Tongue development in stillborns autopsied at different gestational ages / Desenvolvimento da língua em natimortos autopsiados em diferentes idades gestacionais

Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to analyze, through the morphometric method, the perimeter and length of the tongue, the collagen fibers, and the perimeter of blood vessels at different gestational ages and fetal weights. Material and methods: Tongues (n = 55) of stillborns autopsied at 23-40 weeks of gestational age were macroscopically analyzed, and their length and perimeter were measured. Fifty-five tongue fragments were collected through a longitudinal section in the region that accompanies the median lingual sulcus and histologically processed. Slides were stained with picrosirius and immunolabeled with CD31 antibody. Quantification was performed on collagen fibers under polarized light, and on the perimeter of vessels with the CD31. Results: A positive and significant correlation of gestational age with tongue perimeter and length was found. There was a positive and significant correlation between collagen fibers and gestational age, as well as between gestational age and the perimeter of blood vessels. Between collagen fibers and fetal weight, a positive and significant increase was observed. Regarding the correlation between the perimeter of blood vessels and the fetal weight, an increase was observed. Conclusion: As gestational age advances, there is an increase in tongue perimeter and length, in the percentage of collagen fibers, and in vascular perimeter, demonstrating that tongue formation is directly related to tongue growth and development.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar, por meio do método morfométrico, o perímetro e o comprimento da língua, as fibras de colágeno, o perímetro dos vasos sanguíneos, em idades gestacionais e de acordo com o peso fetal. Materiais e métodos: Línguas (n = 55) de natimortos autopsiados com 23-40 semanas de idade gestacional foram analisadas macroscopicamente, medidas em comprimento e perímetro; 55 fragmentos das línguas foram coletados por meio de uma secção longitudinal na região que acompanha o sulco lingual médio e processados histologicamente. As lâminas foram coloridas com picrosirius e imunomarcadas com o anticorpo CD31. A quantificação foi feita em fibras de colágeno examinadas com microscópio de luz polarizada e o perímetro dos vasos com o CD31. Resultados: Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva e significativa da idade gestacional com o perímetro e o comprimento da língua. Houve uma correlação positiva e significativa entre as fibras de colágeno e a idade gestacional; bem como entre a idade gestacional e o perímetro dos vasos sanguíneos; e houve um aumento positivo e significativo entre as fibras de colágeno e o peso fetal. No que diz respeito à correlação entre o perímetro dos vasos sanguíneos e o peso fetal, houve um aumento. Conclusão: Conforme a idade gestacional avança, há um aumento no perímetro e no comprimento da língua, um aumento no percentual de fibras de colágeno e um aumento no perímetro vascular, demonstra que a formação da língua está diretamente relacionada ao crescimento e ao desenvolvimento da língua.

Tongue development in stillborns autopsied at different gestational ages.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze, through the morphometric method, the perimeter and length of the tongue, the collagen fibers, and the perimeter of blood vessels at different gestational ages and fetal weights. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tongues (n=55) of stillborns autopsied at 23-40 weeks of gestational age were macroscopically analyzed, and their length and perimeter were measured. Fifty-five tongue fragments were collected through a longitudinal section in the region that accompanies the median lingual sulcus and histologically processed. Slides were stained with picrosirius and immunolabeled with CD31 antibody. Quantification was performed on collagen fibers under polarized light, and on the perimeter of vessels with the CD31. RESULTS: A positive and significant correlation of gestational age with tongue perimeter and length was found. There was a positive and significant correlation between collagen fibers and gestational age, as well as between gestational age and the perimeter of blood vessels. Between collagen fibers and fetal weight, a positive and significant increase was observed. Regarding the correlation between the perimeter of blood vessels and the fetal weight, an increase was observed. CONCLUSION: As gestational age advances, there is an increase in tongue perimeter and length, in the percentage of collagen fibers, and in vascular perimeter, demonstrating that tongue formation is directly related to tongue growth and development.

BPI-fold (BPIF) containing/plunc protein expression in human fetal major and minor salivary glands.

The aim of this study was to determine expression, not previously described, of PLUNC (palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone) (BPI-fold containing) proteins in major and minor salivary glands from very early fetal tissue to the end of the second trimester and thus gain further insight into the function of these proteins. Early fetal heads, and major and minor salivary glands were collected retrospectively and glands were classified according to morphodifferentiation stage. Expression of BPI-fold containing proteins was localized through immunohistochemistry. BPIFA2, the major BPI-fold containing protein in adult salivary glands, was detected only in the laryngeal pharynx; the lack of staining in salivary glands suggested salivary expression is either very late in development or is only in adult tissues. Early expression of BPIFA1 was seen in the trachea and nasal cavity with salivary gland expression only seen in late morphodifferentiation stages. BPIFB1 was seen in early neural tissue and at later stages in submandibular and sublingual glands. BPIFA1 is significantly expressed in early fetal oral tissue but BPIFB1 has extremely limited expression and the major salivary BPIF protein (BPIFA2) is not produced in fetal development. Further studies, with more sensitive techniques, will confirm the expression pattern and enable a better understanding of embryonic BPIF protein function.

BPI-fold (BPIF) containing/plunc protein expression in human fetal major and minor salivary glands

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine expression, not previously described, of PLUNC (palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone) (BPI-fold containing) proteins in major and minor salivary glands from very early fetal tissue to the end of the second trimester and thus gain further insight into the function of these proteins. Early fetal heads, and major and minor salivary glands were collected retrospectively and glands were classified according to morphodifferentiation stage. Expression of BPI-fold containing proteins was localized through immunohistochemistry. BPIFA2, the major BPI-fold containing protein in adult salivary glands, was detected only in the laryngeal pharynx; the lack of staining in salivary glands suggested salivary expression is either very late in development or is only in adult tissues. Early expression of BPIFA1 was seen in the trachea and nasal cavity with salivary gland expression only seen in late morphodifferentiation stages. BPIFB1 was seen in early neural tissue and at later stages in submandibular and sublingual glands. BPIFA1 is significantly expressed in early fetal oral tissue but BPIFB1 has extremely limited expression and the major salivary BPIF protein (BPIFA2) is not produced in fetal development. Further studies, with more sensitive techniques, will confirm the expression pattern and enable a better understanding of embryonic BPIF protein function.

Relationship between acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air and tongue coating volume.

OBJECTIVE: Acetaldehyde is the first metabolite of ethanol and is produced in the epithelium by mucosal ALDH, while higher levels are derived from microbial oxidation of ethanol by oral microflora such as Candida species. However, it is uncertain whether acetaldehyde concentration in human breath is related to oral condition or local production of acetaldehyde by oral microflora. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the relationship between physiological acetaldehyde concentration and oral condition in healthy volunteers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-five volunteers (51 males and 14 females, aged from 20 to 87 years old) participated in the present study. Acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air was measured using a portable monitor. Oral examination, detection of oral Candida species and assessment of alcohol sensitivity were performed. RESULTS: Acetaldehyde concentration [median (25%, 75%)] in mouth air was 170.7 (73.5, 306.3) ppb. Acetaldehyde concentration in participants with a tongue coating status score of 3 was significantly higher than in those with a score of 1 (p<0.017). After removing tongue coating, acetaldehyde concentration decreased significantly (p<0.05). Acetaldehyde concentration was not correlated with other clinical parameters, presence of Candida species, smoking status or alcohol sensitivity. CONCLUSION: Physiological acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air was associated with tongue coating volume.

Relationship between acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air and tongue coating volume

Objective Acetaldehyde is the first metabolite of ethanol and is produced in the epithelium by mucosal ALDH, while higher levels are derived from microbial oxidation of ethanol by oral microflora such as Candida species. However, it is uncertain whether acetaldehyde concentration in human breath is related to oral condition or local production of acetaldehyde by oral microflora. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the relationship between physiological acetaldehyde concentration and oral condition in healthy volunteers. Material and Methods Sixty-five volunteers (51 males and 14 females, aged from 20 to 87 years old) participated in the present study. Acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air was measured using a portable monitor. Oral examination, detection of oral Candida species and assessment of alcohol sensitivity were performed. Results Acetaldehyde concentration [median (25%, 75%)] in mouth air was 170.7 (73.5, 306.3) ppb. Acetaldehyde concentration in participants with a tongue coating status score of 3 was significantly higher than in those with a score of 1 (p<0.017). After removing tongue coating, acetaldehyde concentration decreased significantly (p<0.05). Acetaldehyde concentration was not correlated with other clinical parameters, presence of Candida species, smoking status or alcohol sensitivity. Conclusion Physiological acetaldehyde concentration in mouth air was associated with tongue coating volume. .

Halitosis in obese patients and those undergoing bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing bariatric surgery often complain of bad breath. However, the relationship between bariatric surgery and halitosis is relatively unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and compare the occurrence of halitosis among patients before and after a specific type of bariatric surgery, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and its relationship with the tongue coating index, plaque index, and salivary flow rate. METHODS: A total of 62 patients with good oral health and in treatment for obesity at the walk-in clinic of Santa Casa Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, were selected. Of this sample, 31 were bariatric surgery candidates (control group) and 31 had already undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (case group). After completing a questionnaire, all patients underwent an oral clinical examination. Halitosis was measured using an organoleptic scale and a portable sulfide monitor. RESULTS: The Spearman correlation demonstrated a strong positive relation between the organoleptic rates and the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds determined using the sulfide monitor (rs = .58; P = .0001). No difference was found in the prevalence of halitosis between the 2 groups (P = .48). Only the salivary flow rate was significantly reduced in the control group compared with the case group (P = .02). In the case group, the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds correlated negatively with the salivary flow rate (P = .04) and positively with the tongue coating index (P = .005). The tongue coating index was significantly increased in those patients who did not brush the tongue (P < .04) and who had had episodes of vomiting (P = .02). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that no significant association exists between halitosis and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. However, they do highlight the possible effect of this surgery on the oral cavity.

Saliva and tongue coating pH before and after use of mouthwashes and relationship with parameters of halitosis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to evaluate saliva and tongue coating pH in oral healthy patients with morning bad breath before and after use of different oral mouthrinses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Saliva and tongue coating pH of 50 patients allocated in 5 groups were measured respectively by a digital pHmeter and color pH indicators, before, immediately after and 30 min after rinsing 5 different mouthrinses: cetilpiridine chloride associated with sodium chloride, triclosan, enzymatic solution, essential oil and distilled water. RESULTS: Only triclosan and essential oil increased salivary pH immediately after rising. The enzymatic solution decreased salivary and tongue coating pH immediately after rinsing. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary pH tended to be acidic while tongue coating pH tended to be alkaline, even after rising. Triclosan and essential oil mouthrinses increased salivary pH immediately after rinsing. Enzymatic solution decreased saliva and tongue coating pH immediately after rising.

Saliva and tongue coating pH before and after use of mouthwashes and relationship with parameters of halitosis

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to evaluate saliva and tongue coating pH in oral healthy patients with morning bad breath before and after use of different oral mouthrinses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Saliva and tongue coating pH of 50 patients allocated in 5 groups were measured respectively by a digital pHmeter and color pH indicators, before, immediately after and 30 min after rinsing 5 different mouthrinses: cetilpiridine chloride associated with sodium chloride, triclosan, enzymatic solution, essential oil and distilled water. RESULTS: Only triclosan and essential oil increased salivary pH immediately after rising. The enzymatic solution decreased salivary and tongue coating pH immediately after rinsing. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary pH tended to be acidic while tongue coating pH tended to be alkaline, even after rising. Triclosan and essential oil mouthrinses increased salivary pH immediately after rinsing. Enzymatic solution decreased saliva and tongue coating pH immediately after rising.

Changes in immunoexpression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in oral squamous cell carcinoma with and without nodal metastasis.

The aim of this study is to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in oral squamous cell carcinoma to better understand the biological behavior of this lesion. The sample consisted of 15 cases of the tongue and 15 of the lower lip. The pattern and intensity of the labeling and the analysis of the percentage of tumor cells immunopositive in membrane for E-cadherin and beta-catenin were related to the anatomic location of the lesion, the presence or absence of nodal metastasis, and the histological gradation of malignancy in the tumor invasion front. The presence or absence of cytoplasmic and nuclear labeling was also recorded. The membrane expression for E-cadherin and beta-catenin predominately displayed a heterogeneous pattern in the carcinomas studied. No significant difference was observed between the expression pattern and the quantity of cells immunopositive for E-cadherin and beta-catenin and the anatomic location of the lesion or the presence or absence of nodal metastasis. However, a statistically significant difference was found between the reduced expressio\n of these proteins and the high malignancy score. The reduced immunoexpression of these proteins in the membrane may be related to the high degree of cell indifferentiation in cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma with high scores.

Evaluation of oral and nasal halitosis parameters in patients with repaired cleft lip and/or palate.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between halitosis parameters in patients with and without cleft lip and/or palate. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-two subjects were examined. They were divided into group I, postgraduate students of Bauru Dental School (FOB); and group II, individuals with repaired cleft lip and/or palate. The concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) was assessed with a portable sulfide monitor and the values were correlated to the salivary flow rate and weight of tongue coating. RESULTS: There was a relationship between the presence of tongue coating and VSC levels, as well as between salivary flow rate and VSC levels in group II. The same group also revealed a significant correlation between weight of tongue coating and salivary flow rate. There were no significant differences between groups as regards the Halimeter oral measurement. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with repaired cleft lip and/or palate can have the same VSC levels as subjects without clefts.

Quantification of silver-staining nucleolar organizer region in epithelial cells of tongue of mice after exposure to, or intake of, alcohol.

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol on the proliferative activity of epithelial cells in the lingual mucosa of mice by means of silver-staining nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) count and area measurements. Forty-eight CF1 mice were separated into three groups. The test groups were submitted to topical exposure to, or intake of, 40% (volume/volume) ethyl alcohol. Biopsy specimens were collected from the middle third of the dorsal tongue at 0, 6, and 12 months, and samples were stained according to the AgNOR technique. Mean number and mean area of AgNOR per nucleus were calculated for 50 basal layer cells and 50 intermediate layer cells. Increases in mean number and mean area of AgNOR per nucleus in intermediate cells were observed at 12 months in the alcohol intake group (P < .05). Results showed that intake of 40% alcohol increased epithelial cell proliferation in the dorsal surface of lingual mucosa.

[Histochemical characterization of glycoconjugates in the tongue of the toad Bufo marinus L. (Amphibian, anuran) with conventional techniques for light microscopy]. / Caracterización histoquímica de los glicoconjugados de la lengua del sapo Bufo marinus L. (Anfibio, anuro) con técnicas convencionales para microscopía de luz.

Histochemical stains with and without enzymatic digestions such as alpha-amylase, neuraminidase and hyaluronidase, made possible to localize and differentiate various types of glycoconjugates (GCs) in the tongue of the toad Bufo marinus. In the dorsal mucosae the covering epithelium of the filiform papillae, of the central folds and in the marginal cells of the fungiform papillae there were present large amounts of neutral GCs with little or no galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine and scanty carboxylic acid GCs while the superficial strata of the taste organs showed a mixture of neutral an acid GCs with a predominance of sulfated and carboxylic acid GCs. The glandular secretory cells showed neutral GCs almost exclusively with a gradient of concentrations increasing from the base to the apex being galactose or N-acetyl-galactosamine one of the component sugars. The ventral epithelium showed two types of mucous cells, one with neutral GCs and the other with neutral and acidic GCs. The connective tissue contained many mast cells showing highly acid GCs both sulfated and carboxylic with some neutral GCs. The extracellular connective matrix showed scanty neutral and acid GCs. Glycogen was present in the cytoplasm of glandular epithelial cells and of the striated muscle fibers. Additionally, the obtained results suggest the presence of a type of GC with a carboxylic acid (sialic acid) resistant to neuraminidase of Clostridium perfringens used in this study.

Caracterizacion histoquimica de los glicoconjugados de la lengua del sapo Bufo marinus L. (Anfibio, Anuro) con tecnicas convencionales para microscopia de luz / Histochemical characterization of glycoconjugates in the tongue of the toad Bufo marinus L. (Amphibian, Anuran) with conventinonal techniques for light microscopy

Histochemical stains with and without enzymatic digestions such as alpha-amylase, neuraminidase and hyaluronidase, made possible to localize and differentiate various types of glycoconjugates (GCs) in the tongue of the toad Bufo marinus. In the dorsal mucosae the covering epithelium of the filiform papillae, of the central folds and in the marginal cells of the fungiform papillae there were present large amounts of neutral GCs with little or no galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine and scanty carboxylic acid GCs while the superficial strata of the taste organs showed a mixture of neutral an acid GCs with a predominance of sulfated and carboxylic acid GCs. The glandular secretory cells showed neutral GCs almost exclusively with a gradient of concentrations increasing from the base to the apex being galactose or N-acetyl-galactosamine one of the component sugars. The ventral epithelium showed two types of mucous cells, one with neutral GCs and the other with neutral and acidic GCs. The connective tissue contained many mast cells showing highly acid GCs both sulfated and carboxilic with some neutral GCs. The extracellular connective matrix showed scanty neutral and acid GCs. Glycogen was present in the cytoplasm of glandular epithelial cells and of the striated muscle fibers. Additionally, the obtained results suggest the presence of a type of GC with a carboxylic acid (sialic acid) resistant to neuraminidase of Clostridium perfringens used in this study.