Luteimonas cellulosilyticus sp. nov., Cellulose-Degrading Bacterium Isolated from Soil in Changguangxi National Wetland Park, China.

A Gram-negative, motile, aerobic, and rod-shaped strain (MIC 1.5T) was isolated from soil in Changguangxi national wetland park. Growth occurred at 20-45 °C, at pH 6.0-8.0, and at 0-4.0% NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MIC 1.5T was related to were identified as Luteimonas dalianensis CGMCC 1.12191T (95.3%), Luteimonas padinae DSM 101536T (94.5%), Luteimonas huabeiensis DSM 26429T (94.1%), and Luteimonas mephitis DSM 12574T (92.5%). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain MIC 1.5T , and these strains were well below 31%. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain MIC 1.5T was 66.3 mol%. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and genome-to-genome distance (GGD) values between strain MIC 1.5T and L. dalianensis CGMCC 1.12191T were 65.39% and 29.52%, respectively. The quinone was identified as Q-8. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 3OH, and iso-C17:0 3OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH). Based on the phylogenetic, physiological, and chemotaxonomic results, strain MIC 1.5T represents a novel species of the genus Luteimonas, for which the name Luteimonas cellulosilyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MIC 1.5T (= KACC 19469T = CCTCC AB 2017256T).

Biocontrol efficacy of Pseudoxanthomonas japonensis against Meloidogyne incognita and its nematostatic metabolites.

The rhizosphere bacterium ZKB-2 showed strong nematostatic activity against Meloidogyne incognita. Our study aimed to identify the nematostatic metabolites and evaluate the biocontrol efficiency in pot experiments. As the bacterial culture filtrate showed 100% nematostatic activity against M. incognita juveniles in 12 hr, we isolated and identified six compounds following activity guiding. 3-methoxycyclobutane-1, 2-dione showed 58.9% and 72.2% nematostatic activities against juveniles of M. incognita in 12 and 48 hr, with strong LC50 value at 447 µg mL-1. In pot experiments, treatments with the bacterial culture filtrate of strain ZKB-2 showed significant efficacy, especially at doses of 150 mL/pot, which were close to that of avermectin (positive control) at 0.01 g kg-1 soil. The most effective treatment inhibited 85.1% population of juveniles of M. incognita in the roots and 76.9% in the rhizosphere soil after 30 days. Furthermore, the promoting tomato growth also significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Our results revealed the potential of strain ZKB-2 to act as a biocontrol agent in the integrated management of root-knot nematodes on tomatoes.

First report of the emerging zoonotic agent Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica isolated from a retail frozen chicken in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica is an emerging zoonotic bacterium commensally living in larvae of particular flies. It has been associated with human and animal infections but never isolated from food. In the present study, a whole chicken carcass was rinsed in buffered peptone water which was then inoculated into BHI and the growth plated onto selective medium. Species identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS. Those bacteria identified as W. chitiniclastica were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing for confirmation and MEGA software was used to obtain their phylogenetic position. The findings of this study raise concerns regarding the abattoir, transport and stock practices of frozen meat carcasses and should be of interest with regard to microbiology, entomology and food production.

Facile synthesis of the cyclohexane fragment of enacloxins, a series of antibiotics isolated from Frateuria sp. W-315.

An efficient and good yield synthesis of the cyclohexane moiety of enacyloxins, a series of antibiotics isolated from Frateuria sp. W-315, was achieved from d-quinic acid using a successive Barton-McCombie deoxygenation.

Metabolic characterization and genes for the conversion of biphenyl in Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4.

A complete bph gene cluster (bphLA-4) containing 12,186 bp was amplified from Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4. The bphLA-4 was composed of bphABCXD, and an additional gene encoding a meta-fission product hydrolase was located in the bphX region. BphLA-4 was independently transcribed by the two operons, bphA1A2orf1A3A4BCX0 and bphX1orf2X2X3D, and significantly differed from bphKF707. Both benzoate and catechol induced the expression of both operons. 2-Hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate was identified as the intermediate of the biphenyl degradation by strain LA-4. This finding suggested that there existed a novel lower pathway of biphenyl degradation in strain LA-4.

Pseudoxanthomonas bacteria that drive deposit formation of wood extractives can be flocculated by cationic polyelectrolytes.

Runnability problems caused by suspended bacteria in water using industries, have, in contrast to biofilms, received little attention. We describe here that Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis, a wide-spread and abundant bacterium in paper machine water circuits, aggregated dispersions of wood extractives ("pitch") and resin acid, under conditions prevailing in machine water circuits (10(9) cfu ml(-1), pH 8, 45°C). The aggregates were large enough (up to 50 µm) so that they could be expected to clog wires and felts and to reduce dewatering of the fiber web. The Pseudoxanthomonas bacteria were negatively charged over a pH range of 3.2-10. Cationic polyelectrolytes of the types used as retention aids or fixatives to flocculate "anionic trash" in paper machines were effective in flocculating the Pseudoxanthomonas bacteria. The polyelectrolyte most effective for this purpose was of high molecular weight (7-8 × 10(6) g mol(-1)) and low charge density (1 meq g(-1)), whereas polyelectrolytes that effectively zeroed the electrophoretic mobility (i.e., neutralized the negative charge) of the bacterium were less effective in flocculating the bacteria. Based on the results, we concluded that the polyelectrolytes functioning by bridging mechanism, rather than by neutralization of the negative charge, may be useful as tools for reducing harmful deposits resulting from interaction of bacteria with wood extractives in warm water industry.

Dokdonella soli sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from soil.

An aerobic, Gram-negative, yellow-coloured, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated KIS28-6T, was isolated from soil from Ulleung, an island located in the East Sea of Korea. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain KIS28-6T was a member of the genus Dokdonella, having 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.1 and 96.9% with respect to Dokdonella fugitiva CIP 108692T and Dokdonella koreensis DSM 17203T, respectively. Strain KIS28-6T showed DNA-DNA hybridization values of 38 and 32% with respect to D. fugitiva CIP 108692T and D. koreensis DSM 17203T, respectively. The major fatty acids (>10%) were iso-C17:1omega9c (35.7%), iso-C17:0 (26.9%) and iso-C15:0 (11.7%), the major respiratory quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 73.0 mol%. On the basis of the results obtained in this polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strain KIS28-6T represents a novel species of the genus Dokdonella, for which the name Dokdonella soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KIS28-6T (=KACC 12741T =JCM 15421T).

Luteimonas marina sp. nov., isolated from seawater.

A marine bacterial strain, designated FR1330(T), was isolated from a seawater sample collected near Ganghwa Island, the Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain FR1330(T) belonged to the Gammaproteobacteria and was related to the genus Luteimonas; its closest neighbours were the type strains of Luteimonas composti (97.9 % sequence similarity) and Luteimonas mephitis (95.0 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values for strain FR1330(T) with Luteimonas composti CC-YY255(T) and Luteimonas mephitis KACC 11391(T) were 33 and 10 %, respectively. Cells of strain FR1330(T) were Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and oxidase- and catalase-positive. The predominant respiratory lipoquinone was ubiquinone-8. The major fatty acids were branched-chain saturated iso-C(15 : 0) (26.2 %) and unsaturated iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c (26.0 %). The DNA G+C content was 67.6 mol%. On the basis of several phenotypic characteristics, strain FR1330(T) could be differentiated from Luteimonas composti and Luteimonas mephitis. The data obtained from the polyphasic study demonstrated clearly that strain FR1330(T) represents a novel species of the genus Luteimonas. The name Luteimonas marina sp. nov. is proposed, with strain FR1330(T) (=KCTC 12327(T)=JCM 12488(T)=IMSNU 60306(T)) as the type strain.

Arenimonas malthae sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium isolated from an oil-contaminated site.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium (CC-JY-1(T)) was isolated on nutrient agar from a soil sample collected from an oil-contaminated site located in Chyai county, Taiwan. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that this isolate is unique, showing 96.7 % sequence similarity to the type strain of Arenimonas donghaensis and similarities of 93.0-93.8 % to species of the genera Thermomonas, Lysobacter and Silanimonas. The presence of ubiquinone Q-8, a polar lipid profile consisting of the major compounds diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine and the fatty acid profile were in accordance with the phylogenetic affiliation of CC-JY-1(T). DNA-DNA reassociation experiments between CC-JY-1(T) and A. donghaensis KACC 11381(T) resulted in a mean relatedness value of 32 %, indicating that strain CC-JY1(T) represents a novel species in the genus Arenimonas, for which we propose the name Arenimonas malthae sp. nov. The type strain is CC-JY-1(T) (=CCUG 53596(T) =CIP 109310(T)).

Rhodanobacter ginsengisoli sp. nov. and Rhodanobacter terrae sp. nov., isolated from soil cultivated with Korean ginseng.

Two bacterial isolates from ginseng fields in Korea, strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T), were characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a clear affiliation with the Gammaproteobacteria, and showed that the closest phylogenetic relationships were with members of the genus Rhodanobacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) was 97.2 %. Both strains showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.2-96.9 % to type strains of recognized Rhodanobacter species. The G+C contents of the DNA of strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) were 61.0 and 62.5 mol%, respectively. According to the DNA-DNA hydridization tests, the hybridization value between strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) was 34 %. Strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) showed less than 32 % DNA-DNA relatedness with Rhodanobacter fulvus KCTC 12098(T) and Rhodanobacter spathiphylli LMG 23181(T). Strains GR17-7(T) and GP18-1(T) were aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Major fatty acids of both strains were iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c and iso-C(16 : 0). Based on the data presented, two novel Rhodanobacter species are proposed, with the names Rhodanobacter ginsengisoli sp. nov. (type strain GR17-7(T)=KACC 11762(T)=DSM 18993(T)) and Rhodanobacter terrae sp. nov. (type strain GP18-1(T)=KACC 11761(T)=DSM 19241(T)).

Rhodanobacter thiooxydans sp. nov., isolated from a biofilm on sulfur particles used in an autotrophic denitrification process.

A novel thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium, designated strain LCS2(T), was isolated from a biofilm on sulfur particles used in an autotrophic denitrification process. The strain was found to comprise Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming rods that produced yellow-pigmented colonies on R2A agar. The strain contained Q-8 as the major ubiquinone and 17 : 1 iso omega 9c, 15 : 0 iso and 17 : 0 iso as the major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64.6 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain LCS2(T) was found to be most similar to that of Rhodanobacter fulvus IAM 15025(T) (97.4 % similarity). The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and phenotypic analysis showed that strain LCS2(T) can be distinguished from all known Rhodanobacter species and therefore represents a novel species of the genus, for which the name Rhodanobacter thiooxydans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LCS2(T) (=DSM 18863(T) =KCTC 12771(T)).

Pseudoxanthomonas spadix sp. nov., isolated from oil-contaminated soil.

A bacterial isolate from a sample of oil-contaminated soil was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that this isolate constituted a distinct phyletic line within the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, displaying >3.7 % sequence divergence with respect to recognised Pseudoxanthomonas species. The genus assignment was confirmed by a chemotaxonomic analysis, which revealed the presence of a fatty acid profile characteristic of members of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas (straight-chain saturated, unsaturated and branched-chain fatty acids of the iso/anteiso type and 3-hydroxylated fatty acids) and the presence of a ubiquinone with eight isoprene units (Q-8) as the predominant respiratory quinone. The novel isolate was distinguishable from other members of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas on the basis of a combination of phenotypic properties. The genotypic and phenotypic data show that the strain represents a novel species of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas spadix sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMMIB AFH-5(T) (=DSM 18855(T)=CCUG 53828(T)).

Aspromonas composti gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Xanthomonadaceae.

Two novel bacteria, strains TR7-09(T) and P2-12-1, were isolated from samples of compost and river sediment, respectively. The strains comprised Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming rods, produced creamy white colonies on R2A agar, contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone, contained iso-15 : 0, iso-17 : 0 omega 9c and iso-11 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids, and had polar lipid profiles consisting of phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unknown phospholipid. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains were most closely related to Thermomonas haemolytica DSM 13605(T), Silanimonas lenta KCTC 12236(T) and Xanthomonas campestris LMG 568(T) (with 92.5, 92.0 and 92.0 % sequence similarity, respectively) and formed a separate lineage within the family Xanthomonadaceae. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data supported the conclusion that the strains represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Aspromonas composti gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TR7-09(T) (=KCTC 12666(T)=DSM 18010(T)).

Lysobacter niabensis sp. nov. and Lysobacter niastensis sp. nov., isolated from greenhouse soils in Korea.

Two bacterial strains, designated GH34-4(T) and GH41-7(T), were isolated from greenhouse soil cultivated with cucumber. The bacteria were strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped and oxidase- and catalase-positive. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that these strains belong to the genus Lysobacter within the Gammaproteobacteria. Strain GH34-4(T) showed highest sequence similarity to Lysobacter yangpyeongensis GH19-3(T) (97.5 %) and Lysobacter koreensis Dae16(T) (96.4 %), and strain GH41-7(T) showed highest sequence similarity to Lysobacter antibioticus DSM 2044(T) (97.5 %), Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043(T) (97.5 %) and Lysobacter gummosus ATCC 29489(T) (97.4 %). Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness indicated that strains GH34-4(T) and GH41-7(T) represented species clearly different from L. yangpyeongensis, L. antibioticus, L. enzymogenes and L. gummosus. The major cellular fatty acids of strains GH34-4(T) and GH41-7(T) were iso-C(16 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c, and the major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C contents of GH34-4(T) and GH41-7(T) were 62.5 and 66.6 mol%, respectively. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic data presented, it is evident that each of these strains represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the names Lysobacter niabensis sp. nov. (type strain GH34-4(T)=KACC 11587(T)=DSM 18244(T)) and Lysobacter niastensis sp. nov. (type strain GH41-7(T)=KACC 11588(T)=DSM 18481(T)) are proposed.

Two novel species, Lysobacter daejeonensis sp. nov. and Lysobacter yangpyeongensis sp. nov., isolated from Korean greenhouse soils.

Two bacterial strains were isolated from greenhouse soils of Daejeon and Yangpyeong regions in Korea. The strains, designated GH1-9T and GH19-3T, were Gram-negative and aerobic, with rod-shaped cells. Their DNA G+C contents were 61.7 and 67.3 mol%, respectively. The major fatty acids of strain GH1-9T were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0, iso-C17 : 1omega9c and iso-C11 : 0 3-OH and the major components of strain GH19-3T were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1omega7c alcohol, iso-C17 : 1omega9c and iso-C11 : 0 3-OH. None of the species of the genus Lysobacter with validly published names showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of more than 97 % with respect to the novel isolates. The closest sequence similarity of strain GH1-9T was with Lysobacter concretion is DSM 16239T (96.4 %), whereas strain GH19-3T showed the highest sequence similarity with Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043T (96.6 %). Polyphasic taxonomic studies indicated that the two strains should be classified as representing novel members of the genus Lysobacter. The names Lysobacter daejeonensis sp. nov. and Lysobacter yangpyeongensis sp. nov. are proposed, with strains GH1-9T (=KACC 11406T=DSM 17634T) and GH19-3T (=KACC 11407T=DSM 17635T), respectively, as the type strains.

Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis sp. nov., isolated from cotton waste composts.

Three strains, 4M1T, 4M9 and 4M12, were isolated from cotton waste composts. These strains are Gram-negative, aerobic and non-spore-forming rods. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons demonstrated that these isolates were clustered phylogenetically within the genus Pseudoxanthomonas and 4M1T revealed sequence similarity levels of 96.9-99.0% to six Pseudoxanthomonas species with validly published names. According to DNA-DNA hybridization, relatedness values between 4M1T and six known Pseudoxanthomonas species were in the range of 52-63%. The DNA G + C content of the strains was 66.6-68.4 mol%. For a more detailed characterization of these strains, the physiological, chemotaxonomic and genotypic properties were evaluated. From the results of this study, the name Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 4M1T (= KACC 11320T = DSM 17175T).

Lysobacter koreensis sp. nov., isolated from a ginseng field.

Strain Dae16T, a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in South Korea and characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain Dae16T belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria and had the highest degree of sequence similarity to Lysobacter gummosus ATCC 29489T (97.1 %), Lysobacter antibioticus DSM 2044T (96.6 %), Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043T (96.2 %), Lysobacter concretionis KCTC 12205T (94.7 %) and Lysobacter brunescens ATCC 29482T (93.7 %). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain Dae16T possesses a quinone system with Q-8 as the predominant compound and C(15 : 0) iso, C(16 : 0) iso and C(17 : 1) iso omega9c as the predominant iso-branched fatty acids, all of which corroborated the assignment of the strain to the genus Lysobacter. Results of DNA-DNA hybridization and physiological and biochemical tests clearly demonstrated that strain Dae16T represents a distinct species. Based on these data, it is proposed that Dae16T (= KCTC 12204T = NBRC 101156T) should be classified as the type strain of a novel Lysobacter species, Lysobacter koreensis sp. nov.

Isolation and characterization of a new extracellular bacteriolytic endopeptidase of Lysobacter sp. XL1.

The previously unstudied bacteriolytic enzyme L(4) was isolated from the culture liquid of the bacterium Lysobacter sp. XL1 in electrophoretically homogeneous state. The enzyme L(4) is a diaminopimelinoyl-alanine endopeptidase relative to peptidoglycan of Lysobacter sp. XL1. The enzyme is an alkaline protein of approximately 21 kD. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme has been determined - A V V N G V N Y V Gx T T A ... The maximal activity of the enzyme was observed in 0.05 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.0 and 50-55 degrees C. The half-inactivation temperature of the enzyme is 52 degrees C. The endopeptidase L(4) is not a metalloenzyme since it is not affected by EDTA. The enzyme is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid by 72% and by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride by 43%, which indicates the involvement of serine and thiol groups in its functioning.

Pseudoxanthomonas kaohsiungensis, sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from oil-polluted site produces extracellular surface activity.

During screening for biosurfactant-producing bacteria, a strain designated J36T was isolated from oil-polluted site near Kaohsiung city located in southern Taiwan. Cells of this organism were gram-negative rods motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Strain J36T grew well in complex media under optimum conditions of 35 degrees C and pH 7. The extracellular products of the strain expressed emulsification activity. During cultivation on olive oil as the sole carbon and energy source, the culture supernatant of strain J36T reduced surface tension of the medium from 68 to 32.6 dyne/cm. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicates that strain J36T is a member of Xanthomonas group within the gamma-Proteobacteria. The organism belongs to the genus Pseudoxanthomonas and represents a novel species within this genus according to phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, DNA-DNA similarity data, whole-cell protein analysis, physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as fatty acid compositions. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain J36T were 15:0 iso (about 26%), 17:1 iso omega9c (about 25%), and 15:0 anteiso (about 10%). Its DNA base ratio was 60.1 mol% G+C. We propose to classify strain J36T (= BCRC 17375T = LMG 22530T) as Pseudoxanthomonas kaohsiungensis sp. nov.