Whitening toothpastes effect on enamel surface morphology, chemical profile and color: An In Vitro study / Efecto de las pastas dentales blanqueadoras sobre la morfología, el perfil químico y el color de la superficie del esmalte: un estudio In Vitro

Abstract To assess the effect of different whitening toothpastes on enamel surface morphology, chemical profile and their whitening efficiency. Sixty teeth were divided into 5 groups (12 teeth/group); Gp I: brushed with no toothpaste. Gp II: brushed with Pearl-based toothpaste. Gp III: brushed with Charcoal- based toothpaste. Gp IV: brushed with Alumina-based toothpaste. Gp V: brushed with salt and lemon- based toothpaste. Each tooth was brushed with a bean sized toothpaste wetted with distilled water twice daily by using standard electronic toothbrush for four weeks. Enamel surface morphology, chemical profile and color of each tooth were investigated. Chemical profile results and color measurements were analyzed statistically. Gp I revealed normal enamel surface morphology and chemical profile. Gp II and Gp III demonstrated surface morphology close to Gp I with insignificant reduction in mineral content. Gp IV showed obvious shallowing of perikymata ridges, exposure of fish-scale appearance, with pits and depressions, alongside to the significant reduction in mineral content. Gp V presented the most enamel surface alteration with widening of prism sheath and depressions all over the surface, besides the highest significant reduction in mineral content. Gp V, followed by Gp IV, demonstrated the highest color and whiteness changes, followed by Gp III, then Gp II, while the lowest value was in Gp I. Salt & lemon-based toothpaste, followed by Alumina-based, exerted the most considerable changes in the morphology and chemical profile of the enamel surface, beside to the higher whitening effects on teeth than the others.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes pastas dentales blanqueadoras sobre la morfología y el perfil químico de la superficie del esmalte y su eficacia blanqueadora. Sesenta dientes se dividieron en 5 grupos (12 dientes/grupo); Grupo I: cepillado sin pasta de dientes. Grupo II: cepillado con pasta de dientes a base de perlas. Grupo III: cepillado con pasta de dientes a base de carbón. Grupo IV: cepillado con pasta de dientes a base de Alúmina. Grupo V: cepillado con sal y pasta de dientes a base de limón. Cada diente se cepilló con una pasta de dientes del tamaño de un frijol humedecida con agua destilada dos veces al día utilizando un cepillo de dientes electrónico estándar durante cuatro semanas. Se investigaron la morfología de la superficie del esmalte, el perfil químico y el color de cada diente. Los resultados del perfil químico y las mediciones de color se analizaron estadísticamente. El Grupo I reveló una morfología de la superficie del esmalte y un perfil químico normales. Los Grupos II y III demostraron una morfología de superficie cercana a la del Grupo I con una reducción insignificante en el contenido mineral. El grupo IV mostró una evidente reducción de las crestas perikymatas, exposición de apariencia de escamas de pez, con hoyos y depresiones, junto con una reducción significativa en el contenido mineral. El grupo V presentó la mayor alteración de la superficie del esmalte con ensanchamiento de la vaina del prisma y depresiones en toda la superficie, además de una significativa reducción en el contenido mineral. El grupo V, seguido del grupo IV, demostró los mayores cambios de color y blancura, seguido del grupo III, luego el grupo II, mientras que el valor más bajo se presentó en el grupo I. Las pastas dentales a base de sal y limón, seguidas de las de alúmina, ejercieron los cambios más considerables en la morfología y el perfil químico de la superficie del esmalte, además de tener mayores efectos blanqueadores sobre los dientes que las demás.

Color stability of bleached tooth enamel brushed with different stain-removing toothpastes.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of four toothpastes on the color stability of in-office bleached tooth specimens were determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated an experimental toothpaste (EXP) and three commercially available toothpastes: Colgate Optic White (OPW), Aquafresh White & Protect (AWP), and Crest 3D White (CDW). OPW, AWP, and CDW contained inorganic abrasives, whereas EXP and AWP contained sodium polyphosphate. Forty-eight randomly selected human-extracted maxillary central incisors were bleached and brushed twice daily over 30 days. We analyzed the final color difference (ΔE*ab, ΔE00 , ΔWID ), arithmetic average surface roughness (Ra) of the enamel measured on days 0 and 30, and scanning electron microscopy images of enamel surfaces and toothpastes. ΔE*ab, ΔE00 , ΔWID , and Ra were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: ΔE*ab and ΔE00 values were significantly lower after toothbrushing with EXP, OPW, and CDW than with AWP. OPW induced the greatest positive ΔWID . Ra was significantly increased by OPW and CDW, but slightly increased by AWP, with cube-like particles, and EXP, with no particle-like structures. CONCLUSIONS: Only EXP stabilized the color of bleached teeth without increasing the enamel surface roughness. Sodium polyphosphate with approximately 10 phosphate groups was effective at removing stains. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The effect of toothpaste on the color stability of bleached teeth depends on the constituting abrasives and chemical components. Polyphosphoric acid has different stain-removal effects depending on its degree of polymerization. Additionally, although certain types of abrasives may be effective for color stability, they also increase the surface roughness of the enamel.

Ultrastructural investigation of the effect of toothpastes containing different remineralizing agents on demineralized enamel.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of remineralizing agents on demineralized enamel intended for use as fluoride substitutes or supplements for oral hygiene applications. METHODOLOGY: Enamel samples were obtained from 30 bovine teeth. The enamel blocks were stored in 20 mL of demineralization solution for 72 h. They were then brushed with the following toothpaste for the remineralization protocol: NaF, NaF/SnF2 combination, NovaMin, or nano-hydroxyapatite. SEM/EDX examinations and microhardness measurements of the samples were performed to investigate the remineralization efficacy of the studied toothpaste. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey's HSD test was used to analyze the change in microhardness values in different remineralization protocols (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Differences in the mean remineralization (%RP) and hardness recovery (%HR) were determined between the groups (p < 0.05). Groups 1 and 4 showed significant differences in %RP (p < 0.05). In the SEM/EDX examinations, the samples treated with n-HAp showed an accumulation of crystal deposits on the enamel surface, although at a lower density than those treated with NaF and NaF/SnF2 combination. CONCLUSION: The remineralization strategy in toothpaste plays an important role in enamel remineralization. NovaMin-containing toothpaste showed positive effects on the enamel surface with better Ca/P ratio. Toothpastes containing n-HAp triggered less change in the increase of microhardness values compared to other toothpastes. The use of SnF2 in toothpaste in combination with NaF significantly increased the binding of fluoride to demineralized enamel compared to toothpaste containing NaF alone.

Standardization proposal to quality control of propolis extracts commercialized in Brazil : A fingerprinting methodology using a UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS approach.

Propolis is a rich source of known and largely explored bioactive compounds with many pharmacological properties. It is used in several commercialized products, such as propolis-enriched honey, candies, mouth and throat sprays, soaps, toothpaste, and skin creams. However, the great diversity of propolis products and different types make the standardization of realistic quality control procedures challenging. Moreover, the extraction of propolis bioactive compounds depends on the technique and the solvent used. In Brazil, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply (MAPA) set standards to establish commercialized propolis extracts' identity and quality. In addition, according to legislation, propolis extracts must present the main classes of phenols at 200 and 400 nm on the UV spectrum. Still, it is not specified which analysis method should be used to guarantee feasible quality control of the commercialized samples. For this, we proposed a new fast UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS method for analysis and quantification of propolis phenolic compounds. Moreover, we hypothesize that there is no efficient monitoring regarding the quality of the propolis extracts sold in Brazilian stores. Therefore, the present study aimed to perform quality control of 17 Brazilian propolis extracts produced in the Southeast region (green or brown - the most representative samples). The dry extract content (% g/mL), oxidation index (seconds), total flavonoids, and phenolics (% m/m) of each sample were compared with legislation. We conclude that using the UHPLC-PDA method and the investigation that allowed the comparison with the current legislation efficiently practical problems in the commercialization of propolis extracts. However, of the 17 analyzed samples, 6 did not meet the desired the recognized standards, denoting a lack of supervision and efficient quality control, which highlights a dangerous situation regarding the commercialization of this critical product used in several industrial fields, mainly in the food and pharmaceutical sector.

Fluoride toothpaste, sanitary surveillance and the SUS: the case of Manaus-AM, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the anticaries potential of toothpastes distributed by the primary health care public clinics (UBS) of Manaus, AM. METHODS: Ninety-nine tubes of toothpaste from four commercial brands were collected from October 7, 2019 to October 11, 2019 in 16 UBS. They were assigned a code by brand and source UBS. According to the information on the packaging, the four brands and their batches were formulated with sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2FPO3) and most (91%) had calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as an abrasive. We determined the concentrations of total fluoride (TF = TSF + InsF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF = F ions- or FPO32-), to certify whether they were in compliance with resolution ANVISA RDC No. 530 (maximum of 1,500 ppm TF) and whether they had anticaries potential (minimum of 1,000 ppm TSF). The analyses were performed with a ion- specific electrode. RESULTS: The concentrations (ppm F) of TF [mean; standard deviation (SD); n] found in toothpaste brands A (1,502.3; SD = 45.6; n = 33), B (1,135.5; SD = 52.7; n = 48) and D (936.8; SD = 20.5; N = 8) were close to those stated on the package, 1,500, 1,100 and 1,000 ppm F, respectively. In toothpaste C, we found a mean of 274.1 ppm (SD = 219.7; n = 10) of TF, which diverges from the declared concentration of 1,500 ppm F. In addition, the five tubes of lot no. 11681118 of toothpaste C did not contain fluoride. Regarding TSF, with the exception of toothpaste D (937.9; SD = 40.29), the others had a lower concentration than their respective TF. CONCLUSION: We found serious problems of quantity and quality of fluoride in toothpaste distributed by the SUS in Manaus, which shows the need for surveillance of these products and confirms the urgency of revising resolution RDC No. 530.

Design and evaluation of dental pastes Containing anti-inflammatory drugs

Abstract Periodontitis is an oral disease associated with inflammation and pain with swollen and bleeding gums. In the present study, dental pastes containing NSAIDs, namely, diclofenac sodium and nimesulide (1 % w/w) were prepared to treat periodontitis. Dental pastes of diclofenac sodium and nimesulide (1 % w/w) were prepared with/without mucoadhesive hydrocolloid polymers such as sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC), hydroxyl ethyl cellulose (HEC) and methyl cellulose (MC) by conventional trituration method. The pH, drug content, viscosity, tube spreadability and tube extrudability of these prepared dental pastes were measured. These dental pastes of diclofenac sodium and nimesulide (1 % w/w) were characterized by FTIR analyses for drug-excipient compatibility. The in vitro drug releases from these dental pastes in 6.4 pH phosphate buffer solution displayed sustained release over longer period and the drug release rate was found to be decreased when the concentration of mucoadhesive polymer was increased. These dental pastes displayed good adhesion to the oral mucosa revealing more retention time in mouth when tested for ex vivo mucoadhesion using bovine cheek pouch. The stability study results reveal that the DC3 and NC3 dental paste formulations were found stable enough over a longer period in different storage conditions. The present study revealed that the prepared mucoadhesive dental pastes of diclofenac sodium and nimesulide (1 % w/w) had good adhesion with the oral mucosa to maintain consistent release of drugs over prolonged time.

Fluoride toothpaste, sanitary surveillance and the SUS: the case of Manaus-AM, Brazil / Dentifrício fluoretado, vigilância sanitária e o SUS: o caso de Manaus-AM

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the anticaries potential of toothpastes distributed by the primary health care public clinics (UBS) of Manaus, AM. METHODS Ninety-nine tubes of toothpaste from four commercial brands were collected from October 7, 2019 to October 11, 2019 in 16 UBS. They were assigned a code by brand and source UBS. According to the information on the packaging, the four brands and their batches were formulated with sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2FPO3) and most (91%) had calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as an abrasive. We determined the concentrations of total fluoride (TF = TSF + InsF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF = F ions- or FPO32-), to certify whether they were in compliance with resolution ANVISA RDC No. 530 (maximum of 1,500 ppm TF) and whether they had anticaries potential (minimum of 1,000 ppm TSF). The analyses were performed with a ion- specific electrode. RESULTS The concentrations (ppm F) of TF [mean; standard deviation (SD); n] found in toothpaste brands A (1,502.3; SD = 45.6; n = 33), B (1,135.5; SD = 52.7; n = 48) and D (936.8; SD = 20.5; N = 8) were close to those stated on the package, 1,500, 1,100 and 1,000 ppm F, respectively. In toothpaste C, we found a mean of 274.1 ppm (SD = 219.7; n = 10) of TF, which diverges from the declared concentration of 1,500 ppm F. In addition, the five tubes of lot no. 11681118 of toothpaste C did not contain fluoride. Regarding TSF, with the exception of toothpaste D (937.9; SD = 40.29), the others had a lower concentration than their respective TF. CONCLUSION We found serious problems of quantity and quality of fluoride in toothpaste distributed by the SUS in Manaus, which shows the need for surveillance of these products and confirms the urgency of revising resolution RDC No. 530.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar o potencial anticárie dos dentifrícios distribuídos pelas unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) de Manaus-AM. MÉTODOS Noventa e nove bisnagas de dentifrícios de quatro marcas comerciais foram coletadas de 7 de outubro de 2019 a 11 de outubro de 2019 em 16 UBS, que foram codificados por marca e UBS de origem. De acordo com a embalagem, os dentifrícios das quatro marcas e seus lotes foram formulados com monofluorofosfato de sódio (Na2FPO3) e a maioria (91%) tinha carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) como abrasivo. Foram determinadas as concentrações de fluoreto total (FT = FST + Fins) e de fluoreto solúvel total (FST = íons F- ou FPO32-), para certificar se atendiam à resolução ANVISA RDC Nº 530 (máximo de 1.500 ppm de FT) e se tinham potencial anticárie (mínimo de 1.000 ppm de FST). As análises foram feitas com eletrodo íon específico. RESULTADOS As concentrações (ppm F) de FT [média; desvio padrão (DP); n] encontradas nos dentifrícios A (1.502,3; DP = 45,6; n = 33), B (1.135,5; DP = 52,7; n = 48) e D (936,8; DP = 20,5; n = 8) foram próximas ao descrito na embalagem, 1.500, 1.100 e 1.000 ppm F, respectivamente. No dentifrício C, foi encontrada média de 274,1 ppm (DP = 219,7; n = 10) de FT, divergindo da concentração declarada de 1.500 ppm F. Em acréscimo, as cinco bisnagas do lote no 11681118 do dentifrício C não foram fluoretadas. Quanto ao FST, à exceção do dentifrício D (937,9; DP = 40,29), os demais apresentaram concentração inferior ao seu respectivo FT. CONCLUSÃO Observou-se problemas graves de quantidade e qualidade do fluoreto nos dentifrícios distribuídos pelo SUS em Manaus, mostrando a necessidade de vigilância desses produtos e ratificando a urgência da revisão da resolução ANVISA RDC Nº 530.

A Potassium Based Fluorine Containing Bioactive Glass for Use as a Desensitizing Toothpaste.

Potassium releasing bioactive glasses (BAGs) may offer improved relief for dentine hypersensitivity compared to conventional sodium containing BAGs by releasing K+ ions for nerve desensitization and occluding dentinal tubules to prevent fluid flow within dentinal tubules. Potassium oxide was substituted for sodium oxide on a molar basis in a fluoride containing BAG used in toothpastes for treating dentine hypersensitivity. The BAG powders were then immersed in an artificial saliva at pH 7 and tris buffer and the pH rise and ion release behavior were characterized by ICP-OES and ISE. The potassium and sodium containing BAGs were characterized by XRD, DSC, FTIR and NMR. Both BAGs presented amorphous diffraction patterns and the glass transition temperature of the potassium glass was higher than that of the sodium glass. The 31P MAS-NMR spectra indicated a peak at 2.7 ppm corresponding to apatite and a small peak at -103 ppm indicated crystallization to fluorapatite. Both BAGs dissolved and formed apatite at similar rates, although the dissolution of the potassium glass was slightly slower and it released less fluoride as a result of partial nanocrystallization to fluorapatite upon quenching. The potassium release from the potassium ions could potentially result in nerve deactivation when used in toothpastes.

Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases.

Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are primarily caused by dental plaque. Several antiplaque and anti-microbial agents have been successfully incorporated into toothpastes and mouthwashes to control plaque biofilms and to prevent and treat gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of this article was to review recent developments in the antiplaque, anti-gingivitis, and anti-periodontitis properties of some common compounds in toothpastes and mouthwashes by evaluating basic and clinical studies, especially the ones published in the past five years. The common active ingredients in toothpastes and mouthwashes included in this review are chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, zinc oxide, zinc chloride, and two herbs-licorice and curcumin. We believe this comprehensive review will provide useful up-to-date information for dental care professionals and the general public regarding the major oral care products on the market that are in daily use.

In vitro efficacy of five pediatric toothpastes in the inhibition of streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 / Eficacia in vitro de cinco pastas dentales pediátricas en la inhibición de streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175

The present in vitro study compared the inhibitory action of five pediatric toothpastes against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional, comparative and experimental study. The microorganism Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 was inoculated onto solid culture medium of Müeller-Hinton supplemented with blood, then the plates were inoculated with five pediatric toothpastes: Oral B Stages, Colgate Smiles, Aquafresh My Little Teeth, Dentito and Denture Kids. Samples were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Subsequently the inhibition halos were measured; the experiment was repeated 20 times for each sample. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA complemented with Tukey's test. Results: Oral B Stages yielded a mean inhibitory halo of 23.2mm, Colgate Smiles an average of 21.7mm, Aquafresh My Little Teeth of 13.6mm, Dentito of 18.5mm, and Denture Kids a mean of 23.0mm. When performing the ANOVA test, it was found that there was a significant difference in the inhibitory action of pediatric toothpastes (p<0.005) and when using Tukey's multiple comparison test, Oral B and Denture Kids presented similar inhibitory action. Conclusion: All toothpastes presented inhibitory action against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. A significant difference between their effectiveness was observed. Oral B Stages showed the greatest degree of inhibition.

El presente estudio in vitrocomparo la eficacia inhibitoria de cinco pastas dentales pediátricas frente a la bacteria Streptococcus mutansATCC25175. Material y Métodos: El estudio fue transversal, comparativo y experimental. Se inoculó Streptococcus mutansATCC 25175 en un medio de cultivo Müeller-Hinton complementado con sangre, luego a las placas cultivadas se le inocularon cincopastas dentales pediátricas: Oral B Stages, Colgate Smiles, Aquafresh My LittleTeeth, Dentito y Denture Kids. Se incubó a 37ºC por 48 horas y posteriormente semidió los halos de inhibición, se replicó el experimento 20 veces para cada uno. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el test de ANVA complementado con el test de Tukey. Resultado: Oral B Stages generó una media inhibitoria de 23,2mm, ColgateSmiles una media de 21,7mm, Aquafresh My Little Teeh de 13,6mm, Dentitode 18,5mm y finalmente Denture Kids una media de 23,0mm. Al realizar laprueba ANOVA se encontró que hay diferencia significativa en la acción inhibitoriade las pastas dentales pediátricas (p<0.005) y al emplear la prueba Tukey (comparación de múltiples) la pasta Oral B y Denture Kids presentaron acción inhibidora similar. Conclusión:Todas las pastas presentaron acción inhibitoria sobre Streptococcus mutansATCC 25175 existiendo diferencia significativa entre la efectividad de estas, con la pasta Oral B Stages demuestrando mayor acción inhibitoria.

Fluoride content in children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru.

The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in children's dentifrices marketed in the city of Lima, Peru. Three samples of 23 dentifrices (4 without fluoride and 19 with fluoride) were purchased in different pharmacies in Lima, Peru. The TF and TSF concentrations found in the dentifrices were determined by ion-selective electrode, expressed in ppm F (µg F/g of dentifrice). The TF concentration in the majority of the fluoride toothpastes matched that shown on the label, except for one declared as 1450 ppm F by the manufacturer, whereas only 515.1 ppm F was found. The concentration of TSF found in the fluoride toothpastes ranged from 457.5 to 1134.8 ppm F. All the dentifrices were formulated with silica, but one also presented calcium carbonate. In conclusion, 83% of the children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru, were fluoridated, but only 53% contained a TSF concentration greater than 1000 ppm F, the minimum concentration required to provide an anticaries effect.

El desarrollo de la primera pasta dental con fluoruro. Semblanza histórica: en los 50 años del Oral Health Research Institute (OHRI) / Development of the first fluoridated toothpaste. Historical review:the 50th year of the Oral Health Research Institute (OHRI)

Siempre es importante el poder llevar a cabo algún tipo de reconocimiento a las personas involucradas en haber dejado aun el más mínimo tipo de legado en nuestra profesión. A título muy personal, la utilización de los fluoruros y, muy en especial su incorporación en la formulación de pastas dentales, ha sido el factor más importante y preponderante en la disminución del índice de riesgo de caries dental en las actuales generaciones. El presente artículo pretende hacer una narración histórica sobre los eventos más sobresalientes por los que pasó el trío de científicos en las Escuelas de Química y de Odontología de la Universidad de Indiana en sus respectivos campus de Bloomington e Indianápolis para lograr el desarrollo de la primera pasta dental con fluoruro. Más que un recuento histórico, la intención principal de este escrito es hacer una semblanza y un reconocimiento al trabajo del bioquímico Harry Day, quién trabajaba en su campo especializado sobre el valor nutricional de algunos elementos y que, junto con el trabajo del dentista Joseph C. Muhler y del especialista en Química inorgánica William Nebergall, logró producir un prototipo de pasta dental en el año de 1952 y que después de los excelentes resultados de los estudios clínicos liderados por Muhler tanto en niños como en adultos, llamaron la atención de Procter and Gamble para poder lanzar al mercado la primera pasta dental con Fluoristán, a la que se llamó Crest (AU)

It is always important to express some type of acknowledgement to people that were involved on leaving any form of legacy in our profession. As a personal view, the use of fluorides and specially the implementation of it in the formulation of toothpastes have been the key and preponderant factor in the decrease on the risk of dental caries in the current generations. This article pretends to be a historic narrative of the remarkable events in the group of the three scientists of the School of Chemistry and the School of Dentistry at both campuses of Bloomington and Indianapolis of Indiana University to fulfill the goal on the development of the first fluoridated toothpaste. More than a historical narrative, the main intention of this paper is to make a resemblance and an acknowledgement to the work of Biochemist Harry Day, who worked in his field of expertise on the nutrimental value of certain trace elements and that together with the work by dentist Joseph C. Muhler and the specialist in Inorganic Chemistry William Nebergall, could produced in year 1952 a prototype of a toothpaste that after several clinical studies in children and adults conducted by Muhler showed excellent results on caries prevention, and that took the attention of Procter and Gamble to be able to put on the market the first toothpaste with Fluoristan that was called Crest (AU)

Triclosan-containing fluoride toothpaste on clinical parameters and osteo-inflammatory mediators when applied in a stent during experimental peri-implant mucositis in smokers.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of triclosan-containing fluoride toothpaste on the clinical parameters and the osteo-immunoinflammatory mediators in the peri-implant fluid when applied in a stent during experimental peri-implant mucositis in smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six smokers with an implant-supported crown were enrolled in this double-blind, randomized, crossover study. During the two 3-week periods without mechanical toothbrushing (washout period: 30 days), patients were randomly assigned to triclosan/fluoride (n:13) or fluoride toothpaste (n:13), three times/day. Clinical and immunoenzymatic assays were performed at baseline, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days. RESULTS: Both groups showed increase in the Plaque Index throughout the study (p = 0.001), without inter-group differences at 21 days (p > 0.05). No intra- or inter-group differences were observed for IFN-γ, IL10, IL-1ß, IL8, IL-17, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-2, MMP-9, TGF-ß, OC, OPN, ICTP, OPG and RANKL (p > 0.05). However, the RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly higher in fluoride toothpaste-treated sites when compared to triclosan/fluoride-treated sites at the end of period without mechanical toothbrushing, on the 21st day (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: Triclosan-containing toothpaste favorably modulated osteo-immunoinflammatory mediators during the experimental peri-implant mucositis in smokers, decreasing the ratio of RANKL/OPG.

A novel OFF-ON-OFF fluorescence probe based on coumarin for Al3+ and F- detection and bioimaging in living cells.

A novel fluorescence probe L2 based on coumarin has been designed and synthesized. The probe L2 can be used for relay recognition of metal ions Al3+ and anion F- in the aqueous HEPES buffer (0.05 M, pH = 7.4), and build a OFF-ON-OFF detection system. The probe showed high selectivity and sensitivity to target ions in the process of relay recognition, and the corresponding detection limit could be as low as 0.014 µM (Al3+) and 0.03 µM (F-). Besides, the geometry optimizations of probe L2 and [L2 + Al3+] complex were carried out using the Gaussian 16 program based on DFT, and the identification mechanism of the probe was also discussed by the mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations. Moreover, the probe has also been successfully applied to detection of target ions in living cells.

Fluoride content in children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in children's dentifrices marketed in the city of Lima, Peru. Three samples of 23 dentifrices (4 without fluoride and 19 with fluoride) were purchased in different pharmacies in Lima, Peru. The TF and TSF concentrations found in the dentifrices were determined by ion-selective electrode, expressed in ppm F (μg F/g of dentifrice). The TF concentration in the majority of the fluoride toothpastes matched that shown on the label, except for one declared as 1450 ppm F by the manufacturer, whereas only 515.1 ppm F was found. The concentration of TSF found in the fluoride toothpastes ranged from 457.5 to 1134.8 ppm F. All the dentifrices were formulated with silica, but one also presented calcium carbonate. In conclusion, 83% of the children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru, were fluoridated, but only 53% contained a TSF concentration greater than 1000 ppm F, the minimum concentration required to provide an anticaries effect.

Ventajas y riesgos del uso de pastas dentales con nanotecnologías / Advantages and hazzards of the use of nanotechnology in toothpastes

El presente artículo de actualización analiza las ventajas y riesgos del uso de nanopartículas en pastas dentales. La nanotecnología puede mejorar sus propiedades ayudando al proceso de remineralización del diente, controlar el crecimiento bacteriano o proporcionar minerales para mejorar el control del pH. Con este fin se han agregado: nanohidroxiapatita, nanocalcio, fosfato de calcio, trimetafosfato de sodio, nanopartículas de plata, quitosán, entre otras. Por otro lado, se han descripto algunos efectos nocivos de estas nanotecnologías, lo que nos motiva a intensificar su estudio. CONCLUSIONES: La nano-odontología ha otorgado nuevas herramientas para la atención preventiva de la salud. La toxicidad oral para los nanodentífricos es baja, pero algunos pueden llegar al intestino, y a través de él a la circulación sanguínea y causar disturbios sistémicos. Es necesario profundizar las investigaciones en estos materiales, a fin de mejorar sus efectos beneficiosos, e identificar y eliminar sus riesgos para la salud. (AU)

The present update article analyzes advantages and risks of nanoparticles in relation to toothpastes. Nanotechnology can improve its properties by helping to remineralize the tooth, control bacterial growth or provide minerals to optimize pH control. For this purpose, anohydroxyapatite, nanocalcium, calcium phosphate, sodium trimetaphosphate, silver nanoparticles, chitosan, among others have been added. On the other hand, some harmful effects of these nanotechnologies have been described, which motivates us to intensify their study. CONCLUSIONS: Nano-dentistry has provided new tools for preventive health care. The oral toxicity for nanodentífricos is low, but some can reach the intestine, and through it to the blood circulation and cause systemic disturbances. It is necessary to deepen the investigations in these materials, in order to improve their beneficial effects, and identify and eliminate their health risks.

Employing a hydrazine linked asymmetric double naphthalene hybrid for efficient naked eye detection of F-: Crystal structure with real application for F.

An asymmetric hydrazide, (12E, 13E)-2-((naphthalen-1-yl) methylene)-1-(1-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-6-yl) ethylidene) hydrazine (abbreviated as AH) is synthesized and characterized by standard techniques and crystal structure of AH has been obtained. The naked eye detection of F- in aqueous acetonitrile (acetonitrile: water=7:3/v:v) by AH has been investigated by UV-Visible titration and in presence of other anions, the limit of detection being 1.31×10-6(M). The mechanism of F- sensing has been explored by 1H NMR titration. AH undergoes hydrogen bonding with F- followed by deprotonation. The practical utility of AH has been explored by successful test kit response and color change in toothpaste solution.

The Influence of Toothpaste Containing Australian Melaleuca alternifolia Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Oral Hygiene and Microbiome in Patients Requiring Conservative Procedures.

The study was based on the use of a toothpaste with antiphlogistic activity, containing Australian Melaleuca alternifolia oil (tea tree oil-TTO) and ethanolic extract of Polish propolis (EEP). Fifty-one patients with varying conditions of the gingiva were divided into two groups. The study group received the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, while the control group received the same toothpaste but without TTO and EEP. Approximal plaque index (API), simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-s) and modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI) were assessed in three subsequent stages. During each examination, swabs were employed for microbiological inoculation. During the period of use of toothpastes with TTO and EEP, a significant reduction of the API was observed, as assessed upon the control visit after 7 days and after 28 days, compared to baseline. A statistically significant reduction of mSBI was observed after 7 and 28 days of using the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, as compared to the value upon the initial visit. Statistically significant differences in the OHI-s value were observed in the study group, which was using the active toothpaste. The use of a toothpaste containing TTO and EEP helps to maintain microbiome balance. The observed stabilisation of bacterial microflora confirms the beneficial activity of toothpaste containing EEP and TTO compared to the control group, where the lack of these substances contributed to the emergence of qualitative and quantitative changes in oral microbiome.