Wrist Circumference Cutoff Points for Determining Excess Weight Levels and Predicting Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults.

(1) Background: An elevated wrist circumference may indicate excess weight and cardiometabolic risk. The present study aims to identify wrist circumference cutoff points (WrC) to determine excess weight levels and predict cardiometabolic risk in adults. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with adults aged 20 to 59 years old, attending the outpatient clinic at University Hospital/Federal University of Sergipe HU/UFS-EBSERH. Demographic, anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure (BP) data were collected. Cardiometabolic risk was assessed, according to the global risk score (ERG) and Framingham score criteria. The descriptive analysis included calculating medians and frequencies of anthropometric, demographic, biochemical, and blood pressure variables. The gender and age of adult groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Spearman's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used to assess the association between wrist circumference (WrC) and the variables mentioned above. The predictive validity of WrC in identifying excess weight levels and cardiometabolic risk was analyzed using the ROC curve. The sample consisted of 1487 adults aged 20 to 59 years, 55.7% of whom were female; (3) Results: WrC correlated positively with other adiposity indicators such as waist circumference and Body Mass Index. WrC was the anthropometric indicator most significantly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. WrC cutoff points identified by the study for determining excess weight were categorized by gender and age group. For males aged 20 to 40 years and >40 years, respectively, the cutoff points for overweight were 17.1 cm and 17.3 cm, and for obesity, 17.9 cm and 17.5 cm. For females aged 20 to 40 years and >40 years, respectively, the cutoff points for overweight were 15.6 cm and 15.4 cm, and for obesity, 16.1 cm and 16 cm (4). Conclusions: Wrist circumference showed a significant correlation with other adiposity indicators and can be used to identify adults with excess weight and predict cardiometabolic risk.

Ultrasound identification of hand and wrist anatomical structures by hand surgeons new to ultrasonographic techniques.

PURPOSE: Ultrasound is becoming an essential tool for hand surgeons, but most of them are trained on the job, without any diploma or dedicated training. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of hand surgeons new to ultrasound to identify hand and wrist anatomical structures. METHODS: A monocentric study was conducted from January 2022 to April 2022. Ten residents and five attending hand surgeons, ultrasound novices, were involved in this study. The participants underwent two tests, wherein they were required to identify 17 anatomical structures using ultrasound, on the same subject. The second test was similar and carried out 2 to 6 weeks later by all participants. The number of structures successfully identified and if it was the case, the detection time per structure, were recorded. The correlations between participants age, years of surgical experience, surgical background (orthopedic or plastic) and the ability to perform immediately during the first test or to progress between the two tests were also assessed. RESULTS: The average number of structures identified during the first test (T1) was 14.1+/-2.1 (82.9%), versus 16.2+/-0.8 (95.3%) structures during the second test (T2) (p = 0.001). The mean detection time per structure was 53.4 +/- 18.9 s during T1 versus 27.7 +/- 7.2 s during T2 (p < 0.0001). A moderate negative correlation between the progression in the number of anatomical structures identified between the two tests and the years of surgical experience (ρ=-0.56; p = 0.029) was found. The other parameters were neither correlated with the ability to perform at the first test nor with the progression between the two tests. CONCLUSION: Hand surgeons new to ultrasound are most of the time able to identify hand and wrist anatomical structures. Comparison of their first and second tests showed significant potential for improvement in anatomical structure identification and detection time of those, especially in surgeons with limited surgical experience.

Association between the digit ratio (2D:4D), handgrip strength, wrist ratio, and body fat distribution in women with different carpal tunnel syndrome severity.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the relationship of the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a biomarker of prenatal sex hormone exposure, with wrist ratio (WR), wrist-palm ratio (WPR), body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and handgrip strength (HGS) in different carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) severity. METHOD: This study involved 90 female participants (aged 18 to 83) with CTS. According to CTS severity, the participants were divided into four groups: normal, mild, moderate, and severe. All parameters of hand anthropometry and body fat distribution were measured, and the mean 2D:4D, WR, WPR, HGS, BMI, and WHR values were compared based on CTS severity. Data were collected with a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and a Likert (LS) scale for numbness severity. RESULTS: The mean age, 2D:4D, WD, WW, WR, WPR, BMI, and HGS values showed a significant differences between CTS severity groups. We found that lower 2D:4D and higher WPR and BMI were associated with increased risk of CTS (AUC = 0.728) after removing the effect of age. Bilateral hands were affected in 38.9 % (70/180) of participants. Regression analysis showed that lower HGS can be used as independent variable for predicting the females having bilateral affected hands. The LS score was considerably higher in the severe and moderate groups. Also, the VAS score was significantly higher in the severe group. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study demonstrated an association between 2D:4D, WPR, and BMI among women, emphasizing the effect of intrauterine sex hormone exposure on late life CTS severity.

[Association of upper extremity anthropometry and subcutaneus adipose tissue with carpal tunnel syndrome]. / A felso végtag antropometriájának és subcutan zsírszövetének a carpalis alagút szindrómával való összefüggése.

Background and purpose:

Body mass index (BMI) is positively correlated with the frequency of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). However, there are different types of obesity, and the localization of adipose tissue differs between the genders. In this study, we purposed to investigate whether there was an association between the amount of local adipose tissue thickness and anthropometry in upper extremity with the presence and/or electrophysiological severity of CTS on both genders.

Our study included 150 patients who were diagnosed with CTS clinically and electrophysiologically and 165 healthy controls. The biceps and triceps skinfold thickness, the diameters of the wrist and metacarpal joints, and the upper arm circumferences over the belly of the biceps muscle were measured by using skinfold caliper and measuring cylinder. All data were analyzed by using the Statistics Open For All package (SofaStats) programme. To detect the role of anthropometric indexes, we used multivariable multinomial logistic regression models. 

We revealed that BMI, biceps and triceps adipose tissue thicknesses were higher in females and also in patients with CTS. There was a positive correlation between electrophysiological grades of CTS and BMI with logistic regression analyzes. The mean Wrist circumference/Metacarpo­ph­arengeal Circumference ratio and biceps circumference were higher in moderate CTS groups. Metacarpofarengeal circumference was smaller in mild and moderate CTS cases compared to healthy ones.

We suggest that the differen­ces between the anatomical bone structure and local adiposity between the genders may play an important role in the occurrence of CTS. Moreover, the structures of proximal muscle groups and distal metacarpal joints may contribute both to the development and severity of CTS.

Ulnar shape of extant primates: Functional signals and covariation with triquetrum shape.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigated the shape differences of the distal ulna in a phylogenetic context among a broad range of primate taxa. Furthermore, we evaluated covariation between ulnar and triquetrum shape and a possible association between ulnar shape and locomotor behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We applied 3D geometric morphometrics on a large dataset comprising the distal ulna of 124 anthropoid primate specimens belonging to 12 different genera. For each species, a mean shape was calculated using 11 Procrustes-aligned surface landmarks on the distal ulna. These mean shapes are used in a bgPCA, pPCA, and PACA and 3D morphs were used to visualize more subtle differences between taxa. A p2B-PLS analysis was performed to test the covariance between distal ulnar and triquetrum shape. RESULTS: The results show that more closely related species exhibit a similar distal ulnar shape. Overall, extant hominid ulnae show a shape shift compared to those of extant monkeys and hylobatids. This includes a shortening of the ulnar styloid process and dorspalmarly widening of the ulnar head, shape characteristics that are independent of phylogeny. Within the hominids, Pongo pygmaeus seem to possess the most plesiomorphic distal ulnar shape, while Gorilla and Homo sapiens display the most derived distal ulna. Cercopithecoids, hylobatids, and P. pygmaeus are characterized by a relatively deep ECU groove, which is a shape trait dependent of phylogeny. Although there was no significant covariation between distal ulnar shape and triquetrum shape, the shape differences of the distal ulna between the different primate taxa reveal a possible link with locomotor behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The comparative analyses of this study reveal different shape trends in a phylogenetic context. Highly arboreal primates, such as hylobatids and Ateles fusciceps, show a distal ulnar morphology that appears to be adapted to tensile and torsional forces. In primates that use their wrist under more compressive conditions, such as quadrupedal cercopithecoids and great apes, the distal ulnar morphology seems to reflect increased compressive forces. In modern humans, the distal ulnar shape can be associated to enhanced manipulative skills and power grips. There was no significant covariation between distal ulnar shape and triquetrum shape, probably due to the variation in the amount of contact between the triquetrum and ulna. In combination with future research on wrist mobility in diverse primate taxa, the results of this study will allow us to establish form-function relationships of the primate wrist and contribute towards an evidence-based interpretation of fossil remains.

Carpal kinematics and morphological correlates of wrist ulnar deviation mobility in nonhuman anthropoid primates.

OBJECTIVES: Primates employ wrist ulnar deviation during a variety of locomotor and manipulative behaviors. Extant hominoids share a derived condition in which the ulnar styloid process has limited articulation or is completely separated from the proximal carpals, which is often hypothesized to increase ulnar deviation range of motion. Acute angulation of the hamate's triquetral facet is also hypothesized to facilitate ulnar deviation mobility and mechanics. In this study, we test these longstanding ideas. METHODS: Three-dimensional (3D) carpal kinematics were examined using a cadaveric sample of Pan troglodytes, Pongo sp., and five monkey species. Ulnar styloid projection and orientation of the hamate's triquetral facet were quantified using 3D models. RESULTS: Although carpal rotation patterns in Pan and Pongo were uniquely similar in some respects, P. troglodytes exhibited overall kinematic similarity with large terrestrial cercopithecoids (Papio and Mandrillus). Pongo, Macaca, and Ateles had high wrist ulnar deviation ranges of motion, but Pongo did this via a unique mechanism. In Pongo, the triquetrum functions as a distal carpal rather than part of the proximal row. Ulnar styloid projection and wrist ulnar deviation range of motion were not correlated but ulnar deviation range of motion and the triquetrohamate facet orientation were correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Increased ulnar deviation mobility is not the function of ulnar styloid withdrawal in hominoids. Instead, this feature probably reduces stress on the ulnar side wrist or is a byproduct of adaptations that increase supination. Orientation of the hamate's triquetral facet offers some potential to reconstruct ulnar deviation mobility in extinct primates.

Systematic review of nerves at risk at the wrist in common surgical approaches to the forearm: Anatomical variations and surgical implications.

Three commonly used approaches to the forearm in orthopedic surgery are Henry's, Thompson's, and the ulnar approach, each of which has the potential to cause injury to nerves around the wrist. Preserving these nerves is important to prevent complications such as neuroma formation and motor and sensory changes to the hand. We conducted a review of the literature to assess the nerves at risk and whether 'safe zones' exist to avoid these nerves. An independent reviewer conducted searches in Embase and MEDLINE of the literature from 2010 to 2020. A total of 68 papers were identified, with 18 articles being included in the review. Multiple nerves were identified as being at risk for each of the approaches described. In the anterior approach, the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (PCBMN) is most at risk of injury. An incision immediately radial to the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) or directly over the FCR is most likely to avoid injury to both superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) and PCBMN. With Thompson's approach, the safest zone for an incision is directly over or slightly radial to Lister's tubercle to avoid injury to SBRN and lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. For the ulnar approach, a safe zone was shown to be on the ulnar side of the wrist around the ulnar styloid (US) when the forearm was in supination or a neutral position to avoid injury to the dorsal branch of the ulna nerve (DBUN). Care must be taken around the US due to the density of nerves and the proximity of the last motor branch of the posterior interosseous nerve to the ulnar head. This review highlighted the proximity of nerves to the three most common surgical incisions used to access the forearm. In addition, anatomical variations may exist, and each of the nerves identified as being at risk has multiple branches. Both factors increase the potential of intraoperative damage if the anatomy is not properly understood. The surgeon must adhere carefully to the established approaches to the wrist and distal forearm to minimize damage to nerves and optimize surgical outcomes for the patient.

Radiological Evaluation of Volar Cortical Angle in the Anatolian Population / Evaluación Radiológica del Ángulo Cortical Volar en la Población Anatoliana

SUMMARY: Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures of the upper limb. The most commonly used method in the repair of these fractures is volar locking plates. Recently, the frequency of removal of volar locking plates after surgery has increased. There are many factors in its reduction. Anatomically, incompatibility of the distal end of the radius with volar locking plates is one of them. In previous studies, different volar cortical angle (VCA) values were found in other races. For this reason, this study aimed to determine the mean values by making VCA measurements of the Anatolian population. The study was designed retrospectively. In the study, measurements were made on computed tomography (CT) images of the distal end of the radius of 53 men and 28 women. Radial width, intermediate volar angle, and radial volar angle were measured in the images. On average, the radius width was 23.35±1.96 mm, and the intermediate volar angle was 26.02±.3.83°, radial volar angle was 24±3.07°. Radial width, intermediate volar angle, and radial volar angle differed significantly by gender (p<0.001). A significant correlation was found between radius width, intermediate volar angle, and radial volar angle values (p<0.001). It has been determined that the Anatolian population has a different VCA value than the European, Asian, and other populations. When using volar locking plates in distal radius fracture surgery, volar locking plates should be selected by considering the average values of the races.

Las fracturas del radio distal son las fracturas más comunes del miembro superior. El método más utilizado en la reparación de estas fracturas son las placas de bloqueo volar. Recientemente, ha aumentado la frecuencia de extracción de placas de bloqueo volar después de la cirugía. Existen muchos factores en su reducción y anatómicamente, la incompatibilidad de la extremidad distal del radio con las placas de bloqueo volar es una de ellas. En estudios anteriores, se encontraron diferentes valores del ángulo cortical volar (VCA) en otras grupos. Por esta razón, este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los valores medios, realizando mediciones de VCA de la población de Anatolia. El estudio fue diseñado de manera retrospectiva. En el estudio, se realizaron mediciones en imágenes de tomografía computarizada (TC) de la extremidad distal del radio de 53 hombres y 28 mujeres. En las imágenes se midieron el ancho radial, el ángulo volar intermedio y el ángulo volar radial. En promedio, el ancho del radio fue de 23,35 ± 1,96 mm, el ángulo volar intermedio fue de 26,02 ± 3,83° y el ángulo volar radial fue de 24 ± 3,07°. El ancho radial, el ángulo volar intermedio y el ángulo volar radial difirieron significativamente según el sexo (p<0,001). Se encontró una correlación significativa entre los valores del ancho del radio, el ángulo volar intermedio y el ángulo volar radial (p<0,001). Se ha determinado que la población de Anatolia tiene un valor de VCA diferente al de las poblaciones europeas, asiáticas y otras. Cuando se utilizan placas de bloqueo volar en cirugía de fractura de la extremidad distal del radio, las placas deben seleccionarse considerando los valores promedio de los individuos de diferentes grupos.

Extensor digitorum brevis manus bilateral / Bilateral extensor digitorum brevis manus

Introducción: El extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM) es unmúsculo accesorio del dorso de la mano que puede presentarse comouna masa dolorosa. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico, generalmente consisteen la extirpación del mismo. Caso clínico: Varón de 14 años que presenta tumoraciones dolorosas bilaterales en la cara dorsal de las manos. La ecografía confirma eldiagnóstico de EDBM. Debido a la sintomatología asociada, se decidetratamiento quirúrgico, con resección de ambas masas musculares. Comentarios: El EDBM constituye una causa poco frecuente dedolor a nivel de la muñeca, especialmente en población infanto-juvenil.El tratamiento quirúrgico ha demostrado un impacto significativo en lamejoría de la sintomatología que presentan estos pacientes.(AU)

Introduction: The extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM) isan accessory muscle of the dorsum of the hand that may appear as apainful mass. It is treated surgically, usually by excision of the muscle. Clinical case: 14-year-old male with bilateral painful masses onthe dorsal aspect of his hands. Ultrasound confirmed the diagnosis ofEDBM. Due to the associated symptoms, decision was made to conductsurgical treatment with resection of both muscle masses. Discussion: EDBM is an infrequent cause of wrist pain, especiallyin children and adolescents. Surgical treatment has proven to have asignificant impact on the improvement of the symptoms suffered bythese patients.(AU)

Carpal arch space increased by volar force applied to the skin surface above the carpal tunnel.

BACKGROUND: Carpal arch space augmentation can help decompress the median nerve. The augmentation can be achieved by mechanical manipulations utilizing the biomechanics of the tunnel structure. The purpose of this study was to expand the carpal arch in vitro by applying volar forces on the surface of the wrist. METHODS: The mechanism was implemented in eight cadaver hands by attaching a volar force transmitter to the palmar surface of the wrist and pulling the transmitter volarly at six force levels (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 N). Ultrasound images of the cross section at the distal carpal tunnel were collected for morphological analysis. FINDINGS: The carpal arch height, width, and area were significantly altered by the volarly applied force (P < 0.001). The arch height and area were increased but the arch width was decreased by the force. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive correlation between the arch height and force magnitude; and between the arch area and force magnitude. A negative correlation existed between the arch width and force magnitude (P < 0.001). The magnitude of change of the arch height, width, and area was increased as the force magnitude increased. INTERPRETATION: This study demonstrated that applying external forces on the wrist skin to increase the carpal arch space was feasible. The magnitude of the force influenced its effect on altering the carpal arch. Study limitations include small sample size and inclusion of male specimens. Future in vivo work is needed for clinical translation feasibility.

Modularity of the wrist in extant hominines.

Wrist shape varies greatly across primates and previous studies indicate that the numerous morphological differences among them are related to a complex mixture of phylogeny and function. However, little is known about whether the variation in these various anatomical differences is linked and to what extent the wrist bones vary independently. Here, we used 3D geometric morphometrics on a sample of extant hominines (Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Gorilla beringei), to find the model that best describes the covariation patterns among four of the eight carpals (i.e., capitate, lunate, scaphoid, and trapezium). For this purpose, 15 modular hypotheses were tested using the Covariance Ratio. Results indicate that there is a covariation structure common to all hominines, which corresponds to stronger covariation within each carpal as compared to the covariation between carpals. However, the results also indicate that that there is a degree of codependence in the variation of some carpals, which is unique in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, respectively. In humans there is evidence of associated shape changes between the lunate and capitate, and between the scaphoid and trapezium. This covariation between lunate and capitate is also apparent in gorillas, while chimpanzees display the greatest disassociation among carpals, showing low covariation values in all pairwise comparisons. Our analyses indicate that carpals have an important level of variational independence which might suggest a high degree of independent evolvability in the wrists of hominines, and that although weak, the structure of associated changes of these four carpals varies across genera. To our knowledge this is the first report on the patterns of modularity between these four wrist bones in the Homininae and future studies might attempt to investigate whether the anatomical shape associations among carpals are functionally related to locomotion and manipulation.

Utility of wrist circumference in recognition of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese South Indian children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the utility of wrist circumference in the identification of cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the obesity clinic of a tertiary care referral hospital over a two year period. All children and adolescents aged 5-17 years with nutritional overweight and obesity were recruited. Data pertaining to chronological age, sex, risk factors and family history were collected. Clinical assessment of anthropometry: Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), Tanner's stage, wrist circumference, blood pressure, waist circumference and triceps skinfold thickness done as per standard criteria. Biochemical assessment of blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, and Homeostatic Model for Insulin Resistance performed after 12 h of fasting. RESULTS: We recruited 118 subjects (mean age 10.9 years, 71.1% males, 87.3% obese and 12.7% overweight); 30 (25.4%) had metabolic syndrome. The mean z scores of wrist circumference of children who presented with and without metabolic syndrome was 2.7 ± 0.8 and 2.1 ± 0.7, respectively (p<0.05). We observed a fair positive correlation between wrist circumference z score and BMI z score, (r=0.5; p<0.05). On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, 97th percentile of wrist circumference predicted metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese children with a sensitivity of 86.7% and specificity of 37.5% (AUC=0.675). CONCLUSIONS: Wrist circumference with 97th percentile as a cut-off is a useful tool to identify metabolic syndrome amongst overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Variantes anatómicas del tubérculo de Lister. Presentación de una clasificación imagenológica y su utilidad clínica / Anatomical variants of Lister's tubercle. Presentation of an imaging classification and its clinical utility

Objetivo: Evaluar, en forma retrospectiva, las diferentes variantes de los tubérculos de Lister y el extensor largo del pulgar en imágenes de resonancia magnética de muñecas y, sobre la base de dichos hallazgos, proponer variables a la clasificación. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética entre el 1 de marzo y el 10 de noviembre de 2019. Se incluyeron imágenes de muñeca de pacientes sanos (cortes axiales, sagitales y coronales de 1 mm de espesor), >18 años, sin fractura de muñeca o del carpo, previa o actual, y se excluyó a quienes no cumplían estos criterios. Se analizaron el tubérculo de Lister, la altura de los picos radial y cubital, el ángulo, la longitud del tubérculo, la profundidad de los valles y la altura del tabique. Se evaluó el extensor largo del pulgar analizando la altura, el espesor, la superficie y la presencia o no inflamación asociada. Resultados: Se analizaron 500 imágenes de muñeca, y se obtuvieron 11 subtipos de tubérculo de Lister: 411 tipo 1, 58 tipo 2 y 26 tipo 3. Dentro de estos, el más frecuente fue el tipo 1B. El 26,6% tenía inflamación asintomática en el tercero y cuarto compartimento. Conclusiones: El tubérculo de Lister es importante en muchos procedimientos y sirve como punto de referencia anatómico; por lo tanto, es preciso conocer su patrón más frecuente y sus variantes anatómicas. Proponemos una ampliación de la clasificación, adicionando nuevos tipos de tubérculo por conocer y su relación con el extensor largo del pulgar. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the different variants of Lister's tubercle (LT) and extensor pollicis longus (EPL) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the wrists, and based on these findings propose variables for classification. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study using images from MRI database files between 03/01/19 to 11/10/19. We included MRI of the wrist of healthy patients (axial, sagittal, and coronal slices of 1 mm thickness) who were older than 18 years, with no history of previous or current wrist or carpal fracture, excluding those who did not meet these criteria. We analyzed LT, height of the radial and ulnar peaks, the angle, tubercle length, depth of the grooves and septum height. We evaluated the EPL, analyzing the height, thickness, surface, and presence of associated inflammation. Results: We evaluated 500 MRI of the wrist, obtaining 11 different subtypes of LT. We found 411 type 1 Lister tubercles, 58 type 2, and 26 type 3. Among these, the most frequent were types 1b. 26.6% presented asymptomatic inflammation in 3rd and 4th compartments. Conclusion: Lister's tubercle is of importance in many procedures and serves as an anatomical landmark, meriting to know its most frequent pattern and its anatomical variants. We propose an extension of the classification, adding new types of tubercles to be known and their relationship with the EPL. Level of Evidence: IV

Wrist Extension Does Not Change the Position of the Radial Artery: Cadaveric Study With Application to Arterial Line Placement, and Transradial Neurointerventional Procedures.

BACKGROUND: The radial artery is gaining popularity as a vascular access site for neurointerventional procedures. However, recent analyses of wrist position and radial artery anatomy has suggested that the extended position of the wrist is not always necessary. Therefore, the following cadaveric study was performed to verify these findings. METHODS: Twenty adult cadaveric upper limbs underwent dissection of the radial artery. The radial artery was exposed but left in its anatomical position. With the hand supinated, the wrist was extended to 45 degrees and 90 degrees. Observations were then made of any movement of the artery during these ranges of motion. Next, a tension gauge was attached to the radial artery and any tension on the artery measured during the above noted ranges of motion. RESULTS: During extension of the wrist, none of the radial artery specimens was found to move in any direction. Moreover, an average of only 0.28 N of tension on the artery was found with wrist extension up to 90 degrees. Our cadaveric study found that, contrary to popular belief, extension of the wrist during cannulation of the radial artery does not change the position of the artery nor does it significantly alter the tension on the artery. CONCLUSIONS: These data support several recent clinical studies.

Examination of the Wrist.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After reading this article and reviewing the supplemental videos, the participant should be able to: 1. Identify common wrist conditions that may be encountered on evaluation. 2. Describe provocative maneuvers used to confirm a diagnosis of wrist disorder. 3. Develop a systematic approach to examination of the wrist. 4. Determine appropriate diagnostic maneuvers for radial, central, and ulnar wrist pain. SUMMARY: The wrist is a complex structure, and providers caring for hand and upper extremity conditions need to have an understanding of the wrist examination and provocative maneuvers for conditions that are encountered. Fractures, tendonitis, arthritis, and instabilities are all commonly encountered, and the provider should have an idea of the diagnosis based on clinical examination and use imaging as needed to confirm or stage a diagnosis.

The ulnar nerve is surrounded by the tendon expansion of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle at the wrist: an anatomical study of Guyon's canal.

The ulnar tunnel (Guyon's canal) is an osseofibrous tunnel for the ulnar nerve and artery. With regard to the proximal palmar wall (palmar carpal ligament) of the ulnar tunnel, detailed anatomical data such as attachment sites, fibrous continuity to surroundings, and variations have not been clearly described. In this study, topology of Guyon's canal was examined, especially to the palmar side of the ulnar nerve, focusing on the continuity of tendinous structures to reveal a more detailed constitution of Guyon's canal. The palmar wall of Guyon's canal was investigated in 113 forearms of 57 cadavers. The dorsal wall of the canal was also investigated in 25 subjects. The ulnar nerve passed lateral to the pisiform and the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon. At the level of the pisiform, except for one, the ulnar nerve passed dorsal to the aponeurosis expanding from the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon and the periosteum of the pisiform, and this aponeurosis laterally merged with the palmar aspect of the flexor retinaculum. Moreover, the ulnar nerve ran palmar to the pisohamate ligament and the flexor retinaculum extended from the same tendon. The present study suggests that the aponeurosis of palmar side to the ulnar nerve connected with the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, the periosteum of the pisiform, and the palmar surface of the flexor retinaculum. These findings indicate that the ulnar nerve is surrounded by the aponeurotic portion expanding from the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon at the wrist, which is a new insight of Guyon's canal.

Effect of wrist dorsiflexion on ultrasound-guided radial artery catheterisation using dynamic needle tip positioning technique in adult patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: It is generally recommended to keep the wrist joint mildly dorsiflexed during radial artery catheterisation. However, wrist dorsiflexion might decrease the success rate of radial artery catheterisation with dynamic needle tip positioning technique. Therefore, we assessed the success rates of two groups with or without wrist dorsiflexion by 5 cm wrist elevation in adult patients. METHODS: This randomised controlled clinical trial was performed between March and December 2018 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, China. We recruited 120 adult patients undergoing major surgical procedures and randomly allocated them into two groups: dorsiflexion group (group D) and neutral group (group N). The primary outcome was first-attempt success rates of two groups. Secondary outcomes were overall success rates within 5 min; numbers of insertion and cannulation attempts; overall catheterisation time; duration of localisation, insertion and cannulation; and complication rates of catheterisation. RESULTS: First-attempt success rate was 88.3% in group D and 81.7% in group N (p=0.444). The overall success rate within 5 min was 93.3% in group D compared with 90.0% in group N (p=0.743). Numbers of insertion and cannulation attempts, overall catheterisation time, duration of localisation and insertion, and complication rates did not show a significant difference between the two groups. Cannulation time was longer in group N (35.68 s) than that in group D (26.19 s; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Wrist dorsiflexion may not be a necessity for ultrasound-guided radial artery catheterisation using dynamic needle tip positioning technique in adult patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR1800015262.

Ultrasound Imaging and Guidance in Common Wrist/Hand Pathologies.

ABSTRACT: Wrist/hand pain is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition with a great spectrum of etiologies (varying from overuse injuries to soft tissue tumors). Although most of the anatomical structures are quite superficial and easily evaluated during physical examination, for several reasons, the use of ultrasound imaging and guidance has gained an intriguing and paramount concern in the prompt management of relevant patients. In this aspect, the present review aims to illustrate detailed cadaveric wrist/hand anatomy to shed light into better understanding the corresponding ultrasonographic examinations/interventions in carpal tunnel syndrome, trigger finger, de Quervain tenosynovitis, rhizarthrosis, and the radiocarpal joint arthritis. In addition, evidence from the literature supporting the rationale why ultrasound guidance is henceforth unconditional in musculoskeletal practice is also exemplified.

Anatomic surface landmarks to guide injection for posterior interosseous nerve block.

Proper injection of the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) is important for both the therapeutic and diagnostic management of wrist pain. However, no anatomical study exists describing the site of injection based on individual wrist width. We sought to develop a reproducible anthropometric ratio utilizing external wrist surface anatomy to predict a safe and accurate injection site for the PIN. Fresh frozen cadaver forearms were dissected at the University of Louisville tissue lab. Several anthropometric measurements were obtained in order to develop a reproducible ratio to calculate location of injection. A total of 16 cadaver forearms of equal male to female ratio were obtained. On average, the male forearm had a greater mean wrist circumference obtained at the level of Lister's tubercle compared to female forearms, 17.1 cm vs. 13.5 cm. An injection given ulnar to proximal edge of Lister's tubercle at a length of one-fourth the distance between Lister's tubercle and radial aspect of ulnar styloid resulted in 100% accurate perineural injection without intraneural injection. An anthropometric ratio of one-fourth the distance from Lister's tubercle to the ulnar styloid was able to predict accurate injection sites for the distal PIN in cadaveric specimens of varying anatomical proportions.