ABSTRACT
Cunninghamella blakesleeana-mediated biotransformation of an oral contraceptive drug, levonorgestrel (1), yielded a new metabolite, 13ß-ethyl-17α-ethynyl-10,17ß-dihydroxy-4,6-dien-3-one (2), and two known metabolites 3 (13ß-ethyl-17α-ethynyl-10ß,17ß-dihydroxy-4-en-3-one), and 4 (13ß-ethyl-17α-ethynyl-6ß,17ß-dihydroxy-4-en-3-one) at an ambient temperature using aqueous media. Hydroxylation and dehydrogenation of compound 1 was observed during the bio-catalytic transformation. The structure of a new metabolite 2 was determined by 1H, 13C, and 2DNMR and HR-EIMS spectroscopic techniques.
Subject(s)
Contraceptives, Oral/metabolism , Cunninghamella/metabolism , Levonorgestrel/metabolism , Biotransformation , Contraceptives, Oral/chemistry , Female , Humans , Hydroxylation , Levonorgestrel/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
Glomerella fusaroide, and Rhizopus stolonifer were effectively able to transform the steroidal hormone melengestrol acetate (MGA) (1) into four (4) new metabolites, 17α-acetoxy-11α-hydroxy-6-methyl-16-methylenepregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione (2), 17α-acetoxy-11α-hydroxy-6-methyl-16-methylenepregna-1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione (3), 17α-acetoxy-6,7α-epoxy-6ß-methyl-16-methylenepregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione (4), and 17α-acetoxy-11ß,15ß-dihydroxy-6-methyl-16-methylenepregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione (5). All these compounds were structurally characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. The objective of the current study was to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of melengestrol acetate (1), and its metabolites 2-5. The metabolites and the substrate were assessed for their inhibitory effects on proliferation of T-cells in vitro. The substrate (IC50 = 2.77 ± 0.08 µM) and its metabolites 2 (IC50 = 2.78 ± 0.07 µM), 4 (IC50 = 2.74 ± 0.1 µM), and 5 (IC50 = < 2 µM) exhibited potent T- cell proliferation inhibitory activities, while compound 3 (IC50 = 29.9 ± 0.09 µM) showed a moderate activity in comparison to the standard prednisolone (IC50 = 9.73 ± 0.08 µM). All the metabolites were found to be non-toxic against 3T3 normal cell line. This study thus identifies some potent compounds active against T-cell proliferation. Their anti-inflammatory potential, therefore, deserves to be further investigated.
Subject(s)
Melengestrol Acetate/pharmacology , Phyllachorales/metabolism , Rhizopus/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , 3T3 Cells , Animals , Biotransformation , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Fermentation , Humans , Melengestrol Acetate/chemistry , Melengestrol Acetate/metabolism , Mice , Molecular Structure , Phyllachorales/chemistry , Rhizopus/chemistry , Seeds/chemistry , Seeds/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Alkaline Phosphatases (APs) play a key role in maintaining a ratio of phosphate to inorganic pyrophosphate (Pi/PPi) and thus regulate extracellular matrix calcification during bone formation and growth. Among different isozymes of AP, aberrant increase in the level of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is strongly associated with vascular calcification and end-stage renal diseases. In this context, we synthesized a novel series of fluorinated pyrimidone derivatives, i.e., 2-bromo-7-trifluoromethyl-5-oxo-5H-1,3,4-thiadiazolepyrimidones. The bromine functionality was further used for derivatisation by nucleophilic aromatic substitution using amines as nucleophiles as well as by Palladium catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. The synthesized derivatives were found potent but non-selective inhibitors of both isozymes of AP. Arylated thiadiazolopyrimidones exhibited stronger inhibitory activities than 2-amino-thiadiazolopyrimidones. The binding modes and possible interactions of the most active inhibitor within the active site of the enzyme were observed by molecular docking studies.