Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt una extraña causa de oftalmoplejía dolorosa: reporte de caso / Tolosa-Hunt syndrome a strange cause of painful ophthalmoplegia: case report

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt (STH) se caracteriza por una oftalmoplejía dolorosa, de etiología desconocida. De acuerdo con los hallazgos histopatológicos, se ha descrito la formación de un tejido granulomatoso en los senos cavernosos. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: Una mujer de 22 años con cuadro clínico de 3 semanas de evolución caracterizado por cefalea hemicránea derecha, dolor ocular derecho y diplopía. Su examen físico evidenció la existencia de una oftalmoplejía derecha; la resonancia magnética (RM) de silla turca demostró engrosamiento y realce en la región del seno cavernoso derecho. Se presenta el caso clínico de una causa inusual de oftalmoplejía dolorosa. DISCUSIÓN: La oftalmoplejía dolorosa tiene múltiples diagnósticos diferenciales que incluyen causas neoplá-sicas, vasculares, inflamatorias e infecciosas que pueden afectar el seno cavernoso o la fisura orbitaria superior. El STH, que es una causa rara de oftalmoplejía dolorosa, sigue siendo un diagnóstico de exclusión. Por otra parte, se caracteriza por tener una adecuada respuesta al tratamiento con glucocorticoides. CONCLUSIÓN: La negatividad en las investigaciones de las etiologías de oftalmoplejía, los hallazgos imagenológicos en la RM y la adecuada respuesta cínica con el uso de los corticoides permiten confirmar el diagnóstico. No debería ser necesaria la biopsia del seno cavernoso ante la sospecha de STH con adecuada respuesta al manejo corticoide.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) is characterized by painful ophthalmoplegia of unknown etiology, the formation of a granulomatous tissue in the cavernous sinuses has been described in histopatho-logical findings. CASE PRESENTATION: A 22-year-old woman presenting with 3 weeks of right sided headache, right eye pain and diplopia. Physical examination revealed the existence of a right ophthalmoplegia; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sella turcica showed thickening and enhancement of the right cavernous sinus. A clinical case of an unusual cause of painful ophthalmoplegia is presented. DISCUSSION: Painful ophthalmoplegia has multiple differential diagnoses that include neoplastic, vascular, inflammatory and infectious causes that can affect the cavernous sinus or the superior orbital fissure. STH is a rare case of painful ophthalmoplegia that continues to be a diagnosis of exclusion characterized by an adequate response to treatment with glucocorticoids. CONCLUSION: The negativity of the investigations for the causes of ophthalmoplegia, the imaging findings in the MRI and the adequate response to corticosteroids allows the diagnosis to be made. Biopsy should not be necessary when THS is suspected and there is an adequate response to corticosteroid management.

Síndrome de tolosa hunt: presentación de caso clínico / Tolosa Hunt syndrome: case report

El síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt es una entidad poco frecuente cuya etiopatogenia y mecanismos fi- siopatológicos son controversiales, se caracteri- za por cefalea asociada a parálisis de uno o más nervios craneales, diplopía, estrabismo y ptosis palpebral, ocasionados por el compromiso del seno cavernoso o la fisura orbitaria superior. Su diagnóstico es un reto y se aborda dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de las oftalmoplejías dolorosas. Con el objetivo de describir y actua- lizar el conocimiento sobre esta enfermedad se presenta el caso de una paciente de 14 años que acudió a consulta por cefalea intensa, dolor ocu- lar y afección de nervios craneales. Los hallazgos clínicos y la resonancia magnética confirmaron el diagnóstico del síndrome de Tolosa Hunt...(AU)

Steroid responsive cavernous sinus syndrome due to Rosai-Dorfman disease: beyond Tolosa-Hunt syndrome - a case report.

BACKGROUND: The term "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome" (THS) has been used to refer to painful ophthalmoplegia associated with nonspecific inflammation of the cavernous sinus and many processes can result in a similar clinical picture, including infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a lymphoproliferative disorder that rarely affects the central nervous system. We report a case of isolated CNS Rosai-Dorfman disease involving the cavernous sinus and presenting as "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome". CASE PRESENTATION: Our patient presented with horizontal diplopia due to impairment of cranial nerves III, IV and VI and a stabbing/throbbing headache predominantly in the left temporal and periorbitary regions. There was a nonspecific enlargement of the left cavernous sinus on MRI and the patient had a dramatic response to steroids. Biopsy of a frontal meningeal lesion was compatible with RDD. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the importance of including Rosai-Dorfman disease as a differential diagnosis in cavernous sinus syndrome and demonstrate a satisfactory long-term response to steroid treatment in this disease.

Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome in Childhood and Adolescence: A Literature Review in the Last 10 Years.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to review the articles published in the last 10 years on Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) in childhood and adolescence to learn about its clinical and epidemiological characteristics and its therapeutic management. METHODS: Based on the literature search in the major medical databases and using the descriptors "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and children" and "Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and adolescent" we included articles published between 2009 and 2019. We found 51 articles, but only 11 met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: There were eight women and four men with THS, whose average age was 12.0 ± 4.3 years, ranging from 4 to 17 years. Magnetic resonance imaging showed inflammation in the cavernous sinus (100%), orbit (25%), and superior orbital fissure (8.3%), unilateral in all patients. The internal carotid artery (58.3%), third (66.7%), sixth (33.3%), and fourth (25%) cranial nerves were injured. Headache was located in the orbital region, ipsilaterally to nerve involvement and had mild to severe intensity. Corticosteroid was the treatment used in 91.7% of the patients. They were followed for an average of 13.4 ± 12.4 months. Only two patients had recurrence of the disease. CONCLUSION: THS is infrequent in childhood and adolescence and knowledge of its clinical and epidemiological characteristics and its therapeutic management is necessary for pediatricians.

Miositis orbitaria, una causa de oftalmoplejia dolorosa en pediatría / Orbital myositis, a cause of pediatric painful ophthalmoplegia

INTRODUCCIÓN: La miositis orbitaria (MO) es un proceso inflamatorio grave de etiología desconocida que compro mete los músculos extraoculares. La presentación en edad pediátrica es rara y con frecuencia afecta a más de un individuo de una familia, lo que sugiere algún grado de predisposición genética. OBJETIVO: Describir un caso de miositis orbitaria de presentación en edad pediátrica, sus características clínicas, y la utilidad de la imagen por resonancia magnética para la confirmación del diagnóstico. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente femenina de 13 años que presenta cefalea aguda, dolor periorbitario derecho, exacerbado con los movimientos oculares y visión borrosa a quien se le realizaron estudios para miopatía tiroidea, enfermedades infecciosas, autoinmunidad y cáncer que fueron negativos. En la imagen por resonancia magnética se evidenció miositis del músculo recto medio derecho, sin evi dencia de neuritis óptica. Recibió tratamiento con glucocorticoides sistêmicos intravenosos seguido de esteroides orales con mejoría clínica completa. CONCLUSIONES: La MO tiene etiología desconocida, y puede tener un curso maligno. Dada su presentación clínica inespecífica, el estudio diagnóstico diferencial debe ser amplio, y su estudio debe considerar realizar resonanacia magnética. El inicio temprano del tratamiento con esteroides evita el daño permanente de los músculos extraoculares.

INTRODUCTION: Orbital myositis (OM) is a serious inflammation of extraocular muscles with unknown etiology. Pe diatric presentation is rare and often affects more than one individual in a family, suggesting a genetic predisposition. OBJECTIVE: To describe a pediatric case of orbital myositis, its clinical characteristics, and the usefulness of MRI for confirming the diagnosis. CLINICAL CASE: A 13-year-old female patient presenting with acute headache, right periorbital pain, exacerbated by eye movements, and blurred vision. We ruled out thyrotoxic myopathy, infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and malignancy. An MRI showed right medial rectus muscle myositis and no evidence of optic neuritis. She was treated with intravenous systemic glucocorticoids followed by oral steroids with complete clinical resolution. CONCLUSIONS: OM has unknown etiology and can present a malignant course. Due to its unspecific clinical presentation, a comprehensive differential diagnosis should be made and it should consider performing MRI. Early treatment avoids permanent damage of extraocular muscles.

Total remission of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome with single-dose of infliximab / Remissão total da Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt com dose única de infliximabe

Abstract Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a painful ophthalmoplegia caused by non-specific granulomatous inflammation, corticoid-sensitive, of the cavernous sinus. The etiology is unknown. Recurrences are common. The diagnosis is made by exclusion, and a variety of other diseases involving the orbital apex, superior orbital fissure and cavernous sinus should be ruled out. This study reports a case of a 29-year-old woman, diagnosed with Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome, who presented ophthalmoparesis and orbital pain. She had poor response to corticotherapy and developed colateral effects, so she was treated with single infliximab dose immunosuppression, evolving total remission of the disease.

Resumo A Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt é uma oftalmoplegia dolorosa causada por uma inflamação granulomatosa não específica, sensível a corticoides, do seio cavernoso. A etiologia é desconhecida. Recorrências são comuns. O diagnóstico é feito por exclusão, devendo ser descartada uma variedade de outras doenças que envolvem o ápice orbitário, fissura orbitária superior e seio cavernoso. O presente estudo trata-se de um relato de caso de uma paciente de 29 anos, diagnosticada com Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt, que apresentou paresia e dor em região orbital. Obteve resposta pouco efetiva a corticoterapia e desenvolveu efeitos colaterais, por isso foi tratada com dose única de infliximabe, evoluindo com remissão total da doença.

[Orbital myositis, a cause of pediatric painful ophthalmoplegia]. / Miositis orbitaria, una causa de oftalmoplejia dolorosa en pediatría.

INTRODUCTION: Orbital myositis (OM) is a serious inflammation of extraocular muscles with unknown etiology. Pe diatric presentation is rare and often affects more than one individual in a family, suggesting a genetic predisposition. OBJECTIVE: To describe a pediatric case of orbital myositis, its clinical characteristics, and the usefulness of MRI for confirming the diagnosis. CLINICAL CASE: A 13-year-old female patient presenting with acute headache, right periorbital pain, exacerbated by eye movements, and blurred vision. We ruled out thyrotoxic myopathy, infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and malignancy. An MRI showed right medial rectus muscle myositis and no evidence of optic neuritis. She was treated with intravenous systemic glucocorticoids followed by oral steroids with complete clinical resolution. CONCLUSIONS: OM has unknown etiology and can present a malignant course. Due to its unspecific clinical presentation, a comprehensive differential diagnosis should be made and it should consider performing MRI. Early treatment avoids permanent damage of extraocular muscles.

Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt, uma oftalmoplegia dolorosa / Tolosa Hunt Syndrome, a painful ophthalmoplegia

Resumo A síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt (STH) é uma doença rara caracterizada por oftalmoplegia dolorosa unilateral de início súbito causada por uma inflamação granulomatosa inespecífica no seio cavernoso ou fissura orbital superior (ou ambos). A oftalmoparesia ocorre quando os nervos cranianos III, IV e VI são acometidos pela inflamação. Disfunções pupilares podem estar presentes e está relacionado com acometimento das fibras simpáticas que passam pelo seio cavernoso na porção da artéria carótida interna ou fibras parassimpáticas ao redor do nervo oculomotor. O acometimento do primeiro ramo do trigêmeo pode provocar parestesia território correspondente à distribuição desde ramo (testa). Raramente, pode haver extensão da inflamação para além do seio cavernoso ou fissura orbital superior podendo acometer também o nervo óptico. Há uma boa resposta com o uso de corticoides e pode haver remissões espontâneas. Recidivas ocorrem em 40% dos casos. A doença é mais comum após a segunda década de vida. Afeta ambos os gêneros de forma igualitária. O presente estudo trata-se de um relato de caso de um paciente que se apresentou com oftalmoplegia dolorosa de início súbito à direita com 4 dias de evolução seguido de amaurose ipslateral após um dia do início da dor.

Abstract Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (STH) is a rare disease characterized by sudden onset unilateral painful ophthalmoplegia caused by non-specific granulomatous inflammation in the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure (or both). Ophthalmoparesis occurs when the cranial nerves III, IV and VI are affected by inflammation. Pupillary dysfunctions may be present and is related to involvement of the sympathetic fibers that pass through the cavernous sinus in the portion of the internal carotid artery or parasympathetic fibers around the oculomotor nerve. The involvement of the first branch of the trigeminal can cause paresthesia corresponding to the distribution from the first branch (forehead). Rarely, there may be extension of inflammation beyond the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure and may also affect the optic nerve. There is a good response with the use of corticosteroids and there may be spontaneous remissions. Relapses occur in 40% of cases. The disease is most common after the second decade of life. It affects both genders equally. The present study is a case report of a patient who presented with painful ophthalmoplegia of sudden onset on the right with 4 days of evolution followed by ipsilateral amaurosis after one day of onset of pain.

Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome / Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt

Abstract We present a case study of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, a rare idiopathic disease, that is characterized by painful ophthalmoplegia of strong intensity, generally affecting the third cranial nerve, and, less frequently, the fourth or the sixth cranial nerves. Usually, there is no visual impairment. The treatment is based on corticosteroids with satisfactory results in most cases although recurrences can occur at intervals from months to years. In our case, the patient presented sudden pain periorbital associated with cranial nerves involvement, which have an excellent outcome after treatment with corticosteroids, with no relapses until today.

Resumo Nós apresentamos um caso de Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt, uma doença idiopática rara, caracterizada por oftalmoplegia dolorosa, de forte intensidade, geralmente afetando o terceiro par craniano, e, menos frequentemente, o quarto e/ou o sexto par. Geralmente, não há acometimento visual. O tratamento é feito com base em corticóides com resultados satisfatórios na maior parte dos casos, embora recorrências possam ocorrer após meses a anos. Relatamos caso de paciente masculino de 36 anos, com diagnóstico prévio de sífilis congênita e esquizofrenia, com dor periocular súbita associada com envolvimento de pares cranianos, que teve melhora total após vigência de corticoterapia, sem recorrências até a presente data.

Síndrome de Tolosa Hunt / Tolosa-Hunt syndrome

RESUMEN El síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt es una entidad poco frecuente cuya etiopatogenia y mecanismos fisiopatológicos se mantienen controversiales. La cefalea asociada a parálisis de uno o más pares craneales, así como diplopía, estrabismo y ptosis palpebral causan un gran temor en el paciente que la padece. Su diagnóstico es por exclusión. Con el objetivo de describir y actualizar el conocimiento sobre esta enfermedad se presenta el cuadro de una paciente que acudió a consulta por cefalea marcada y dolor retroocular. Los hallazgos clínicos y la resonancia magnética confirman el diagnóstico del síndrome de Tolosa Hunt (AU).

ABSTRACT The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a few frequent entity whose etiopathogeny and physio-pathological mechanisms are still controversial. The headache associated to the paralysis of one or more cranial paired nerves, and also diplopia, strabismus, and palpebral ptosis cause a great fear in patients suffering it. Its diagnosis is by exclusion. With the objective of describing and up-dating the knowledge on this disease, it is presented the history of a patient who assisted the consultation because of remarked headache and retro-ocular pain. The clinical findings and magnetic resonance confirm the diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (AU).

Síndrome de Tolosa Hunt / Tolosa-Hunt syndrome

RESUMEN El síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt es una entidad poco frecuente cuya etiopatogenia y mecanismos fisiopatológicos se mantienen controversiales. La cefalea asociada a parálisis de uno o más pares craneales, así como diplopía, estrabismo y ptosis palpebral causan un gran temor en el paciente que la padece. Su diagnóstico es por exclusión. Con el objetivo de describir y actualizar el conocimiento sobre esta enfermedad se presenta el cuadro de una paciente que acudió a consulta por cefalea marcada y dolor retroocular. Los hallazgos clínicos y la resonancia magnética confirman el diagnóstico del síndrome de Tolosa Hunt (AU).

ABSTRACT The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a few frequent entity whose etiopathogeny and physio-pathological mechanisms are still controversial. The headache associated to the paralysis of one or more cranial paired nerves, and also diplopia, strabismus, and palpebral ptosis cause a great fear in patients suffering it. Its diagnosis is by exclusion. With the objective of describing and up-dating the knowledge on this disease, it is presented the history of a patient who assisted the consultation because of remarked headache and retro-ocular pain. The clinical findings and magnetic resonance confirm the diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (AU).

Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt / Tolosa-Hunt syndrome

RESUMO A Síndrome de Tolosa Hunt é uma doença rara, cuja etiopatogenia é desconhecida. Apresenta-se como uma oftalmoplegia dolorosa de um ou mais nervos cranianos oculomotores, que regride espontaneamente e responde bem ao tratamento com corticoides. O presente estudo trata-se de um relato de caso de um paciente que apresentou seguidos casos de oftalmoplegias dolorosas, envolvendo o nervo oculomotor e o abducente sendo tratado com corticoesteroides obteve uma resposta dramática. Objetiva-se ainda descrever as características fisiopatológicas, clínicas, o diagnóstico diferencial, visto que é um diagnóstico de exclusão, e medidas terapêuticas instituídas de acordo com o International Headache Society 2004 (ISH-2004) através da apresentação do caso clínico conduzido com as normas do estudo supracitado.

ABSTRACT Tolosa Hunt syndrome is a rare disease, whose etiology is unknown. It presents as a painful ophthalmoplegia of one or more oculomotor cranial nerves, which resolves spontaneously and responds well to treatment with corticosteroids. This study is a case report of a patient who had followed painful oftalmoplegias cases involving the oculomotor and abdcens nerves being treated with corticosteroids, obtaining a dramatic response. Another goal is to describe the pathophysiological, clinical, differential diagnosis, since it is a diagnosis of exclusion, and the therapeutic measures adopted according to the International Headache Society 2004 (ISH-2004) by presenting the case study conducted with the standards the study cited above.

Oftalmoparesia dolorosa episódica asociada a rinosinusitis aguda recurrente: un caso de síndrome de Tolosa Hunt / Painful episodic ophtalmoparesis associated to acute recurrent rhinosinusitis: a case of Tolosa Hunt Syndrome

El síndrome de Tolosa Hunt es un cuadro inflamatorio del seno cavernoso, idiopático y caracterizado por uno o más episodios de dolor orbital unilateral asociado o seguido de paresia oculomotora (afección del III, IV y VI nervio craneal) y en ocasiones con compromiso de la rama maxilar del nervio trigémino. Nosotros presentamos un hombre de 27 años con episodios de oftalmoparesia dolorosa derecha concomitantes a cuadros de rinosinusitis agudas. Su estudio fue negativo y en una de sus recurrencias se encontró en la RM de alta resolución de senos cavernosos, compromiso inflamatorio con captación de gadolinio de los nervios III, IV, V2 y VI derechos. Dado los hallazgos, se planteó el diagnóstico de STH exacerbado por la rinosinusitis e inició tratamiento corticoidal prolongado.

Tolosa Hunt Syndrome is the idiopathic inflammation of cavernous sinus, characterized by one or more episodes of unilateral orbital pain followed by ophtalmoparesis (III, IV o VI nerve palsy) and sometimes the affection of maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve. We describe the case of a 27 years old man with episodes of painful right ophtalmoparesis associated with acute rhinosinusitis. On high resolution MRI there was inflammation of the III, IV, V2 and VI right nerves with gadolinium enhancement. We propose the THS diagnosis exacerbated by rhinosinusitis and started on chronic steroid therapy.

Cefalea aguda y parálisis ocular dolorosa: Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt / Acute headache and painful ocular paralysis: Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome

Objetivo. Reportar dos casos de Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt y hacer una revisión de esta patología. Descripción. Caso 1. Paciente femenina de 29 años de edad con cefalea hemicrania izquierda y oftalmoplejia izquierda con RM cerebral con engrosamiento del seno cavernoso izquierdo, que responde al uso de corticoides. Caso 2. Paciente masculino de 53 años de edad con cefalea hemicrania izquierda y oftalmoplejia izquierda con RM cerebral normal que responde al uso de corticoides. Conclusiones. El Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt es una entidad poco frecuente caracterizada por cefalea asociada a parálisis de uno o más pares craneales, generalmente unilateral. Su diagnóstico es por exclusión, la RM es el examen de neuroimágenes de elección. Los corticoides son el tratamiento de elección, con respuesta inmediata de la cefalea y posterior recuperación de la oftalmoplejia; puede presentar recurrencias por lo que el seguimiento de estos pacientes es fundamental.

Objective. Report two cases of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and a review of this pathology. Description. Case 1. Female patient aged 29 with hemicrania headache left and left ophthalmoplegia, brain MRI reveal thickening of the left cavernous sinus, which responds to steroids. Case 2. Male patient, 53 years of age with left hemicrania headache and left ophthalmoplegia with normal brain MRI, which responds to steroids. Conclusions. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare entity characterized by headache associated with paralysis of one or more cranial nerves, usually unilateral. Diagnosis is by exclusion, MRI is the neuroimaging test of choice. Corticosteroids are the treatment of choice, with immediate response of headache and subsequent recovery of ophthalmoplegia, recurrences can be present, therefore monitor these patients is essential.

Oftalmoplejia dolorosa, un desafío diagnóstico: a propósito de un caso clínico de Tolosa-Hunt / Painful ophthalmoplegia, a diagnostic challenge: on a case of Tolosa-Hunt's syndrome

El clínico frente a una oftalmoplejia dolorosa, debe encarar diferentes alternativas diagnósticas, donde la disciplina semiológica y los estudios imagenológicos, son de capital importancia para arribar al diagnóstico. El síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt es una probable etiología, donde el uso de critérios diagnósticos, el estudio por resonancia magnética y la remisión con tratamiento corticoideo, son fundamentales para llegar al mismo, sabiendo que el seguimento evolutivo es de suma importancia para descartar los diagnósticos diferenciales

Oftalmoplejia dolorosa, un desafío diagnóstico: a propósito de un caso clínico de Tolosa-Hunt / Painful ophthalmoplegia, a diagnostic challenge: on a case of Tolosa-Hunt's syndrome

El clínico frente a una oftalmoplejia dolorosa, debe encarar diferentes alternativas diagnósticas, donde la disciplina semiológica y los estudios imagenológicos, son de capital importancia para arribar al diagnóstico. El síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt es una probable etiología, donde el uso de critérios diagnósticos, el estudio por resonancia magnética y la remisión con tratamiento corticoideo, son fundamentales para llegar al mismo, sabiendo que el seguimento evolutivo es de suma importancia para descartar los diagnósticos diferenciales.

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome preceded by facial palsy in a child.

We report on a previously healthy 11-year-old boy with unilateral periorbital mild headache and facial nerve palsy, followed during the next 5 months by recurrent unilateral headaches and subsequent extrinsic paresis of the third cranial nerve and paresis of the sixth cranial nerve, each of which improved with steroids. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed increased thickening of the left cavernous sinus and adjacent structures, with marked gadolinium enhancement. Eight months after the initial signs, he developed left retro-orbital headache that lasted 16 days and was relieved 24 hours after resuming steroid treatment. Recurrent multiple cranial neuropathies, neuroimaging findings, and long-lasting headache that responded to steroids indicated Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, further confirmed by extensive investigation and a long follow-up to exclude other causes. This patient illustrates the complexity of disorders with multiple cranial nerve palsies, and adds to the sparse literature on Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in children, describing the first pediatric case preceded by facial palsy.