Pseudocapillaria tomentosa is a common pathogen of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in research facilities. We developed a method to collect and concentrate the nematode eggs using a modified sugar centrifugation method and documented their normal development. Embryonating stages with blastomere formation followed by elongation of the embryo prior to larva formation cumulated in developed larvae inside the eggs and hatching after 5-10 day. We then evaluated the efficacy of heat and chlorine to kill them based on a larva development assay. Eggs were exposed to 40, 50, 60 °C for 30 min and 1 h. Chlorine treatment was performed at 100, 250, 500, 1000, 3000 and 6000 ppm for 10 min. Samples exposed to 40 °C for 30 min or 1 h showed incidences of larvated eggs similar to controls. In contrast, no larvation occurred with eggs exposed to either 50 or 60 °C for 30 min or 1 h. Remarkably, in repeated assays, samples exposed to low doses of chlorine (100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm for 10 min) showed significantly higher incidence of larvation than controls. Eggs treated with 3000 ppm for 10 min did not develop larvae, and no eggs were found after 6000 ppm treatment.
Antinematodal Agents/pharmacology , Aquaculture/methods , Enoplida Infections/veterinary , Fish Diseases/prevention & control , Trichuroidea/drug effects , Zebrafish , Animals , Chlorine/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enoplida Infections/parasitology , Enoplida Infections/prevention & control , Fish Diseases/parasitology , Hot Temperature , Ovum/drug effects , Trichuroidea/embryology
Tolerance of adult zebrafish and efficacy of emamectin benzoate and ivermectin in eliminating Pseudocapillaria tomentosa infection were evaluated. In the tolerance study, behavioral changes, fecundity, histopathology, and mortality were evaluated for in-feed administration of emamectin (0.05, 0.10, and 0.25 mg/kg) and ivermectin (0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg). All doses of emamectin were well tolerated. Ivermectin 0.05 mg/kg administration resulted in mild behavioral changes and a transient decrease in fecundity. Ivermectin 0.10 mg/kg administration resulted in severe behavioral changes and some mortality. In the efficacy study, emamectin (0.05 and 0.25 mg/kg) and ivermectin (0.05 mg/kg) were evaluated for their efficacy in eliminating P. tomentosa infection. Emamectin reduced parasite burden in infected zebrafish, and ivermectin eliminated intestinal nematode infections. Despite a small margin of safety, ivermectin 0.05 mg/kg was effective at eliminating P. tomentosa infection in adult zebrafish. Higher doses or a longer course of treatment may be needed for complete elimination of P. tomentosa infection using emamectin. In this study, we propose two possible treatments for intestinal nematode infections in zebrafish.
Antinematodal Agents/pharmacology , Enoplida Infections/veterinary , Fish Diseases/drug therapy , Ivermectin/analogs & derivatives , Ivermectin/pharmacology , Trichuroidea/drug effects , Zebrafish , Animals , Antinematodal Agents/adverse effects , Antinematodal Agents/therapeutic use , Enoplida Infections/drug therapy , Enoplida Infections/parasitology , Female , Fish Diseases/parasitology , Ivermectin/adverse effects , Ivermectin/therapeutic use , Male
Benzimidazoles/therapeutic use , Bird Diseases/drug therapy , Cambendazole/therapeutic use , Capillaria/drug effects , Columbidae/parasitology , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Trichuroidea/drug effects , Animals , Cambendazole/pharmacology , Female , Nematode Infections/drug therapy , Ovum/drug effects
Anthelmintics/administration & dosage , Benzimidazoles/administration & dosage , Benzimidazoles/therapeutic use , Cattle Diseases/drug therapy , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Abomasum , Animals , Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Cattle , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy , Larva/growth & development , Nematoda/drug effects , Nematoda/growth & development , Nematode Infections/drug therapy , Oesophagostomum/drug effects , Time Factors , Trichostrongyloidea/drug effects , Trichuroidea/drug effects
Liver Diseases, Parasitic , Nematode Infections , Trichuroidea/isolation & purification , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Italy , Liver Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Nematode Infections/epidemiology , Trichuroidea/drug effects , Trichuroidea/growth & development , Trichuroidea/pathogenicity
Anthelmintics/therapeutic use , Coumarins/therapeutic use , Gastrointestinal Diseases/veterinary , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Animals , Gastrointestinal Diseases/drug therapy , Male , Nematode Infections/drug therapy , Oesophagostomum/drug effects , Sheep , Strongyloides/drug effects , Tanzania , Trichuroidea/drug effects
Strongyloidiasis/drug therapy , Thiabendazole/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Ascaris/drug effects , Child , Entamoeba histolytica/drug effects , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Giardia/drug effects , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Strongyloides/drug effects , Strongyloides/isolation & purification , Strongyloidiasis/diagnosis , Thiabendazole/administration & dosage , Trichuroidea/drug effects , Yugoslavia