ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To examine the cigar smoking perceptions and behaviors of US adults. METHODS: A national sample of 1,012 adults was interviewed by telephone. RESULTS: Current cigar smokers differed from nonsmokers in perceptions of personal risk for cancer and views about cigar smoking as a cancer cause. Both groups showed substantial acceptance of the glamorized image of cigarsmokers. CONCLUSION: Although recognizing smoking as a cancer cause in general, cigar smokers tended to show a self-exempting "optimistic bias" with regard to perceptions of their own risks.
Subject(s)
Health Behavior , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Neoplasms/etiology , Risk-Taking , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Plants, Toxic , Sampling Studies , Social Perception , Socioeconomic Factors , Nicotiana/adverse effects , United StatesABSTRACT
This article summarizes principal findings from a conference convened by the American Cancer Society in June 1998 to examine the health risks of cigar smoking. State-of-the-science reports were presented and 120 attendees (representing government and private agencies, academia, health educators, and tobacco control experts) participated in panels and summary development discussions. The following conclusions were reached by consensus: (1) rates of cigar smoking are rising among both adults and adolescents; (2) smoking cigars instead of cigarettes does not reduce the risk of nicotine addiction; (3) as the number of cigars smoked and the amount of smoke inhaled increases, the risk of death related to cigar smoking approaches that of cigarette smoking; (4) cigar smoke contains higher concentrations of toxic and carcinogenic compounds than cigarettes and is a major source of fine-particle and carbon monoxide indoor air pollution; and (5) cigar smoking is known to cause cancers of the lung and upper aerodigestive tract. JAMA. 2000;284:735-740
Subject(s)
Smoking/adverse effects , Humans , Neoplasms/etiology , Public Opinion , Public Policy , Risk , Smoking/trends , Tobacco Industry/economics , Tobacco Industry/trends , Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology , United StatesABSTRACT
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is an inherited disorder of collagen biosynthesis. Nine types of the disorder are now recognized. A survey of 151 EDS patients showed a high percentage of the patients were classified as having Types I through IV. Bracing and fusion appear to be the most commonly used methods of orthopedic care. Surgical complications were common. The orthopedist was often the first practitioner to diagnose and treat the patient with EDS. A fundamental understanding of this complex disorder and its varied manifestations is essential to prevent major life-threatening complications.
Subject(s)
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome/classification , Adult , Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome/complications , Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome/therapy , Eye Diseases/etiology , Female , Genital Diseases, Female/etiology , Heart Diseases/etiology , Humans , Joint Diseases/etiology , Male , Muscular Diseases/etiology , Obstetric Labor Complications/etiology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/etiology , Skin Diseases/etiology , Tooth Diseases/etiologyABSTRACT
The anatomical relationships of the extensor of the fifth toe to the long extensor of the other toes have been studied in 78 cadaver specimens. 50% of the specimens had an independent extensor to the fifth toe without interconnections to the other long toe extensors or the peroneus tertius. The independent fifth toe extensor was consistently of good quality and adequate length for use as a tendon graft, for which purpose it has been successfully used in five patients, with transfer of the adjacent long extensor from the fourth toe to maintain extension of the fifth metatarso-phalangeal joint.