Metabolic Restructuring in the Liver under Conditions of Endogenous Intoxication.

Significant metabolic alterations in the liver were observed in dogs with modeled acute peritonitis. These changes significantly impaired detoxification function of the liver, which was seen from the increase in the titer of toxic products in the early post-surgery period not only in the lymph, but also in the blood plasma. The key pathogenic mechanism leading to acute liver failure is destabilization of cell membrane resulting from LPO, phospholipase activity, and tissue hypoxia. Activation of LPO and increase in phospholipase activity in the liver tissues were observed within 12 h after peritonitis modeling.

Temporal dynamics and population genetic structure of Fusarium graminearum in the upper Midwestern United States.

Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley, and contaminates grains with several trichothecene mycotoxins, causing destructive yield losses and economic impact in the United States. Recently, a F. graminearum strain collected from Minnesota (MN) was determined to produce a novel trichothecene toxin, called NX-2. In order to determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of NX-2 producing strains in MN, North Dakota (ND) and South Dakota (SD), a total of 463 F. graminearum strains were collected from three sampling periods, 1999-2000, 2006-2007 and 2011-2013. A PCR-RFLP based diagnostic test was developed and validated for NX-2 producing strains based on polymorphisms in the Tri1 gene. Trichothecene biosynthesis gene (Tri gene)-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and ten PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to genotype all strains. NX-2 strains were detected in each sampling period but with a very low overall frequency (2.8%) and were mainly collected near the borders of MN, ND and SD. Strains with the 3ADON chemotype were relatively infrequent in 1999-2000 (4.5%) but increased to 29.4% in 2006-2007 and 17.2% in 2011-2013. The distribution of 3ADON producing strains also expanded from a few border counties between ND and MN in 1999-2000, southward toward the border between SD and MN in 2006-2007 and westward in 2011-2013. Genetic differentiation between 2006-2007 and 2011-2013 populations (3%) was much lower than that between 1999-2000 and 2006-2007 (22%) or 1999-2000 and 2011-2013 (20%) suggesting that most change to population genetic structure of F. graminearum occurred between 1999-2000 and 2006-2007. This change was associated with the emergence of a new population consisting largely of individuals with a 3ADON chemotype. A Bayesian clustering analysis suggested that NX-2 chemotype strains are part of a previously described Upper Midwestern population. However, these analyses also suggest that the NX-2 isolates could represent a distinct population, but that interpretations of population assignment are influenced by the small number of NX-2 strains available for analysis.

[Optimization of treatment of septic wounds in patients with diabetic foot ulcers].

An analysis of complex examination and treatment was made in 116 patients with necrotic suppurative complications. Patients were divided into two statistically homogeneous groups. An ointment "Levomekol" was used in control group and immobilized forms of chlorhexidine bigluconate was applied in the main group. The dynamics of traumatic process course was learned by planimetric, bacteriological and cytological methods. The percentage of area reduction of wounds in the main group was higher, than in control group: on the third day--on 1.59%, on the fifth day--on 3.16%, on the seventh day--on 5.86%, on the tenth day--on 6.83%, on the fourteenth day--on 7.80%, on the twenty-first day--on 7.62%. A microbial contamination of wounds (generated colony units in 1 g of tissue) was less, than in control group on the third day of treatment--on 1.6 x 10(6), on the fifth day--on 26.2 x 10(5), on the seventh day--on 77.8 x 10, on the tenth day--on 2.2 x 10(4) and on the fifteenth day--on 0.3 x 10(3) (p < 0.05). The number of granulocytes was less in main group: on the third day--on 11.8%, on the fifth day--on 14.2%, on the seventh day--on 8.8%, on the tenth day--on 5.2%. The quantity of fibroblasts (a number of reparative cells) was more in wounds of the main group in the same terms: 2.9%, 5.8%, 3,.6%, 4.4%, respectively. Thus, the treatment of suppurative wounds by the immobilized form of chlorhexidine bigluconate was proved pathogenetically reasonable and effective.

[FLASH-PCR diagnostics of toxigenic fungi of the genus Fusarium].

A test system for the diagnostics and identification of seven toxigenic fungi causing fusarioses of cereals (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides, F. langsethiae, F. avenaceum, and F. tricinctum) was developed using PCR. The identification of pathogen is based on the specific amplification of a DNA fragment of the gene of translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef-1alpha) and subsequent detection of the results by the fluorescent amplification-based specific hybridization method. The system was tested on 38 isolates of different fungi of the genus Fusarium.

[Diagnostics of phytopathogen fungi Septoria tritici and Stagonospora nodorum by fluorescent amplification-based specific hybridization (FLASH) PCR].

A PCR system in the fluorescent amplification-based specific hybridization (FLASH) format was developed for the detection and identification of two important wheat pathogenic fungi Septoria tritici (teleomorph of Mycosphaerella graminicola and Stagonospora nodorum (teleomorph of Phaeosphaeria nodorum), which cause spots on leaves and glumes, respectively. The pathogen detection system is based on the amplification of a genome fragment in the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region and a site encoding the 5.8S ribosomal RNA. The forward primers to ITS1 and a universal reverse primer and a Beacon type probe to the 5.8S ribosomal RNA region were chosen to provide the detection of the products in the FLASH format. This system was tested on different isolates of the pathogens, and on infected soil, leaf, and seed samples.

[The pathogenesis and surgical treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities against a background of varicose veins]. / Patogenez i khirurgicheskoe lechenie pri troficheskikh iazvakh nizhnikh konechnostei na pochve varikoznoi bolezni.

The state of the musculo-venous pump of lower extremities was studied in 72 patients with trophic ulcers caused by varicose disease. The methods used were: phlebotonometry, phleboplethysmography, US dopplerography, distal ascending and retrograde-femoral, popliteal and talocrural phlebography. It was established that ectasia and/or valve incompetence of deep and muscle veins of the lower extremities with the formation of blood refluxes along the profound, communicating and superficial veins underlie the disturbances of venous hemodynamics. The authors propose a scheme of pathogenesis of the varicose disease trophic ulcers and recommend to perform pathogenetically justified operations.

[The mechanisms of the development of decompensated forms of varicose veins]. / Mekhanizmy razvitiia dekompensirovannykh form varikoznoi bolezni.

The functional (rheovasography, photoplethysmography), ultrasonic (dopplerography) and roentgenological (distal ascending and retrograde popliteal and talocrural phlebography) methods of investigation were used for studying the state of the musculo-venous pump of the crus in 50 patients with the varicose disease in the stage of trophic disorders. It was established that the formation of pathological capacities in the crural muscular veins and leakage of blood from the posterior tibial into deep plantar veins was responsible for the development of the decompensated course of this disease.

[The pathogenetic validation of the volume and the technology for the surgical correction of disorders in the musculo-venous pump of the lower extremities in patients with decompensated forms of varicose veins]. / Patogeneticheskoe obosnovanie ob''ema i tekhnologiia khirurgicheskoi korrektsii narushenii myshechno-venoznoi pompy nizhnikh konechnostei u bol'nykh s dekompensirovannymi formami varikoznoi bolezni.

The state of the venous, capillary blood circulation and lymph flow was studied in 70 patients with varicose disease at the stage of trophic disorders with the help of photoplethysmography, rheovasography, dopplerography, distal ascending and retrograde femoral, popliteal, talocrural phlebography, lymphography. It was established that a sharp disturbance of the musculo-venous pump function caused decompensation of not only the venous blood circulation but also the lymph flow, while the removal of the subcutaneous veins of the crus is not possible without deterioration of the lymphatic drainage. The authors propose not to ablate the main trunks of the subcutaneous veins on the crus but to perform occlusion of the autovein ablated from the femur. A technology of resection of the pathologically altered vein of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles and retrograde occlusion of the posterior tibial veins is developed for improving the work of the musculo-venous pump of the leg. Good results of treatment were obtained in 84.3% of the patients.