RESUMEN
The objective of this study was to explore the effects of a 7-week short sprint interval training (SSIT) with differing in programming volume-loads including progressive (P-SSIT) and nonprogressive (NP-SSIT) approaches on the immunoendocrine, physical fitness attributes and physiological parameters in male wrestlers during the pre-season. Thirty young freestyle wrestlers at the collegiate national-level were included in the study and were divided into three groups: P-SSIT (n = 10), NP-SSIT (n = 10), and an active control group (n = 10). The wrestlers engaged in their specific wrestling training three days weekly, while the P-SSIT and NP-SSIT groups underwent a 7-week SSIT, with scheduling in either progressed or nonprogressed volume-based overloads, three times per week. Before and after the intervention, various aspects of physical fitness (such as 20-m sprint, 4×9-m shuttle run, and maximal strength) and physiological parameters (including cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power output), as well as immunoendocrine responses (such as immunoglobulin-A, testosterone, and cortisol) were measured. Following the training intervention, the control group did not show any significant changes in the variable measured; however, both the P-SSIT and NP-SSIT groups experienced significant improvements (p = 0.001) in physical fitness attributes and physiological parameters with effect sizes ranging from small to very large, and also more adaptive responses compared with control group (p < 0.05). In addition, there were no statistically significant changes observed among the P-SSIT and NP-SSIT groups in terms of immunoendocrine response to training, and physical fitness, as well as physiological parameters (p > 0.05). In conclusion, neither the progressed nor nonprogressed approaches of SSIT demonstrated superior effects on adaptations compared to one another. Therefore, it is recommended for strength and conditioning coaches in wrestling to incorporate both P-SSIT and NP-SSIT into their annual training plan, especially during the pre-season phase, to maximize the physical fitness and physiological parameters of their wrestlers while minimizing changes in immunoendocrine responses.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica , Entrenamiento de Intervalos de Alta Intensidad , Hidrocortisona , Testosterona , Lucha , Humanos , Entrenamiento de Intervalos de Alta Intensidad/métodos , Masculino , Lucha/fisiología , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Adulto Joven , Testosterona/sangre , Capacidad Cardiovascular/fisiología , Adolescente , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Fuerza Muscular/fisiología , Carrera/fisiología , Rendimiento Atlético/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The study explores the relationship between phase angle (PhA), an indicator of cellular health, and metabolic health parameters among junior sumo wrestlers in Japan. Given the demanding lifestyle and high-energy diets of sumo wrestlers that predispose them to metabolic syndrome post-retirement, this study focuses on a younger cohort. The primary aim is to evaluate if PhA could serve as an early indicator of metabolic health issues within this unique demographic. A total of 14 sumo wrestlers aged 9-17 years were assessed to determine the relationship between PhA and various metabolic markers, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), using a TANITA MC-780A-N body composition analyzer and standard blood tests. Bivariate regression analysis and Pearson's correlation revealed a negative relationship between PhA and HbA1c even after adjusting for age and weight (ß = -0.496, r2 = 0.776, r = -0.756, p = 0.004). The results indicate a significant negative relationship between PhA and HbA1c levels, suggesting that lower PhA values, which indicate poorer cellular integrity, are associated with higher HbA1c levels, signifying impaired glycemic control. These findings underscore the potential of PhA as a valuable biomarker for monitoring metabolic health in young sumo wrestlers, with implications for early intervention and management strategies.
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Impedancia Eléctrica , Hemoglobina Glucada , Lucha , Humanos , Adolescente , Masculino , Lucha/fisiología , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Niño , Proyectos Piloto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Composición Corporal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Combat sports, encompassing a range of activities from striking and grappling to mixed and weapon-based disciplines, have witnessed a surge in popularity worldwide. These sports are demanding, requiring athletes to harness energy from different metabolic pathways to perform short, high-intensity activities interspersed with periods of lower intensity. While it is established that the anaerobic alactic (ATP-PC) and anaerobic lactic systems are pivotal for high-intensity training sessions typical in combat sports, the precise contribution of these systems, particularly in varied training modalities such as single (SMT) and intermittent (IST) forms of the 30-second Wingate test, remains inadequately explored. This study aims at comparing performance outputs, physiological responses and gender differences during the SMT and IST forms of the 30-second Wingate test. Thirty-three highly trained combat sports athletes (17 women, 16 men; 10 boxing, 8 wrestling, 8 taekwondo and 7 karate) randomly performed SMT and IST. The IST consisted of three 10-second all-out attempts separated by 30 seconds of passive recovery, whereas the SMT was a single 30-second maximal effort. Resting, exercise and post-exercise oxygen uptake and peak blood lactate value were used to determine the metabolic energy demands via the PCr-LA-O2 method. The findings showed that total metabolic energy expenditure (TEE), ATP-PCr system contribution and the output of mechanical variables were higher in the IST than in the SMT form (all p<0.001). In contrast, the contribution of glycolytic and oxidative systems was higher in the SMT form (all p<0.001). However, exercise form and gender interaction were not significant (p>0.05). In combat sports, performance is not only determined by physiological and technical skills but also by metabolic energy input and efficiency. Therefore, our results can provide a comparison regarding the effects of exercise type and gender on metabolic energy metabolism to design the training of combat sports athletes.
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Atletas , Metabolismo Energético , Ácido Láctico , Artes Marciales , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Artes Marciales/fisiología , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Ácido Láctico/sangre , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Prueba de Esfuerzo/métodos , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Boxeo/fisiología , Lucha/fisiología , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
The aim of this systematic review is to comprehensively assess the weight loss (WL) practices in different combat sports (CS). The review protocol was preregistered with PROSPERO [CRD42023487196]. Three databases were searched (Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and PubMed) until 8 December 2023. Eligible studies had to meet five criteria: they must have been (a) written in English, (b) published in a peer-reviewed journal, (c) used a survey design to investigate the WL practices of CS athletes, and (d) reported the WL methods used by athletes using a five-point scale. Twenty-six studies (3994 participants from 14 CS) were included. This review found that (1) WL is highly prevalent in CS athletes; (2) many CS athletes started losing weight for competition as teenagers two to three times a year; (3) CS athletes usually lose <5% body weight in 7-14 days before competition; (4) increasing exercise and gradually dieting are the most commonly used WL methods; and (5) the influence of scientific practitioners on athletes is negligible. The habitual practices of CS athletes may be relatively harmless, but in some special cases, CS athletes also perform extreme WL practices. Scientific practitioners have little influence on their WL practices, which may form a vicious cycle of non-qualified influence.
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Atletas , Pérdida de Peso , Humanos , Artes Marciales/fisiología , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Ejercicio Físico , Lucha/fisiología , Dieta Reductora , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Boxeo , DeportesRESUMEN
This review aimed to identify the effects of strength training programs on the physical fitness of Olympic combat sports (OCS) athletes. The systematic review included peer-reviewed articles that incorporated interventions that included pre- and post-intervention physical fitness assessment. The search was performed in the SCOPUS, PubMed, and Web of Science databases between April and September 2022. PRISMA and the TESTEX checklist were used to select and assess the methodological quality of the studies. Twenty studies with 504 participants (428 males and 76 females) were included. Significant improvements were found in athletes' maximal dynamic and isometric strength, muscle power, flexibility, and balance. In addition, improvements in favor of the training groups in specific actions of judo, karate, fencing, and boxing were observed. In conclusion, interventions aimed at the development of muscle strength in OCS, specifically in judo, boxing, karate, wrestling, and fencing, proved to be beneficial at a physical fitness level, resulting in significant increases in favor of the training groups with OCS, which could be used by trainers and coaches to improve the physical performance of athletes.
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Artes Marciales , Entrenamiento de Fuerza , Lucha , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Entrenamiento de Fuerza/métodos , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Artes Marciales/fisiología , Lucha/fisiología , Atletas , Fuerza Muscular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The effect of multi-component training on specific performance is under-researched in wrestlers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of six weeks of multi-component training on The Special Wrestling Fitness Test (SWFT) performances of wrestlers who were preparing for an international championship, and to, additionally, determine their inter-individual adaptive variability. The wrestlers (n = 13; 7 females; all international level) underwent technical-tactical and physical fitness training for the six weeks before the championship, 12 sessions per week (i.e., 36 h per week). Before and after the intervention the athletes were assessed with the SWFT, a wrestling-specific competitive performance test that includes measurements for throws, heart rate response to the SWFT, and the SWFT index. Significant pre-post intervention improvements were noted for throws (pre = 23.5 ± 2.9; post = 24.9 ± 3.6; p = 0.022) and SWFTindex (pre = 14.9 ± 2.2; post = 14.1 ± 2.2; p = 0.013. In conclusion, six weeks of multi-component training improved wrestling-specific competitive performances in highly-trained wrestlers, although with a meaningful inter-subject variability.
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Lucha , Atletas , Ejercicio Físico , Humanos , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Estaciones del Año , Lucha/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Purpose: To evaluate the long-term effect of vibration therapy with holistic and local intervention in treating muscle fatigue in elite athletes during their intensive training season. Methods: Study participants included five male athletes from a provincial Greco-Roman wrestling team who were qualified for the finals of China's national games. During the study, conventional therapeutic intervention was applied during the initial three weeks of the study, and an instrument intervention was adopted in the following three weeks. A surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to measure muscle fatigue of latissimus dorsi, both before and after each intervention session. Specifically, the pre-intervention measurement was conducted right after the daily training completion; and the post-intervention measurement occurred in the following morning. The data analyses were to compare the differences in the muscle fatigue data between the two modes of interventions, conventional and instrument therapy. Results: The conventional intervention showed no significant difference in the sEMG indexes before and after the intervention; while for the instrument intervention, the pre- and post- intervention sEMG indexes differed significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The long-term effects of instrument vibration therapy on muscle fatigue recovery were studied based on observational data from elite athletes. The results indicate that the vibration therapy with holistic and local consideration demonstrated an effective reduction of muscle fatigue and/or fatigue accumulation in elite athletes during their intensive training season.
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Fatiga Muscular , Lucha , Atletas , Electromiografía , Humanos , Masculino , Fatiga Muscular/fisiología , Vibración/uso terapéutico , Lucha/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Due to full contact impacts in combat sports, the risk of injuries is elevated. The aim of this study is to report severe injuries among athletes in Olympic combat sports. Specific injury types, time loss, and the performance level after injury are examined. METHODS: Survey to investigate injuries in Olympic combat sports during the time period from 2012-2016. Reported injuries were analyzed by anatomical location, injury type, gender, time loss, and performance level. RESULTS: The three injuries resulting in the longest time loss (ACL rupture: judo= 37 weeks; karate = 49 weeks; shoulder dislocation: wrestling = 41 weeks; shoulder rotator cuff injury: wrestling = 32 weeks) also accounted for the largest proportion of athletes with career-ending injuries (ACL rupture: judo = 28%; karate = 67%; shoulder dislocation: wrestling = 40%; shoulder rotator cuff injury: wrestling = 50%). Taekwondo and fencing had the shortest time loss (<12 weeks) among all combat sports. More injuries occurred during training (58%) as compared to competition (42%). Injury prevalence of competitive athletes was significantly higher as compared to recreational athletes. Male athletes suffered significantly more anterior cruciate ligament injuries (72% vs. 56%; P<0.05), unspecific shoulder injuries (89% vs. 47%; P<0.01), and elbow ligament injuries (57% vs. 30%; P<0.05) during training. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that there are important differences between "punching and kicking" and "throwing" martial arts in terms of specific injury types. In judo and wrestling, the injuries are more likely to affect the joints (knee and shoulder). Therefore, injury prevention these sports should focus on strength training of the muscles surrounding the joints and on defensive reactionary movements to avoid dangerous biomechanical joint angles. In "punching and kicking" sports, injuries of the hands and feet, due to the large impact forces of strikes and kicks, could be reduced by improved protective equipment on hands and feet.
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Traumatismos del Brazo , Traumatismos en Atletas , Artes Marciales , Lesiones del Manguito de los Rotadores , Lucha , Masculino , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Prevalencia , Artes Marciales/fisiología , Lucha/fisiología , Atletas , Traumatismos en Atletas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate the energy pathway contributions and physiological and performance responses between a 10 × 6-second intermittent sprint test (IST) and a 60-second single maximal test (SMT). Seventeen highly trained male Greco-Roman wrestlers participated in this study. Participants completed the 60-second upper-body Wingate tests, both intermittent and single forms. The contributions of the oxidative, glycolytic, and ATP-PCr pathways were estimated using mathematical methods based on lactate values and oxygen consumption kinetics of rest, exercise, and recovery phases. The main findings indicated that total energy expenditure (TEE) and the contribution of oxidative, glycolytic, and ATP-PCr pathways were 514 kJ, 45%, 11%, and 44% for IST (overall: sprints + rest intervals); 333 kJ, 14%, 17%, and 69% for IST (sprints only); and 159 kJ, 31%, 38%, and 31% for SMT, respectively. TEE and ATP-PCR pathway contributions were higher in the IST (both overall and sprint only), whereas glycolytic pathway contribution and delta lactate were higher in the SMT. Absolute oxidative contribution was similar, but relative oxidative contribution was higher in the SMT. Additionally, mean power was higher in the IST than SMT, whereas peak power, peak and mean heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were similar.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo Energético , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Consumo de Oxígeno , Lucha , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Prueba de Esfuerzo/métodos , Humanos , Ácido Láctico , Masculino , Lucha/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of combat sports on cerebellar function in adolescents based on resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). METHODS: Rs-fMRI data were acquired from the combat sports (CS) group (n = 32, aged 14.2 ± 1.1 years) and non-athlete healthy control (HC) group (n = 29, aged 14.8 ± 0.9 years). The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and functional connectivity (FC) within the cerebellum was calculated and then compared between the two groups. RESULTS: None of these participants displayed intracranial lesions on conventional MRI and microhemorrhages on SWI. Compared with the HC group, the CS group showed decreased ALFF and ReHo in the bilateral cerebellum, mainly located in the inferior regions of the cerebellum (Cerebellum_8, Cerebellum_9, Cerebellum_7b, and Cerebellum_Crus2). While increased FC was found within the cerebellar network, mainly located in the superior regions near the midline (bilateral Cerebellum_6, Cerebellum_Crus1_R, and Vermis_6). There is no internetwork FC change between the CEN and other networks. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed extensive effects of combat sports on cerebellar rs-fMRI in adolescents, which could enhance the understanding of cerebellar regulatory mechanism under combat conditions, and provide additional information about cerebellar protective inhibition and compensatory adaptation. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Adolescent combat participants are an ideal model to study training-induced brain plasticity and vulnerability. Relative to task-related fMRI, rs-fMRI can bring more information about cerebellar regulation and explain the Central Governor Model more comprehensively.
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Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Artes Marciales/fisiología , Lucha/fisiología , Adolescente , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Cerebelo/fisiología , Conectoma , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Descanso , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to clarify the characteristics of the upper limb stretch reflex in wrestlers. METHODS: Ten wrestlers and 11 control subjects participated in the study. The experiment was divided into two sessions. In the extension perturbation session, participants either relaxed or flexed the elbow when they felt a perturbation (abrupt elbow extension induced by a dynamometer). This was done 30 times by each subject for both sessions. In the flexion perturbation session, participants also relaxed or extended the elbow when they felt a perturbation (abrupt elbow flexion). During the tasks, the stretch reflex was monitored by recording the surface EMG activities of the right biceps and triceps brachii. The EMG reflex components were divided into three periods based on the time after the perturbation (M1, 20-50 ms; M2, 50-80 ms; and M3, 80-100 ms). The averaged background EMG activity just before the disturbance was subtracted from the EMG activity in each period. The resultant value was integrated to obtain reflex magnitudes of M1 to M3. RESULTS: For the triceps brachii, in the relaxation task, the wrestler group showed a significantly smaller value for M2 than did the control group. In the extension task, the wrestler group showed a significantly larger value for M3 than did the control group. There was no difference in M1 between the two groups. For the biceps brachii, there was no significant difference between any reflex components. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that high-level wrestlers have specific characteristics of the long-latency stretch reflex in the triceps brachii that are modulated in a situation-specific manner.
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Reflejo de Estiramiento/fisiología , Extremidad Superior/fisiología , Lucha/fisiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Electromiografía , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Ulupinar, S, Özbay, S, Gençoglu, C, and Ince, I. Performance differences between Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3270-3279, 2021-This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize evidence on performance differences between Greco-Roman (GR) and freestyle (Fr) wrestlers. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria (91 individual data and a total of 752 wrestlers). The analysis of handgrip strength comprised 9 outcomes from 5 studies with no significant difference between GR and Fr wrestlers. The analysis of isometric (back or leg) strength comprised 15 outcomes from 6 studies with a significant effect favoring GR wrestlers. The analysis of muscle power comprised 15 outcomes from 5 studies with a significant effect favoring GR wrestlers. The analysis of strength endurance comprised 4 outcomes from 3 studies with no significant difference between GR and Fr wrestlers. The analysis of anaerobic capacity and power comprised 6 outcomes from 3 studies with no significant difference between GR and Fr wrestlers. The analysis of speed comprised 19 outcomes from 7 studies with a significant effect favoring GR wrestlers. The analysis of flexibility comprised 20 outcomes from 6 studies with a significant effect favoring Fr wrestlers. This study indicated that GR wrestlers had greater isometric strength, muscle power, and speed performance, but Fr wrestlers had greater flexibility. Given the significant effect sizes favoring GR wrestlers, it is possible that they focused on training strategies to improve physical strength-power performance. However, considering the significant effect size favoring Fr wrestlers, it is possible that they focused on training strategies to improve flexibility because Fr wrestling techniques require a larger range of motion during both attack and defense.
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Fuerza de la Mano , Lucha , Humanos , Rango del Movimiento Articular , Lucha/fisiologíaRESUMEN
To properly behave and correct mistakes, individuals must inhibit inappropriate actions and detect errors for future behavioral adjustment. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that athletes are superior in cognitive functions and this benefit varied dependent on the types of sport that individuals involved in, but less is known on whether athletes have a different error-related behavioral pattern. The purpose of this study was to compare the behavioral performance of inhibition and error monitoring between individuals who participated in an open-skill sport (n = 12), a closed-skill sport (n = 12), and a sedentary lifestyle (n = 16). A combined flanker/stop signal task was presented and the derived stop signal reaction time (SSRT), post-correct accuracy and reaction time (RT), as well as post-error accuracy and RT were compared across groups. Our findings indicated there was no difference in SSRT between groups. Surprisingly, significant post-error slowing (PES) was observed only in controls but not in sport groups, the controls also exhibited significantly longer post-error RT compared with the open-skill group. However, there was no difference in the post-error accuracy between groups, indicating a higher efficiency in the post-error processing among open- and closed-skill groups by requiring comparatively less time for behavioral adjustments. The present study is the first to disclose the discrepancies in PES between different types of athletes and controls. The findings suggest that sport training along with higher amounts of physical activity is associated with a more efficient behavioral pattern for error processing especially when the sport requires open skills in nature.
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Atletas/psicología , Cognición/fisiología , Función Ejecutiva/fisiología , Inhibición Psicológica , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Conducta Sedentaria , Natación/fisiología , Lucha/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Identification of success factors in wrestling as well as establishing their hierarchy are crucial from a cognitive and practical standpoint. It may provide a lot of practical recommendations related to wrestling-specific training. The aim of this study was to identify and establish the hierarchy of success factors in wrestling regardless of a fighting style and weight class. This study included 168 elite male freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. They were divided into two groups: athletes who won medals (successful wrestlers) in high-rank competitions (Polish Championships or higher) and those who did not win any medals (less successful wrestlers) in those competitions. The following elements were assessed: anthropological measurements, body composition, dynamic strength, strength endurance, agility, special endurance, wrestling-specific fitness, response time, technical wrestling skills and anaerobic capacity. For initial data analysis, one-way ANOVA (α = 0.005) was used. Random Forests classifier was employed to identify success factors and to determine the importance of each of these factors in terms of sports performance. Seven key success factors were identified: anaerobic power, strength endurance, response time, special endurance, wrestling-specific fitness and technical wrestling skills performed in a horizontal position. Random Forests turned out to be an effective method of modelling success in wrestling (compared to SVM and KNN, which were also used in the study). These findings suggest that wrestling-specific training can be effectively monitored by controlling several vital indicators of athletes' preparedness: anaerobic power, strength endurance, response time, special endurance, wrestling-specific fitness and technical wrestling skills (the performance of reverse waistlock from a standing position and trunk grip gut wrench assessed by experts).
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Atletas/estadística & datos numéricos , Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Composición Corporal/fisiología , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Lucha/fisiología , Umbral Anaerobio/fisiología , Análisis de Varianza , Humanos , Masculino , Educación y Entrenamiento Físico/métodos , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aimed to present the change in humeral retroversion (HR) angle (HRA) that occurs in childhood and young adulthood and the potential developmental difference that is observed in wrestlers. METHODS: HRA of dominant and non-dominant shoulders (DSHRA and NDSHRA, respectively) were measured using ultrasonography in a group of 30 wrestlers who started wrestling before the age of 13 years (Group 1), a group of 30 young adults, aged between 16-20 years, who were not actively engaged in any branch of overhead sports (Group 2) and a group of children aged between 11-13 years and not actively engaged in any branch of overhead sports (Group 3). Range of motion (ROM) degrees of dominant and non-dominant shoulders in all groups were compared within each group and between the groups. RESULTS: DSHRA (mean: 88.73°, 88.93° and 89.40°) values were significantly higher than NDSHRA (mean: 81.13°, 81.83° and 84.37°) values (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0,05) in Groups I, II and III, respectively. Internal rotation and total ROM degrees of the dominant shoulder in Group 1 and 3 were higher than those in Group 2. CONCLUSION: There is no significant change in terms of HRA in people aged between 11-13 and 16-20 years because of natural development or wrestling. DSHRA values are higher than NDSHRA ones. In contrast to the shoulders of throwers, the shoulders of wrestlers are characterized by an increase in internal rotation, described as "Wrestler's shoulder." LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.
Asunto(s)
Retroversión Ósea/diagnóstico por imagen , Húmero/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación del Hombro/diagnóstico por imagen , Lucha/fisiología , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Retroversión Ósea/fisiopatología , Niño , Humanos , Húmero/fisiología , Masculino , Rango del Movimiento Articular , Rotación , Articulación del Hombro/fisiología , Ultrasonografía , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Few investigations have evaluated isokinetic torque after a period of weight loss in wrestlers. Thus, the current study sought to investigate the effects of gradual weight loss in the precompetitive period on isokinetic peak torque in the upper and lower limbs and body composition in wrestling athletes. METHODS: Eight elite athletes participated in the study (mean age 20.8±3.1 years). The athletes visited the laboratory on 2 occasions: during the period of weight maintenance (baseline) and during weight loss, in the precompetitive period (post). The variables analyzed were body composition through air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD) and peak torque (PT) of knee flexion and extension movements, and internal and external shoulder rotation in concentric action, at speeds of 60°/s and 180°/s, determined using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex Medical Systems; Shirley, NY, USA). RESULTS: A significant decrease was observed in body composition values, except lean mass. No significant differences were observed in the PT of the movements analyzed: Shoulder internal rotation (60°/s P=0.825; 180°/s P=0.245) and external rotation (60°/s P=0.149; 180°/s P=0.163) and knee extension (60°/s P=0.086; 180°/s P=0.630) and flexion (60°/s P=0.310; 180°/s P=0.239). CONCLUSIONS: Gradual weight loss did not affect the production of torque in the wrestlers before a competition. In addition, gradual weight loss contributed to a reduction in body fat, associated with an increase in percentage lean body mass.
Asunto(s)
Composición Corporal , Fuerza Muscular , Pérdida de Peso , Lucha/fisiología , Tejido Adiposo , Adolescente , Adulto , Atletas , Peso Corporal , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Rotación , Hombro , Torque , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is an easy tool to assess hydration status and body composition. However, its validity in athletes remains controversial. We investigated the validity of BIS on total body water (TBW) and body composition estimation in Japanese wrestlers and untrained subjects. TBW of 49 young Japanese male subjects (31 untrained, 18 wrestlers) were assessed using the deuterium dilution method (DDM) and BIS. De Lorenzo's and Moissl's equations were employed in BIS for TBW estimation. To evaluate body composition, Siri's 3-compartment model and published TBW/fat-free mass (FFM) ratio were applied in DDM and BIS, respectively. In untrained subjects, DDM and BIS with de Lorenzo's equation showed consistent TBW estimates, whereas BIS with Moissl's equation overestimated TBW (p < 0.001 vs. DDM). DDM and BIS with de Lorenzo's equation estimated FFM and percent of fat mass consistently, whereas BIS with Moissl's equation over-estimated and under-estimated them (p < 0.001 vs. DDM). In wrestlers, BIS with de Lorenzo's and Moissl's equations assessed TBW similarly with DDM. However, the Bland-Altman analysis revealed a proportional bias for TBW in BIS with de Lorenzo's equation (r = 0.735, p < 0.001). Body composition assessed with BIS using both equations and DDM were not different. In conclusion, BIS with de Lorenzo's equation accurately estimates the TBW and body composition in untrained subjects, whereas BIS with Moissl's equation is more valid in wrestlers. Our results demonstrated the usefulness of BIS for assessing TBW and body composition in Japanese male wrestlers.
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Composición Corporal , Agua Corporal , Impedancia Eléctrica , Lucha , Adulto , Humanos , Técnicas de Dilución del Indicador , Masculino , Análisis Espectral , Lucha/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
RESULTS: Following fighting, the adrenaline concentration was significantly higher in all athletes, most markedly in K (p < 0.001). Baseline cortisol and BDNF levels did not differ among the groups and rose significantly in all the groups after the performance. Baseline testosterone concentration was slightly higher in K than in JSW and rose in all the groups to reach similar levels; the increase in T was significantly higher than in K. CONCLUSIONS: Despite substantial differences in the characteristics of the combat sports investigated, including the type of physical effort and the required balance between restraint and aggression, the performance in each of them gives rise to similar hormonal changes with a possible exception of karate showing higher stress hormone levels.
Asunto(s)
Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/fisiología , Artes Marciales/fisiología , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/fisiología , Sistema Nervioso Simpático/fisiología , Lucha/fisiología , Adaptación Fisiológica , Atletas/psicología , Rendimiento Atlético/psicología , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/sangre , Epinefrina/sangre , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Masculino , Artes Marciales/psicología , Norepinefrina/sangre , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Estrés Fisiológico , Testosterona/sangre , Lucha/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Intermittent exposure to hypoxia (IHE) increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species which, as signalling molecules, participate in tissue injury-repair-regeneration cascade. The process is also stimulated by arginine whose bioavailability is a limiting factor for NO synthesis. The effects of IHE in combination with arginine (Arg) intake on myogenesis and angiogenesis mediators were examined in a randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Blood samples were collected from 38 elite athletes on the 1st, 7th and 14th days during the training camp. The oral doses of arginine (2 × 6 g/day) and/or IHE using hypoxicator GO2Altitude (IHE and Arg/IHE) were applied. Serum NO and H2O2 concentrations increased significantly and were related to muscle damage (CK activity >900 IU/mL) in IHE and Arg/IHE compared to placebo. The changes in NO and H2O2 elevated the levels of circulating growth factors such as HGF, IHG-1, PDGFBB, BDNF, VEGF and EPO. Modification of the lipid profile, especially reduced non-HDL, was an additional beneficial effect of hypoxic exposure with arginine intake. Intermittent hypoxic exposure combined with high-dose arginine intake was demonstrated to affect circulating mediators of injury-repair-regeneration. Therefore, a combination of IHE and arginine seems to be a potential therapeutic and non-pharmacological method to modulate the myogenesis and angiogenesis in elite athletes.
Asunto(s)
Arginina/administración & dosificación , Hipoxia/fisiopatología , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/sangre , Regeneración/efectos de los fármacos , Lucha/fisiología , Altitud , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/sangre , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico/sangre , Consumo de OxígenoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: to avoid rapid body mass fluctuations and the associated effects on health and performance, some combat sports federations have made changes to regulations. OBJECTIVE: the objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the Rapid Weight Gain on sporting success in elite Olympic wrestling athletes under the new weigh-in procedure. METHODS: the body mass of 75 athletes was recorded during the Pan-American Olympic wrestling Championship (Lima, 2018), corresponding to 29 % of the total universe of competitors (n = 255). Of these, 29 were Greco-Roman style, eight freestyle, and 38 women's wrestling. The official weigh-in was carried out between 8:00 and 8:30 hours. As for the second weigh-in, this was done with the same official weigh-in scale, immediately before the first match (between 10:00 and 11:00 hours). Rapid Weight Gain after weigh-in was compared between medalist and non-medalist athletes. RESULTS: when analyzing the difference between medalists and non-medalists, no significant differences were found in Greco-Roman athletes (t = 0.114; p = 0.910; r = 0.022), in freestyle (Mann-Whitney U = 5,500; p = 0.486; r = 0.000), in women's wrestling (Mann-Whitney U = 163.0; p = 0.774; r = 0.124), and in all competitors (Mann-Whitney U = 641.5; p = 0.855; r = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: no significant differences were found between medalist and non-medalist athletes in any of the Olympic wrestling styles
INTRODUCCIÓN: para evitar fluctuaciones rápidas del peso corporal y los efectos asociados sobre la salud y rendimiento, algunas federaciones de deportes de combate han realizado cambios de reglamento. OBJETIVO: el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de la ganancia rápida de peso en el éxito deportivo en atletas de élite de la lucha olímpica bajo la nueva modalidad de pesaje. MÉTODOS: se registró el peso corporal de 75 atletas durante el Campeonato Panamericano de Lucha Olímpica (Lima, 2018), correspondiente al 29 % del universo total de competidores (n = 255). De estos, 29 fueron de estilo grecorromano; 8, de estilo libre y 38, de lucha libre femenina. El pesaje oficial se realizó entre las 8:00 y las 8:30 horas. En cuanto al segundo pesaje, se hizo con la misma balanza oficial inmediatamente antes de la primera lucha (entre las 10:00 y las 11:00 horas). La ganancia de peso rápida después del pesaje se comparó entre atletas medallistas y no medallistas. RESULTADOS: al analizar la diferencia entre medallistas y no medallistas, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los atletas de grecorromana (t = 0,114; p = 0,910; r = 0,022), en los de estilo libre (Mann-Whitney U = 5,500; p = 0,486; r = 0,000), en los de lucha libre femenina (Mann-Whitney U = 163,0; p = 0,774; r = 0,124) ni en todos los competidores (Mann -Whitney U = 641,5; p = 0,855; r = 0,037). CONCLUSIONES: no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre atletas medallistas y no medallistas en ninguno de los estilos de lucha olímpica