespread clinical use. The outcomes of GVHD treated with MSCs in the clinic have been variable, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the unique biological effects of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonists led us to compare and validate the efficacy of MSCs primed with KMRC011, a TLR5 agonist. KMRC011 is a stimulant that induces the secretion of cytokines, which play an important role in immune regulation. In this study, we found that MSCs pretreated with KMRC011 increased the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and increased the expression of M2 macrophage polarizing cytokines macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in vitro. We investigated the immunosuppressive effects of TLR5 agonist (KMRC011)-primed MSCs on lymphocytes and their preventive and therapeutic effects on an in vivo mouse aGVHD model. In vitro experiments showed that KMRC011-primed MSCs had enhanced immunosuppressive effects on lymphocyte proliferation. In vivo experiments showed that KMRC011-primed MSCs ameliorated GVHD severity in a mouse model of induced GVHD disease. Finally, macrophages harvested from the spleens of mice treated with KMRC011-primed MSCs showed a significant increase in the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Overall, the results suggest that KMRC011-primed MSCs attenuated GVHD severity in mice by polarizing macrophages to the M2 phenotype and increasing the proportion of anti-inflammatory cells, opening new horizons for GVHD treatment.
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Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped , Macrófagos , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Receptor Toll-Like 5 , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/tratamiento farmacológico , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos adversos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/métodos , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIM: The small intestine is one of the organs most vulnerable to ionizing radiation (IR) damage. However, methods to protect against IR-induced intestinal injury are limited. CBLB502, a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist from Salmonella flagellin, exerts radioprotective effects on various tissues and organs. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CBLB502 protects against IR-induced intestinal injury remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying IR-induced intestinal injury and the protective effects of CBLB502 against this condition in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were administered 0.2 mg/kg CBLB502 before IR at different doses for different time points, and then the survival rate, body weight, hemogram, and histopathology of the mice were analyzed. RESULTS: CBLB502 reduced IR-induced intestinal injury. RNA-seq analysis revealed that different doses and durations of IR induced different regulatory patterns. CBLB502 protected against intestinal injury mainly after IR by reversing the expression of IR-induced genes and regulating immune processes and metabolic pathways. CONCLUSION: This study preliminarily describes the regulatory mechanism of IR-induced intestinal injury and the potential molecular protective mechanism of CBLB502, providing a basis for identifying the functional genes and molecular mechanisms that mediate protection against IR-induced injury.
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Protectores contra Radiación , Animales , Ratones , Protectores contra Radiación/farmacología , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 5/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Masculino , Radiación Ionizante , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/agonistas , Traumatismos por Radiación/tratamiento farmacológico , Traumatismos por Radiación/patología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/patología , Intestinos/efectos de la radiación , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Agonistas de los Receptores Toll-Like , PéptidosRESUMEN
The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a significant concern for chronic respiratory disease exacerbations. Host-directed drugs, such as flagellin, an agonist of toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), have emerged as a promising solution. In this study, we evaluated the prophylactic intranasal administration of flagellin against a multidrug-resistant strain of PA (PAMDR) in mice and assessed the possible synergy with the antibiotic gentamicin (GNT). The results indicated that flagellin treatment before infection decreased bacterial load in the lungs, likely due to an increase in neutrophil recruitment, and reduced signs of inflammation, including proinflammatory cytokines. The combination of flagellin and GNT showed a synergistic effect, decreasing even more the bacterial load and increasing mice survival rates, in comparison to mice pre-treated only with flagellin. These findings suggest that preventive nasal administration of flagellin could restore the effect of GNT against MDR strains of PA, paving the way for the use of flagellin in vulnerable patients with chronic respiratory diseases.
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Administración Intranasal , Antibacterianos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Flagelina , Gentamicinas , Infecciones por Pseudomonas , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Gentamicinas/farmacología , Animales , Flagelina/farmacología , Ratones , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Femenino , Pulmón/microbiología , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Carga Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Sinergismo FarmacológicoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women. Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), an autoimmune signaling receptor that plays a role in cancer, can be exploited for the suppression of human colon cancer. Salmonella flagellin protein, a novel agonist of TLR5 activating downstream signaling, could be a basis for designing anticancer peptides. METHODS: The three-dimensional crystal structure of TLR5 (PDB ID: 3J0A, Resolution = 26.0 Å) was optimized using the AMBER force field in the YASARA suit. In silico enzymatic digestion tool, PeptideCutter, was used to identify peptides from Salmonella flagellin, an agonist against human TLR5. The 3D structure of the peptides was generated using PEP-FOLD3. These peptides were screened against human TLR5 using shape complementarity principles based on the binding affinity and interactions with the active residue of TLR5 monomer, and the selected peptides were further validated by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. RESULTS: In this study, we generated 42 peptides from Salmonella flagellin protein by in silico protein digestion. Then, based on a new hidden Markov model sub-optimal conformation sampling approach as well as the size of the fragments, we select 38 effective peptides from these 42 cleavages. These peptides were screened against the monomeric Xray structure of human TLR5 using shape complementarity principles. Based on the binding affinity and interactions with the active residue of TLR5 monomer (residues 294 and 366 of TLR5), nine top-scored peptides were selected for the initial molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. Among these peptides, Clv10, Clv17, and Clv28 showed high stability and less flexibility during MD simulation. A 1 µs MD simulation was performed on TLR5-Clv10, TLR-Clv17, and TLR5-Clv28 complexes to further analyze the stability, conformational changes, and binding mode (Clv10, Clv17, and Clv28). During this MD study, the peptides showed high salt bridges and ionic interactions with residue ASP294 and residue ASP366 throughout the simulation and remained in the concave of the human TLR5 monomer. The RMSD and Rg values showed that the peptide-protein complexes become stable after 200 ns of contraction and extraction. CONCLUSION: These findings can facilitate the rational design of selected peptides as an agonist of TLR5, which have antitumor activity, suppress colorectal cancer tumors, and can be used as promising candidates and novel agonists of TLR5.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales , Receptor Toll-Like 5 , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Flagelina/farmacología , Flagelina/química , Flagelina/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Transducción de Señal , Péptidos/farmacología , Péptidos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Primary and adaptive resistance to immune checkpoint therapies (ICT) represent a considerable obstacle to achieving enhanced overall survival. Innate immune activators have been actively pursued for their antitumor potential. Herein we report that a syngeneic 4T1 mammary carcinoma murine model for established highly-refractory triple negative breast cancer showed enhanced survival when treated intra-tumorally with either the TLR5 agonist flagellin or CBLB502, a flagellin derivative, in combination with antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1. Long-term survivor mice showed immunologic memory upon tumor re-challenge and a distinctive immune activating cytokine profile that engaged both innate and adaptive immunity. Low serum levels of G-CSF and CXCL5 (as well as high IL-15) were candidate predictive biomarkers correlating with enhanced survival. CBLB502-induced enhancement of ICT was also observed in poorly immunogenic B16-F10 melanoma tumors. Combination immune checkpoint therapy plus TLR5 agonists may offer a new therapeutic strategy to treat ICT-refractory solid tumors.
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Melanoma Experimental , Receptor Toll-Like 5 , Animales , Ratones , Inmunidad Adaptativa , Citocinas , Flagelina/farmacología , Melanoma Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistasRESUMEN
Influenza A virus (IAV) predisposes individuals to often more severe secondary bacterial infections with Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumoniae). The outcomes of these infections may be made worse with the increase in antimicrobial resistance and a lack of new treatments to combat this. Th17 responses are crucial in clearing S. pneumoniae from the lung. We previously demonstrated that early IAV infection of human monocytes significantly reduced levels of S. pneumoniae-driven cytokines involved in the Th17 response. Here, we have further identified that IAV targets specific TLRs (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9) involved in sensing S. pneumoniae infection resulting, in a reduction in TLR agonist-induced IL-23 and TGF-ß. The effect of IAV is more profound on the TLR2 and TLR9 pathways. We have established that IAV-mediated inhibition of TLR9-induction is related to a downregulation of RORC, a Th17 specific transcription factor. Other studies using mouse models demonstrated that TLR5 agonism improved the efficacy of antibiotics in the treatment of IAV/S. pneumoniae co-infections. Therefore, we investigated if TLR5 agonism could restore inhibited Th17 responses in human monocytes. Levels of pneumococcus-driven cytokines, which had previously been inhibited by IAV were not reduced in the presence of the TLR5 mono-agonist, suggesting that such treatment may overcome IAV inhibition of Th17 responses. The importance of our research is in demonstrating the IAV directly targets S. pneumoniae-associated TLR pathways. Additionally, the IAV-inhibition of Th17 responses can be restored by TLR5 agonism, which indicates that there may be a different Th17 signalling pathway which is not affected by IAV infection.
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Inmunidad , Gripe Humana/inmunología , Gripe Humana/virología , Monocitos/inmunología , Monocitos/virología , Streptococcus pneumoniae/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Humanos , Inmunidad/efectos de los fármacos , Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Miembro 3 del Grupo F de la Subfamilia 1 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor Toll-Like 2/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist entolimod, a derivative of Salmonella flagellin, has therapeutic potential for several indications including radioprotection and cancer immunotherapy. However, in Phase 1 human studies, entolimod induced a rapid neutralizing immune response, presumably due to immune memory from prior exposure to flagellated enterobacteria. To enable multi-dose applications, we used structure-guided reengineering to develop a next-generation, substantially deimmunized entolimod variant, GP532. GP532 induces TLR5-dependent NF-κB activation like entolimod but is smaller and has mutations eliminating an inflammasome-activating domain and key B- and T-cell epitopes. GP532 is resistant to human entolimod-neutralizing antibodies and shows reduced de novo immunogenicity. GP532 also has improved bioavailability, a stronger effect on key cytokine biomarkers, and a longer-lasting effect on NF-κB. Like entolimod, GP532 demonstrated potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of radiation-induced death and tissue damage. These results establish GP532 as an optimized TLR5 agonist suitable for multi-dose therapies and for patients with high titers of preexisting flagellin-neutralizing antibodies.
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Péptidos/farmacología , Transducción de Señal , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Línea Celular Tumoral , Células HEK293 , HumanosRESUMEN
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The major bacterial cause of COPD exacerbations is non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). 25 to over 80% of cases are associated with NTHi. This susceptibility to infection involves a defective production of interleukin (IL)-22 which plays an important role in mucosal defense. Prophylactic administration of flagellin, a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist, protects healthy mice against respiratory pathogenic bacteria. We hypothesized that TLR5-mediated stimulation of lung immunity might prevent COPD exacerbations. Mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), which presented COPD symptoms, were infected with NTHi and intraperitoneally treated with recombinant flagellin following a prophylactic or therapeutic protocol. Compared with control, cigarette smoke-exposed mice treated with flagellin showed a lower bacterial load in the airways, the lungs and the blood. This protection was associated with an early neutrophilia, a lower production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increased IL-22 production. Flagellin treatment decreased the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the lung damages related to exacerbation. Morover, the protective effect of flagellin against NTHi was altered by treatment with anti-IL-22 blocking antibodies in cigarette smoke-exposed mice and in Il22-/- mice. The effect of flagellin treatment did not implicated the anti-bacterial peptides calgranulins and defensin-ß2. This study shows that stimulation of innate immunity by a TLR5 ligand is a potent antibacterial treatment in CS-exposed mice, suggesting innovative therapeutic strategies against acute exacerbation in COPD.
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Flagelina/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Haemophilus/prevención & control , Humo/efectos adversos , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Animales , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Citocinas/análisis , Flagelina/genética , Flagelina/metabolismo , Flagelina/farmacología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/microbiología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/patología , Haemophilus influenzae/aislamiento & purificación , Interleucinas/deficiencia , Interleucinas/genética , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Pulmón/metabolismo , Pulmón/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Neutrófilos/citología , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/etiología , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapéutico , Nicotiana , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-22RESUMEN
Conventional dendritic cell (DC) vaccine strategies, in which DCs are loaded with antigens ex vivo, suffer biological issues such as impaired DC migration capacity and laborious GMP production procedures. In a promising alternative, antigens are targeted to DC-associated endocytic receptors in vivo with antibody-antigen conjugates co-administered with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as adjuvants. To combine the potential advantages of in vivo targeting of DCs with those of conjugated TLR agonists, we generated a multifunctional antibody construct integrating the DC-specific delivery of viral- or tumor-associated antigens and DC activation by TLR ligation in one molecule. We validated its functionality in vitro and determined if TLR ligation might improve the efficacy of such a molecule. In proof-of-principle studies, an αCD40 antibody containing a CMV pp65-derived peptide as an antigen domain (αCD40CMV) was genetically fused to the TLR5-binding D0/D1 domain of bacterial flagellin (αCD40.FlgCMV). The analysis of surface maturation markers on immature DCs revealed that fusion of flagellin to αCD40CMV highly increased DC maturation (3.4-fold elevation of CD80 expression compared to αCD40CMV alone) by specifically interacting with TLR5. Immature DCs loaded with αCD40.FlgCMV induced significantly higher CMVNLV-specific T cell activation and proliferation compared to αCD40CMV in co-culture experiments with allogeneic and autologous T cells (1.8-fold increase in % IFN-γ/TNF-α+ CD8+ T cells and 3.9-fold increase in % CMVNLV-specific dextramer+ CD8+ T cells). More importantly, we confirmed the beneficial effects of flagellin-dependent DC stimulation using a tumor-specific neoantigen as the antigen domain. Specifically, the acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-specific mutated NPM1 (mNPM1)-derived neoantigen CLAVEEVSL was delivered to DCs in the form of αCD40mNPM1 and αCD40.FlgmNPM1 antibody constructs, making this study the first to investigate mNPM1 in a DC vaccination context. Again, αCD40.FlgmNPM1-loaded DCs more potently activated allogeneic mNPM1CLA-specific T cells compared to αCD40mNPM1. These in vitro results confirmed the functionality of our multifunctional antibody construct and demonstrated that TLR5 ligation improved the efficacy of the molecule. Future mouse studies are required to examine the T cell-activating potential of αCD40.FlgmNPM1 after targeting of dendritic cells in vivo using AML xenograft models.
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Anticuerpos/farmacología , Antígenos CD40/inmunología , Vacunas contra el Cáncer/farmacología , Células Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Flagelina/farmacología , Activación de Linfocitos , Proteínas Nucleares/farmacología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Proteínas de la Matriz Viral/farmacología , Anticuerpos/genética , Anticuerpos/inmunología , Antígenos CD40/genética , Vacunas contra el Cáncer/inmunología , Comunicación Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Epítopos , Proteínas Filagrina , Flagelina/genética , Flagelina/inmunología , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/inmunología , Nucleofosmina , Prueba de Estudio Conceptual , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/farmacología , Transducción de Señal , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 5/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Matriz Viral/genética , Proteínas de la Matriz Viral/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The TLR5 agonist flagellin is a potent adjuvant and is currently being developed for use in vaccines. The mechanisms that drive flagellin's activity are influenced by its administration route. Previous studies showed that lung structural cells (especially epithelial cells lining the conducting airways) are pivotal for the efficacy of intranasally administered flagellin-containing vaccines. In this study, we looked at how the airway epithelial cells (AECs) regulate the flagellin-dependent stimulation of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells and the Ab response in mice. Our results demonstrate that after sensing flagellin, AECs trigger the release of GM-CSF in a TLR5-dependent fashion and the doubling of the number of activated type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s) in draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, the neutralization of GM-CSF reduced cDC2s activation. This resulted in lower of Ag-specific CD4+ T cell count and Ab titers in mice. Our data indicate that during pulmonary immunization, the GM-CSF released by AECs orchestrates the cross-talk between cDC2s and CD4+ T cells and thus drives flagellin's adjuvant effect.
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Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Flagelina/inmunología , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/metabolismo , Mucosa Respiratoria/inmunología , Vacunas/inmunología , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Administración Intranasal , Animales , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Comunicación Celular/inmunología , Células Cultivadas , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Femenino , Flagelina/administración & dosificación , Inmunidad Mucosa , Inmunogenicidad Vacunal , Ganglios Linfáticos/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Modelos Animales , Cultivo Primario de Células , Mucosa Respiratoria/citología , Mucosa Respiratoria/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 5/genética , Vacunas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is an important human pathogen associated with gastric inflammation and neoplasia. It is commonly believed that this bacterium avoids major immune recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) because of low intrinsic activity of its flagellin and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In particular, TLR5 specifically detects flagellins in various bacterial pathogens, while Hp evolved mutations in flagellin to evade detection through TLR5. Cancerogenic Hp strains encode a type IV secretion system (T4SS). The T4SS core component and pilus-associated protein CagY, a large VirB10 ortholog, drives effector molecule translocation. Here, we identify CagY as a flagellin-independent TLR5 agonist. We detect five TLR5 interaction sites, promoting binding of CagY-positive Hp to TLR5-expressing cells, TLR5 stimulation, and intracellular signal transduction. Consequently, CagY constitutes a remarkable VirB10 member detected by TLR5, driving crucial innate immune responses by this human pathogen.
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Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Helicobacter pylori/metabolismo , Secuencias Repetitivas de Aminoácido , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Secuencia Conservada , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Mucosa Gástrica/microbiología , Mucosa Gástrica/patología , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Mutagénesis/genética , Péptidos/metabolismo , Dominios Proteicos , Gastropatías/microbiología , Gastropatías/patología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 5/genética , Regulación hacia Arriba/genética , Pez CebraRESUMEN
By modulating specific immune responses against antigens, adjuvants are used in many vaccine preparations to enhance protective immunity. The C-terminal domain of the protein P97 (P97c) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, which is the etiologic agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, has been shown to increase the specific humoral response against an antigen when this antigen is merged with P97c and delivered by adenovectors. However, the immunostimulating mechanism of this protein remains unknown. In the present study, recombinantly expressed P97c triggered a concentration-dependent TLR5 activation and stimulates the production of interleukin-8 from HEK-Blue mTLR5 cells. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and prediction of 3-dimensional conformation exposed a relevant secondary and tertiary structural homology between P97c and flagellin, the known potent TLR5 agonist. P97c adjuvanticity was evaluated by fusing the conserved epitope of the ectodomain matrix 2 protein (M2e) of the influenza A virus to the protein. Mice immunized with P97c-3M2e revealed a high antibody titer against the M2e epitope associated with a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Overall, this study identifies a novel agonist of the pattern recognition receptor TLR5 and reveals that P97c is a potential adjuvant through the activation of the innate immune system.
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Adhesinas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/fisiología , Neumonía Porcina por Mycoplasma/metabolismo , Neumonía Porcina por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Animales , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Inmunomodulación , Ratones , Neumonía Porcina por Mycoplasma/inmunología , Unión Proteica , Porcinos , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: RA is an autoimmune inflammatory joint disease. Both RF and ACPA are associated with more progressive disease and higher levels of systemic inflammation. Monocyte activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) by endogenous ligands is a potential source of increased production of systemic cytokines. RA monocytes have elevated TLRs, some of which are associated with the disease activity score using 28 joints (DAS28). The aim of this study was to measure TLR-induced cytokine production from monocytes, stratified by autoantibody status, to assess if their capacity to induce cytokines is related to autoantibody status or DAS28. METHODS: Peripheral blood monocytes isolated from RA patients and healthy controls were stimulated with TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 ligands for 18 h before measuring IL-6, TNFα and IL-10. Serum was used to confirm the autoantibody status. Cytokine levels were compared with RF, ACPA and DAS28. RESULTS: RA monocytes demonstrated significantly increased IL-6 and TNFα upon TLR1/2 stimulation and IL-6 and IL-10 upon TLR5 activation. TLR7 and TLR9 activation did not induce cytokines and no significant differences were observed between RA and healthy control monocytes upon TLR2/6, TLR4 or TLR8 activation. When stratified by ACPA or RF status there were no correlations between autoantibody status and elevated cytokine levels. However, TLR1/2-induced IL-6 did correlate with DAS28. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated TLR-induced cytokines in RA monocytes were not related to ACPA or RF status. However, TLR1/2-induced IL-6 was associated with disease activity.
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Anticuerpos Antiproteína Citrulinada/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Citocinas/inmunología , Monocitos/inmunología , Factor Reumatoide/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 1/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 2/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 5/inmunología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Reumatoide/fisiopatología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Interleucina-10/inmunología , Interleucina-6/inmunología , Ligandos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Receptor Toll-Like 1/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 2/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Receptores Toll-Like/agonistas , Receptores Toll-Like/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Betacoronavirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Flagelina/inmunología , Flagelina/uso terapéutico , Inmunidad Innata/inmunología , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Neumonía Viral/inmunología , Neumonía Viral/terapia , Receptor Toll-Like 5/inmunología , Animales , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Betacoronavirus/inmunología , COVID-19 , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/metabolismo , Quimioterapia Adyuvante , Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Desoxirribonucleasa I/metabolismo , Desoxirribonucleasa I/farmacología , Desoxirribonucleasa I/uso terapéutico , Flagelina/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/complicaciones , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/patología , Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Interferón beta/biosíntesis , Interferón beta/inmunología , Interleucina-18/inmunología , Ratones , Modelos Inmunológicos , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Pandemias/prevención & control , Péptidos/uso terapéutico , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/inmunología , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2 , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistasRESUMEN
The progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a lung inflammatory disease being the fourth cause of death worldwide, is marked by acute exacerbations. These episodes are mainly caused by bacterial infections, frequently due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. This susceptibility to infection involves a defect in interleukin (IL)-22, which plays a pivotal role in mucosal defense mechanism. Administration of flagellin, a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) agonist, can protect mice and primates against respiratory infections in a non-pathological background. We hypothesized that TLR-5-mediated stimulation of innate immunity might improve the development of bacteria-induced exacerbations in a COPD context. Mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), mimicking COPD symptoms, are infected with S. pneumoniae, and treated in a preventive and a delayed manner with flagellin. Both treatments induced a lower bacterial load in the lungs and blood, and strongly reduced the inflammation and lung lesions associated with the infection. This protection implicated an enhanced production of IL-22 and involved the recirculation of soluble factors secreted by spleen cells. This is also associated with higher levels of the S100A8 anti-microbial peptide in the lung. Furthermore, human mononuclear cells from non-smokers were able to respond to recombinant flagellin by increasing IL-22 production while active smoker cells do not, a defect associated with an altered IL-23 production. This study shows that stimulation of innate immunity by a TLR-5 ligand reduces CS-induced susceptibility to bacterial infection in mice, and should be considered in therapeutic strategies against COPD exacerbations.
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Flagelina/metabolismo , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Pulmón/metabolismo , Infecciones Neumocócicas/inmunología , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/inmunología , Streptococcus pneumoniae/fisiología , Animales , Calgranulina A/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Fumar Cigarrillos/efectos adversos , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Interleucina-23/metabolismo , Pulmón/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Interleucina-22RESUMEN
Intranasal mucosal vaccines are an attractive approach to induce protective mucosal immune responses. Activation of lung antigen presenting cells (APCs), a phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous cell population located at distinct mucosal sites, may be key to the immunogenicity of such vaccines. Understanding responsiveness of newborn lung APCs to adjuvants may the inform design of efficacious intranasal vaccines for early life, when most infections occur. Here, we characterized and phenotyped APCs from neonatal (7 days of life) and adult (6-8 weeks of age) mice. Neonatal mice demonstrated a relatively high abundance of alveolar macrophages (AMs), with lower percentages of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), CD103+ (cDC1), and CD11b+ (cDC2) DCs. Furthermore, neonatal CD103+ and CD11b+ DC subsets demonstrated a significantly lower expression of maturation markers (CD40, CD80, and CD86) as compared to adult mice. Upon stimulation of lung APC subsets with a panel of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, including those engaging TLRs or STING, CD11c+ enriched cells from neonatal and adult mice lungs demonstrated distinct maturation profiles. Of the agonists tested, the TLR5 ligand, flagellin, was most effective at activating neonatal lung APCs, inducing significantly higher expression of maturation markers on CD103+ (cDC1) and CD11b+ (cDC2) subsets. Intranasal administration of flagellin induced a distinct migration of CD103+ and CD11b+ DC subsets to the mediastinal lymph nodes (mLNs) of neonatal mice. Overall, these findings highlight age-specific differences in the maturation and responsiveness of lung APC subsets to different PRR agonists. The unique efficacy of flagellin in enhancing lung APC activity suggests that it may serve as an effective adjuvant for early life mucosal vaccines.
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Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/efectos de los fármacos , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/inmunología , Flagelina/administración & dosificación , Pulmón/inmunología , Fenotipo , Mucosa Respiratoria/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Administración Intranasal , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Células Cultivadas , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Femenino , Inmunidad Mucosa , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Ganglios Linfáticos/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mucosa Respiratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Vacunación/métodos , Vacunas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
In the study here, the potential applicability of KMRC011 - an agonist of toll-like receptor-5 - as a countermeasure for radiation toxicities was evaluated. Following a single 5.5 Gy total body irradiation (TBI, surface absorbed dose = 7 Gy) of Co60 γ-rays, mortality rates and degrees of pathological lesions that developed over 80 days were compared in monkeys that received TBI only and a group that was injected once with KMRC011 (10 µg/kg) after TBI. Compared to the TBI-only hosts (80%), the death rate was significantly improved by the use of KMRC011 (40%), all deaths in both groups occurred in the period from Days 19-24 post-TBI. Further analysis of monkeys that survived until the end of the experiment showed that AST and ALT levels were elevated only in the TBI group, and that radiation-induced tissue damage was alleviated by the KMRC011 injection. Additionally, expression of cell death-related proteins was lower in tissues from the KMRC011-treated hosts than in those in the TBI-only group. Other measured parameters, including body weight, food uptake, and hematological values did not significantly differ between the two groups over the entire period. The results of this study, thus demonstrate that KMRC011 could potentially be used as a medical countermeasure for the treatment of acute radiation exposure.
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Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Traumatismos Experimentales por Radiación/prevención & control , Protectores contra Radiación/farmacología , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Animales , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de la radiación , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Fragmentos de Péptidos/uso terapéutico , Traumatismos Experimentales por Radiación/inmunología , Protectores contra Radiación/uso terapéutico , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/inmunología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de la radiación , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Irradiación Corporal TotalRESUMEN
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) is capable of inducing regression of solid tumors. However, TNF released in response to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the key mediator of cytokine storm and septic shock that can cause severe tissue damage limiting anticancer applications of this cytokine. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that activation of another Toll-like receptor, TLR5, could protect from tissue damage caused by a variety of stresses including radiation, chemotherapy, Fas-activating antibody and ischemia-reperfusion. In this study, we tested whether entolimod could counteract TNF-induced toxicity in mouse models. We found that entolimod pretreatment effectively protects livers and lungs from LPS- and TNF-induced toxicity and prevents mortality caused by combining either of these agents with the sensitizer, D-galactosamine. While LPS and TNF induced significant activation of apoptotic caspase 3/7, lipid tissue peroxidation and serum ALT accumulation in mice without entolimod treatment, these indicators of toxicity were reduced by entolimod pretreatment to the levels of untreated control mice. Entolimod was effective when injected 0.5-48 hours prior to, but not when injected simultaneously or after LPS or TNF. Using chimeric mice with hematopoiesis differing in its TLR5 status from the rest of tissues, we showed that this protective activity was dependent on TLR5 expression by non-hematopoietic cells. Gene expression analysis identified multiple genes upregulated by entolimod in the liver and cultured hepatocytes as possible mediators of its protective activity. Entolimod did not interfere with the antitumor activity of TNF in mouse hepatocellular and colorectal tumor models. These results support further development of TLR5 agonists to increase tissue resistance to cytotoxic cytokines, reduce the risk of septic shock and enable safe systemic application of TNF as an anticancer therapy.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Péptidos/farmacología , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/toxicidad , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Células Cultivadas , Galactosamina , Hematopoyesis/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Biológicos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Análisis de Supervivencia , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Arriba/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: IL-36 family, a recently reported member of the IL-1 cytokine family, plays an essential role in nonspecific innate immune response to infection. This study aims at investigating the expression of IL-36 family members (α, ß, and γ) in normal and inflammatory sinus mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), their effects on chemokine secretion and on the barrier function of epithelial and endothelial cells, and the effect of Toll-like receptors on the expression of IL-36 in epithelial cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The expression of IL-36 family in normal and inflammatory sinus mucosa, the production of chemokines or the expression levels of IL-36 family in epithelial cells treated with IL-36 family members or stimulated with TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, or TLR7/8 agonists were measured with real time PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, or Western blot. The epithelial and endothelial permeability, and transendothelial leukocyte migration were investigated using cultured epithelial and endothelial cells. RESULTS: IL-36α, IL-36ß, and IL-36γ were localized in epithelial cells of sinonasal mucosa. Their levels increased in inflammatory mucosa of CRS patients and are up-regulated by TLR3, TLR4, or TLR5 agonists. IL-36α, or IL-36γ induced CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 production. Epithelial and endothelial permeability, transendothelial leukocyte migration were increased in cells treated with IL-36α, IL-36ß, or IL-36γ. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that IL-36α, IL-36ß, and IL-36γ localized in superficial epithelium may act as a responder to microbial and nonmicrobial elements through TLR and subsequently produce CXC chemokines, playing an interplay between innate and adaptive immune response.
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Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Interleucina-1/farmacología , Sinusitis/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/agonistas , Adolescente , Adulto , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad Crónica , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales/fisiología , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/fisiología , Flagelina/farmacología , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/metabolismo , Interleucina-1/genética , Leucocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Permeabilidad , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Sinusitis/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 3/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 3/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 5/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 5/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 7/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 7/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 8/agonistas , Receptor Toll-Like 8/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular, protozoan that causes a high incidence of serious zoonotic parasitic disease in humans. In the present study the immune-protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding SAG1 in combination with a gene sequence encoding FliC of Salmonella typhimurium (Toll-like receptor 5 agonist) was evaluated against acute T. gondii infection in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ninety-nine female inbred BALB/c mice were divided into nine groups of 11 mice and were immunized intramuscularly three times at three-week intervals (days 0, 21 and 42) and challenged with virulent T. gondii RH strain 4 weeks later. The immunization of pVAX1-SAG1 administered with pVAX1-fliC in mice indicated specific humoral responses, with higher IgG antibody titers and a mixed IgG1/IgG2a response than in other groups (with a predominance of IgG2a over IgG2b and IgG1). Also, the cellular immune response elicited high levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 cytokines and low levels of IL-4 production compared to traditional adjuvants. Furthermore, the mice vaccinated with pVAX1-SAG1+pVAX1-fliC survived for slightly longer after the last immunization and challenge with the T. gondii. CONCLUSION: This investigation indicated that cocktail DNA vaccine encoded SAG1 gene of T. gondii and FliC can protect against acute toxoplasmosis.