FHIR Implementation Guide for Stroke: A dual focus on the patient's clinical pathway and value-based healthcare.

BACKGROUND: Stroke management requires a coordinated strategy, adhering to clinical pathways (CP) and value-based healthcare (VBHC) principles from onset to rehabilitation. However, the discrepancies between these pathways and actual patient experiences highlight the need for ongoing monitoring and addressing interoperability issues across multiple institutions in stroke care. To address this, the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource (FHIR) Implementation Guide (IG) standardizes the information exchange among these systems, considering a specific context of use. OBJECTIVE: Develop an FHIR IG for stroke care rooted in established stroke CP and VBHC principles. METHOD: We represented the stroke patient journey by considering the core stroke CP, the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) dataset for stroke, and a Brazilian case study using the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN). Next, we developed a data dictionary that aligns variables with existing FHIR resources and adapts profiling from the Brazilian National Health Data Network (BNHDN). RESULTS: Our BPMN model encompassed three critical phases that represent the entire patient journey from symptom onset to rehabilitation. The stroke data dictionary included 81 variables, which were expressed as questionnaires, profiles, and extensions. The FHIR IG comprised nine pages: Home, Stroke-CP, Data Dictionary, FHIR, ICHOM, Artifacts, Examples, Downloads, and Security. We developed 96 artifacts, including 7 questionnaires, 27 profiles with corresponding example instances, 3 extensions, 18 value sets, and 14 code systems pertinent to ICHOM outcome measures. CONCLUSION: The FHIR IG for stroke in this study represents a significant advancement in healthcare interoperability, streamlining the tracking of patient outcomes for quality enhancement, facilitating informed treatment choices, and enabling the development of dashboards to promote collaborative excellence in patient care.

Evaluation of the Concept of Value-Based Healthcare Applied to an Integrated Palliative Care Program in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the "Value-Based Healthcare" concept of an integrated palliative care (PC) program in Bogotá, Colombia, through the measurement of health outcomes and care costs in the last 3 months of life. METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study that included patients ≥18 years old who died in 2020 due to medical conditions amenable to PC. The measured health outcomes included pain, wellbeing, comfort, quality of life (QOL), and satisfaction. We analyzed the behavior of overall care costs during the last 3 months of the patients' lives and controlled for the effect of exposure to the program, considering the disease type and insurance coverage, using a linear regression model, nearest-neighbor matching, and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Among patients exposed to the program, the mean pain score was 2.1/10 (± 1.3) and wellbeing was rated at 3.5/10 (± 1.0), comfort at 1.6/24 (± 1.3), QOL at 3.6/5.0 (± 0.17), and satisfaction at 9.3/100 (± 0.15). The positive changes in these scores were greater for patients who remained in the program for over 3 months. Cost reduction was demonstrated in the last 90 days of life, with statistically significant and chronologically progressive savings during the last 30 days of life exceeding 5 million pesos per patient (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the success of PC in reducing pain, improving wellbeing and QOL, providing comfort, and ensuring high levels of satisfaction. Moreover, PC is an effective value-based healthcare strategy and can significantly enhance the efficiency of healthcare services by reducing end-of-life healthcare costs.

Percepciones, reflexiones y aprendizajes de estudiantes de Medicina sobre una experiencia de tres años de Educación Basada en la Comunidad / Perceptions, reflections and learnings of Medicine students about a three-year experience of community-based education

Introducción: la Educación Basada en la Comunidad (EBC) representa una estrategia educativa que acerca la formación médica a la práctica real, y promueve una atención médica de mayor aceptabilidad que contempla la esfera social de los procesos de salud/enfermedad y aborda de forma adecuada las necesidades reales de la población. Existen, a la fecha, escasas publicaciones a nivel regional en las cuales los propios estudiantes reflexionen sobre este tipo de experiencias formativas. Objetivos: identificar y comunicar los principales aprendizajes obtenidos de una experiencia de EBC por parte de estudiantes de grado de Medicina. Metodología: se revisaron las sistematizaciones de experiencias confeccionadas por la primera cohorte que completó esta experiencia en el Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Se reflexionó sobre las principales dificultades observadas y los aprendizajes más significativos obtenidos a partir de dicha experiencia. Se establecieron dominios y codificaron los textos de las sistematizaciones generadas durante la cursada. Finalmente, se generó un mapa de conceptos a partir del cual se escribió este artículo. Resultados: esta experiencia tuvo para los estudiantes tres momentos bien definidos: una etapa inicial, caracterizada por incertidumbre y malestar; una intermedia, con aprendizaje estratégico y algo de transformación; y una avanzada, con aprendizaje profundo y situado. Conclusión: es recomendable que a las experiencias de EBC se les asigne el tiempo suficiente en las planificaciones y que finalicen con un proceso de reflexión promovido por el equipo docente. (AU)

Introduction: Community-Based Education (CBE) represents an educational strategy that brings medical training closer to real scenario practice, and promotes medical care of greater acceptability that contemplates the social sphere of health/disease processes and that adequately addresses the real needs of the population. To date, there are few publications at the regional level in which the students themselves reflect on this type of training experience. Objectives: to identify and communicate the main lessons learned from a CBE experience by Medicine-degree students.Methodology: the systematization of experiences made by the first cohort that completed this experience at the Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires was reviewed. We reflected on the main difficulties observed and the most significant lessons learned from this experience. Domains were established, and the texts of the systematization generated during the course were codified. Then, a concept map was generated from which this work was written. Results: this experience had three well-defined moments for the students: an initial stage, characterized by uncertainty and discomfort; an intermediate one, with strategic learning and some transformation; and an advanced one, with deep and situated learning. Conclusion: it is recommended that EBC experiences are assigned enough time in the planning and that they end with a reflection process promoted by the teaching team. (AU)

O trabalho em saúde pode ser considerado "tecnologia leve"? / Can health work be considered as "soft technologies"?

Resumo Neste ensaio trazemos uma discussão sobre o conceito de tecnologia leve aplicado ao trabalho em saúde, como proposto por Emerson Merhy. Objetivamos problematizar a ideia de tecnologia leve e, para isso, estabelecemos duas linhas de análise. Na primeira, há um diálogo com Antonio Negri, Michael Hardt e Maurízio Lazzarato na reflexão sobre a dimensão produtiva do trabalho vivo, como trabalho imaterial e produção de valor no campo da saúde. Na segunda, orientados por Michel Foucault, analisamos a dimensão ética de um trabalho que tem na imprevisibilidade do encontro, da experiência e do acontecimento a produção de um saber. Concluímos apontando que o trabalho em saúde se trata de uma tecnologia que produz relações de cuidado e, assim, solicita a criação de modos de cuidar, trabalhar e gerir com os cotidianos da saúde pela metamorfose de um êthos.

Abstract In this essay we discuss the concept of soft technology applied to health work proposed by Emerson Merhy. We aimed to discuss the idea of soft technology and, to that end, we established two analytical paths. The first one dialogues with Antonio Negri, Michael Hardt, and Maurízio Lazzarato in thinking about the productive dimension of living labour, such as immaterial labour and value production in the healthcare field. In the second, driven by Michel Foucault, we analyze the ethical dimension of a work that has the production of a knowledge in the unpredictability of the encounter, the experience, and the event. We conclude by pointing out that healthcare work is a technology that produces care relationships and, thus, calls for the creation of ways of caring, working, and managing daily health by the metamorphosis of an ethos.

Custeio Baseado em Atividade e Tempo (TDABC) em um Departamento de Endoscopia de um hospital privado / Time-driven Activity-based Costing (TDABC) in an Endoscopy Department of a private hospital

Contexto: A gestão da saúde baseada em valor (VBHC) vem sendo a estratégia de diversas instituições de saúde no mundo todo, como forma de melhorar a qualidade dos serviços entregues de forma sustentável. Medir os resultados em saúde e custos é fundamental para a manutenção do VBHC e é um passo essencial para a sua implementação. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo de caso é retratar a aplicação do método TDABC em um procedimento de endoscopia ambulatorial com colonoscopia de um hospital privado do Sul do Brasil. Métodos: Este estudo aplicou o método Time-driven Activity-based Costing (TDABC) como técnica de microcusteio em um centro da saúde suplementar brasileira para avaliar o custo de procedimentos realizados na endoscopia. Foram analisados descritivamente os custos e tempos dos procedimentos e identificados os recursos e atividades de maior representatividade financeira. Por fim, foi feita uma comparação entre o custo aferido e a taxa de reembolso dos procedimentos. Resultados: O custo por procedimento apurado por meio do método é de R$ 684,77, e seu valor de reembolso médio é de R$ 993,91, mostrando-se lucrativo para a instituição. Conclusões: A aplicação do TDABC gerou melhor entendimento sobre todos os custos envolvidos no procedimento e representa o primeiro passo para a difusão do método aos demais processos e departamentos do hospital.

Context: Value-based health management (VBHC) has been the strategy of several health institutions around the world, as a way to improve the quality of services delivered in a sustainable way. Measuring health outcomes and costs is critical to maintaining the VBHC and is an essential step in its implementation. Objective: The objective of this case study is to portray the application of the TDABC method in an outpatient endoscopy procedure with colonoscopy in a private hospital in southern Brazil. Methods: This study applied the Time-driven Activity-based Costing (TDABC) method as a microcosting technique in a Brazilian supplementary health center to assess the cost of procedures performed in endoscopy. The costs and times of the procedures were descriptively analyzed and the resources and activities of greater financial representation were identified. Finally, a comparison was made between the measured cost and the reimbursement rate of the procedures. Results: The cost per procedure calculated using the method is R$ 684.77, and its average reimbursement value is R$ 993.91, proving to be profitable for the institution. Conclusions: The application of TDABC generated a better understanding of all the costs involved in the procedure and represents the first step towards disseminating the method to other hospital processes and departments.

Escore de Valor em Saúde (EVS): Uma proposta para mensuração de valor dentro de um sistema de saúde / Value-based Health Care Score (EVS): A proposal for measuring value within a health system

Um sistema de saúde baseado em valor deverá entregar os melhores desfechos possíveis ao paciente, desfechos que realmente importam para ele, ao menor custo possível. O conceito é relativamente fácil de entender, mas a métrica para a sua demonstração tem sido um grande desafio dos sistemas de saúde. O presente artigo demostra a criação de um Escore de Valor em Saúde (EVS) utilizando Análise de Decisão por Multicritério, o qual pode ser aplicado em qualquer sistema de saúde para avaliar profissionais, serviços de saúde e linhas de cuidado de pacientes com condições clínicas específicas.

A value-based healthcare system must deliver the best possible patient outcomes, outcomes that really matter to the patient, at the lowest possible cost. The concept is relatively easy to understand, but the metric to demonstrate it has been a major challenge for healthcare systems. This article demonstrates the creation of a Health-Based Health Care Score (EVS) using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis which can be applied in any health system to evaluate professionals, healthcare providers and care pathways for patients with a specific disease.

Oportunidades e desafios da saúde baseada em valor: como o Brasil pode aprender com a experiência dos Estados Unidos / Opportunities and challenges of value-based healthcare: how Brazil can learn from the United States' experience

O movimento em direção à saúde baseada em valor é uma evolução que ocorre em muitas nações do mundo. O crescimento populacional, o aumento da expectativa de vida e o custo crescente com uma saúde de alta tecnologia exigem que os pagadores públicos e privados de todo o mundo criem novas maneiras de garantir que os gastos com saúde sejam feitos nas intervenções de maior impacto. Nesse ponto de vista, apresentamos o caso da transformação da saúde baseada em valor, que está atualmente em sua infância no Brasil. O Brasil possui pagadores públicos e privados e ainda paga os serviços na maioria das vezes no modelo de pagamento por procedimento. Comparamos isso com a experiência recente nos Estados Unidos, onde a saúde baseada em valor está, de maneira lenta, mas segura, se tornando a norma. O Sistema de Saúde Brasileiro tem muitas oportunidades de aprender com a mudança ocorrida nos EUA para um modelo de saúde baseado em valor ­ incluindo o desenvolvimento de medidas de qualidade, a transição para pagamento baseado em valor e a melhoria dos dados para avaliar o desempenho nos sistemas de saúde brasileiros. As indústrias de produtos farmacêuticos no Brasil também podem desempenhar um papel, com acordos baseados em valor e parcerias com pagadores. Cada nação seguirá seu próprio caminho para uma saúde baseada em valor, mas a oportunidade de aprender um com o outro possibilita melhores chances de sucesso.

The movement toward value-based care is an evolution occurring in many nations of the world. The increasing population, longer life expectancy, and rising cost for high-tech care necessitates that government and private payers around the world devise new ways to ensure that healthcare dollars are spent on the most impactful interventions. In this viewpoint, we present the case of the value-based care transformation that is currently in its infancy in Brazil. Brazil has a mix of private and public payers but still largely reimburses based on a fee-for-service model. We contrast that with recent experience in the United States, where value-based care is slowly but surely becoming the norm. The Brazilian system has many opportunities to learn from the US shift to value-based care ­ including the development of quality measures, transition to value-based payment, and leveraging data to rank performance across Brazilian health systems. Pharmaceutical manufacturers in Brazil can play a role as well, with value-based agreements and partnerships with payers. Each nation will travel on its own path to value-based healthcare, but the opportunity to learn from each other presents one of the best chances for success.