IDENTIFICATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON NATURAL HABITATS BY ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE QUANTIFICATION IN TWO NEOTROPICAL WILD CATS AND THEIR GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS.

Human activities such as habitat degradation and fragmentation threaten biodiversity in Neotropical areas. This work proposes an analytical methodology to identify natural areas in Central America with anthropogenic impact, analyzing the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in accordance with their theoretical relationship with human-related activities. Sixteen ARGs were quantified in feces of different individuals of 13 jaguars (Panthera onca) and 13 pumas (Puma concolor) in three conservation areas in Costa Rica by real-time PCR. At least one ARG was detected in all samples. Of the ARGs encoding tetracycline resistance, the most frequent were tetQ and tetY (85% and 69%, respectively). The sulfonamides (sulI and sulII; 69% each), phenicols (catI and catII; 19% and 54%, respectively), and quinolones (qnrS; 12%) were also detected. The presence of human settlements, livestock farms (pigs, cattle, and poultry), roads, human health centers, flood zones, and rivers were identified within each area to generate an index of human activity. We found no difference between the presence of ARG by roads, agricultural activities, and human settlements (P>0.05). However, tetW showed higher percentages with porcine and bovine farms; both tetY and tetW were more frequent in jaguars than in pumas. Of concern is that many of the most contaminated samples were taken from national parks, such as Braulio Carrillo and Tortuguero, where animals should not have direct contact with humans.

Spineless Cactus plus Urea and Tifton-85 Hay: Maximizing the Digestible Organic Matter Intake, Ruminal Fermentation and Nitrogen Utilization of Wethers in Semi-Arid Regions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing Tifton-85 hay (Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85) with 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 g/kg dry matter (DM) of spineless cactus (SC, Nopalea cochenilifera Salm-Dyck) plus urea and ammonium sulfate (UAS; 9:1) on DM, digestible organic matter (DOM) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) intakes, as well as ruminal fermentation, N-balance, and microbial protein supply (MPS). Five rumen-fistulated and cannulated crossbred wethers, weighing 43.8 ± 5.80 kg, were randomized in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Isonitrogenous diets (14% crude protein) were supplied with a roughage/concentrate ratio of 70:30. The DOM intake, N-retained, and MPS showed quadratic responses (p < 0.05), with maximum values estimated at the levels of SC+UAS of 414, 438 and 418 g/kg DM, respectively. Rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen, iNDF intake, N-urinary excretion, and serum urea and plasma ammonia reduced linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing SC+UAS inclusion. Ruminal acetate and propionate concentrations increased linearly with increasing SC+UAS inclusion. In wethers fed diets with a roughage/concentrate ratio of 70:30, roughage constituted of a SC+UAS/hay (Tifton-85) ratio of 41:29 is recommended in order to maximize the DOM intake, N-retention, and MPS.

Factores de riesgo de fracturas no vertebrales en receptores de trasplante renal: ¿Una realidad compleja? / Risk factors for nonvertebral bone fractures in kidney transplant recipients: a complex reality?

RESUMEN Introducción: Las fracturas en el postrasplante renal representan una de las complicaciones que aumentan la morbimortalidad en los pacientes. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo de trasplante de fracturas no vertebrales en receptores de trasplante renal. Material y métodos: Se analizaron los datos de historias clínicas de 737 pacientes trasplantados renales desde 2009-2015, donde se evaluaron los factores de riesgo de fracturas. Se determinaron como factores generales: edad, sexo; y factores específicos: etiología de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), tiempo en diálisis, modalidad de diálisis, características del donante:edad, sexo, tipo de donante vivo y cadavérico (DV, DC), diferentes esquemas de inmunosupresión, rechazos, tratamiento con pulsos de esteroides, uso de bifosfonatos y analitos como parathormona intacta (PTHi), pro-vitamina D (25OHD) y creatininemia (Creats). Criterios de exclusión: pacientes <18 años, retrasplante o trasplantes dobles y menos de 1 año de seguimiento. Resultados: 44 pacientes presentaron 50 fracturas no vertebrales. El 62% de las fracturas se presentaron en los 3 primeros años del trasplante. En el modelo Multivariado se pudo observar que los factores de riesgo generales asociados con riesgo de fracturas fueron la edad avanzada del receptor (aHR por año aumenta 1,03, 95% CI: 1,00-1,05] y el sexo femenino (aHR= 1,60, 95% CI: 0,85-2,99), mientras que los factores de riesgo específicos fueron el tiempo en diálisis (1,07 IC95%:1,02- 1,12), la mayor edad del donante (1,03 IC95:1,00- 1,05) y el déficit de 25OHD (3,17 IC95:1,57- 6,41). Conclusiones: Este estudio permitió evaluar los factores predictivos de fractura en nuestros pacientes con trasplante renal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fractures in renal postransplantation represent one of the complications that increase morbidity and mortality in patients. Objective: To determine the risk factors for transplantation of non- vertebral fractures in renal transplant recipients. Methods: The data of clinical histories of 737 renal transplanted patients since 2009 2015 were analyzed, where the risk factors of fractures were evaluated. They were determined as general factors: age, sex; and specific factors: etiology of chronic kidney disease (ERC), dialysis time, dialysis modality, donor characteristics: age, sex, type of donor, living or cadaveric (DV, DC), different immunosuppression treatments, rejections, treatment with steroid pulses, use of bisphosphonates and biochemical parameters like intact parathormone (PTHI), Pro-Vitamin D (25OHD) and Creatininemia (CREATS). Exclusión criteria: patients <18 years, retransplantation or double transplants and follow- up less than 1 year. Results: 44 patients presented 50 non-vertebral fractures. 62% of the fractures were presented in the first 3 years of the transplant. In the multivariate model it was observed that the general risk factors associated with fracture risk were the advanced age of the receptor (aHR per year increases 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.05] and the female sex (aHR = 1.60, 95% CI: 0.85-2.99), while the specific risk factors were dialysis time (1.07 IC95%: 1.02-1.12), the higher age of the donor (1.03 IC95: 1,00-1,05) and the deficit of 25OHD (3.17 IC95: 1.57-6.41). Conclusions: This study allowed to evaluate predictive factors of fracture in our patients with kidney transplantation.

Pharmacological Tools to Study the Role of Astrocytes in Neural Network Functions.

Despite that astrocytes and microglia do not communicate by electrical impulses, they can efficiently communicate among them, with each other and with neurons, to participate in complex neural functions requiring broad cell-communication and long-lasting regulation of brain function. Glial cells express many receptors in common with neurons; secrete gliotransmitters as well as neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory factors, which allow them to modulate synaptic transmission and neural excitability. All these properties allow glial cells to influence the activity of neuronal networks. Thus, the incorporation of glial cell function into the understanding of nervous system dynamics will provide a more accurate view of brain function. Our current knowledge of glial cell biology is providing us with experimental tools to explore their participation in neural network modulation. In this chapter, we review some of the classical, as well as some recent, pharmacological tools developed for the study of astrocyte's influence in neural function. We also provide some examples of the use of these pharmacological agents to understand the role of astrocytes in neural network function and dysfunction.

El dengue, la arbovirosis más relevante de venezuela / Dengue, the most important arboviruses of Venezuela

Se actualiza el dengue mediante una revisión de la literatura médica disponible, por considerarla como la arbovirosis más relevante que registra el sistema de vigilancia de enfermedades notificables venezolanas. En los últimos 20 años se ha comportado como una endemoepidemia nacional con elevaciones y disminuciones en el número de casos registrados anualmente en la república. En el año 2010, con 123 000 casos notificados representó el mayor número registrado en el devenir histórico de la epidemiología venezolana y pasando a más de 30 000 en el 2011. En el artículo se revisa la etiología de esta enfermedad infecciosa viral, su modo de transmisió, la patogenia con sus hipótesis explicativas de la enfermedad, la nueva propuesta de clasificación clínica en dengue moderado y dengue severo que sustituye a la de dengue clásico y hemorrágico, los parámetros bioanalíticos para el diagnóstico de certeza, la conducta terapéutica necesaria a seguir y las posibilidades de encontrar, en los próximos años, una vacuna con la efectividad adecuada, que pueda conducir a la prevención definitiva de esta virosis considerada como un problema de salud en las regiones tropicales.

By means of reading the medical literature available, we are updating dengue fever the most lelevant arovirosis registred in the notificable disease system in venezuela. During the last 20 years, dengue fver behavior has been a national endemic-epidemic with rises and downs in the number of registered cases per year in the republic. The year 2010 with 123 000 cases notifed, was the bigger number registered all over the history of venezuelan epidemiology and going to more than 30 000 in 2011. The paper includes revision of the etiology of this infectious viral disease, its way of transmission, the pathogenesis with its different hypothesis wich would explain the disease, the new proposal for the clinical classification as moderate and severe dengue fever that substitutes the prevous classic and hemorrhagic dengue fever, laboratory studies for diagnosis confirmation, therapeutics to be followed and the possibility of finding during the years coming, a vaccine that could lead to the definite prevention of this viral disease, considered as a public health problem in tropical regions.

Somatostatin modulates generation of inspiratory rhythms and determines asphyxia survival.

Breathing and the activity of its generator (the pre-Bötzinger complex; pre-BötC) are highly regulated functions. Among neuromodulators of breathing, somatostatin (SST) is unique: it is synthesized by a subset of glutamatergic pre-BötC neurons, but acts as an inhibitory neuromodulator. Moreover, SST regulates breathing both in normoxic and in hypoxic conditions. Although it has been implicated in the neuromodulation of breathing, neither the locus of SST modulation, nor the receptor subtypes involved have been identified. In this study, we aimed to fill in these blanks by characterizing the SST-induced regulation of inspiratory rhythm generation in vitro and in vivo. We found that both endogenous and exogenous SST depress all preBötC-generated rhythms. While SST abolishes sighs, it also decreases the frequency and increases the regularity of eupnea and gasping. Pharmacological experiments showed that SST modulates inspiratory rhythm generation by activating SST receptor type-2, whose mRNA is abundantly expressed in the pre-Bötzinger complex. In vivo, blockade of SST receptor type-2 reduces gasping amplitude and consequently, it precludes auto-resuscitation after asphyxia. Based on our findings, we suggest that SST functions as an inhibitory neuromodulator released by excitatory respiratory neurons when they become overactivated in order to stabilize breathing rhythmicity in normoxic and hypoxic conditions.

Triple-negative breast cancer in Hispanic patients: high prevalence, poor prognosis, and association with menopausal status, body mass index, and parity.

BACKGROUND: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined as breast cancer that is negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. TNBC represents 15% of all invasive breast cancers, but some studies have suggested that its prevalence differs between races. To the authors' knowledge, no previous studies have determined the prevalence of TNBC and its risk factors among Hispanic women. METHODS: The authors identified 2074 Hispanic women with breast cancer who attended the National Cancer Institute in Mexico City from 1998 to 2008. All histopathologic and immunohistochemical diagnoses were rereviewed by a breast cancer pathologist. The prevalence of TNBC, its association with clinicopathologic characteristics, and its prognostic impact were determined. RESULTS: The median patient age at diagnosis (±standard deviation) was 50 ± 12 years. The overall prevalence of TNBC was 23.1%. Younger age (P < .001), premenopausal status (P = .002), increased parity (P = .029), hormonal contraceptive use (P = .04) high histologic grade (P < .001), and advanced disease (P < .001) were associated independently with TNBC. Postmenopausal patients who had a body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m(2) (P = .027) or <30 kg/m(2) (P < .001) were more likely to have TNBC. In multivariate analysis, patients with TNBC had a higher risk of locoregional recurrence (LRR), lower disease-free survival (DFS) (hazard ratio, 1.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.32; P = .009), and a lower cancer-specific survival (CSS) rate (hazard ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.30; P = .002) than patients with non-TNBC. CONCLUSIONS: The median age at diagnosis of Hispanic women with breast cancer was 11 years younger than the average age reported in the United States. The prevalence of TNBC in this study population was higher than that reported in white women with breast cancer. TNBC was associated with a higher risk of LRR and with lower DFS and CSS than those in patients with non-TNBC.

Suplementación parenteral con cobre y zinc en bovinos Brahman en crecimiento en la región sur occidental de Venezuela / Copper and Zinc Parenteral Supplementation in Growing Brahman Cattle in the West-Southern region of Venezuela

Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la suplementación parenteral con cobre y zinc sobre la ganancia de peso (GDP), incremento en medidas corporales y variables hematológicas, se utilizaron hembras (n=33) y machos (n=34) Brahman con un peso de 165 y 186 kg, respectivamente, los cuales fueron reagrupados y asignados a cuatro tipos de suplementación de ambos sexos cada uno: 1) suplementación mineral oral (SMO); 2) SMO más cobre inyectado (SMO-Cu); 3) SMO más zinc inyectado (SMOZn); y 4) SMO más cobre y zinc inyectados (SMO-Cu-Zn). El suplemento mineral oral (50 g/animal/día) contenía 500 ppm de Cu y 2.200 ppm de Zn. El Cu y Zn se suministraron por vía parenteral subcutánea al inicio del experimento, en una dosis única de 50 y 57,35 mg/100 kg de PV, respectivamente. Cada 28 días se registró el peso y se tomaron muestras de sangre, para hematocrito (Hct) y hemoglobina (Hb). Se midió la altura a la cruz (AC), altura a la grupa (AG) y perímetro torácico (PT), al inicio y al final del experimento. Este tuvo una duración de 120 días entre diciembre y abril. Los animales se manejaron bajo pastoreo rotacional en potreros de Brachiaria decumbens y B. humidicola, con una carga animal promedio de 1,22 UA/ha. La GDP no fue afectada por los tratamientos con un valor promedio global de 101,1 g/animal/día. Los grupos no inyectados con zinc tuvieron mayor incremento de AC (5,1 cm) que los restantes grupos (P<0,05). Los incrementos en AG y PT no fueron afectados por los tratamientos, con medias de 4,83 y 6,53 cm, respectivamente. Se concluye que la suplementación mineral parenteral no mejoró la GDP y los incrementos en medidas corporales, bajo las condiciones experimentales descritas, cuando los animales consumían forrajes bajos en proteína y ligeramente elevados en Fe y Mn.

In order to evaluate the effect of Copper and Zinc parenteral supplementation on average daily gain (ADG), increases in body measurements and hematological values, growing Brahman females (n = 33) and males (n = 34) were used, with body weight of 165 and 186 kg respectively, which were grouped into four sets of both sexes and assigned to four types of supplementation: 1) oral mineral supplementation (OMS), 2) OMS and copper injected (OMS-Cu), 3) OMS and zinc injected (OMS-Zn), and 4) OMS, copper and zinc injected (OMS-Cu-Zn). The oral mineral supplement (50 g/animal/day) contained 500 ppm Cu and 2,200 ppm Zn. Copper and Zn were applied by subcutaneous injection at the beginning of the experiment in a single dose of 50 and 57.35 mg/100 kg of BW, respectively. Every 28 days, body weight was recorded and blood samples were taken for hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) analysis. Wither height (WH), hip height (HH) and girth chest (GC) were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. The experiment lasted 120 days between December and April. The animals were managed under rotational grazing in pastures of Brachiaria decumbens and B. humidicola, with a stocking rate of 1.22 AU/ha. Average daily gain was not affected by treatments with an overall average value of 101.1 g/animal/day. The groups with no Zn injected had a greater increase in WH (5.1 cm) than the other groups (P<0.05). The increases in HH and GC were not affected by treatments, with averages of 4.83 and 6.53 cm, respectively. It is concluded that parenteral mineral supplementation did not improve ADG and increases in body measurements, under the experimental conditions described, when animals consume forages low in protein and slightly higher in Fe and Mn.

Breast cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and residual disease.

Neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) has become part of the standard treatment of patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Patients who achieve a pathologically complete response (pCR) after NST have improved outcomes compared with patients with residual disease at the primary tumor site or the lymph nodes. Achieving a pCR after NST correlates with improved disease-free and overall survival; therefore the amount of residual disease is a prognostic predictor, and it is an area of ongoing research. In this article, we review the literature on NST to highlight the importance of pCR as a prognostic indicator. We also review the definition of pCR and describe the association between different patient and tumor characteristics, including the breast cancer subtype classification, and its response to chemotherapy. We expand on the clinical impact of residual disease and comment on the importance of quantifying it and the current treatment recommendations for patients with residual disease after NST.

Proyecto de apoyo a la producción agrícola para mejorar la nutrición mediante la utilización de carpas solares ( comunidad de Cantotani Municipio Santivañez) / Project to support agricultural production to improve nutrition through the use of solar tents (Municipality Cantotani community Santivañez)

Apoyar a la producción agrícola de la comunidad de Cancotani a través de la construcción de carpas solares familiares y una carpa comunal con el fin de promover el desarrollo nutricional de los niños, niñas y adolescentes, mujeres y varones de la comunidad

Proyecto de apoyo a la producción agrícola para mejorar la nutrición mediante la utilización de carpas solares (Comunidad de Cantotani Municipio de Santivañez) / Project sponsors training for local youth and community empowerment Cotani low Viscachani, Chaqui Q Ocha, Churo High Churo Tiraque Lower Township

El proyecto cuenta con el interés manifiesto y el compromiso de apoyo de un conjunto de personas, organizaciones locales y actores institucionales que tienen presencia en la zona. Como interesados principales están las 41 familias del sindicato agrario Cantotani, estructurados en la Subcentral de Caporaya, estas estructuras organizacionales locales, representan al conjunto de familias que serán los directos beneficiarios del proyecto, quienes además participaron activamente de todo el proceso de planificación. Su aporte al proyecto será con materiales locales (materiales que se cuentan en la comunidad), como adobes, barro, bolillos, etc. Como actor institucional local también importante está el Gobierno Municipal de Santivañez, quién ha estado mediando las gestiones de tipo organizacional en el proceso de planificación y participando además con un aporte económico al proyecto. La ONG VISION MUNDIAL, como actor institucional, que trabaja con un programa de Desarrollo Comunitario en el Municipio, esta organización está abierta al desarrollo de actividades de apoyo al proyecto.

Proyecto de apoyo a la producción agrícola para mejorar la nutrición mediante la utilización de carpas solares (Comunidad de Cantotani Municipio de Santivañez) / Project sponsors training for local youth and community empowerment Cotani low Viscachani, Chaqui Q Ocha, Churo High Churo Tiraque Lower Township

El proyecto cuenta con el interés manifiesto y el compromiso de apoyo de un conjunto de personas, organizaciones locales y actores institucionales que tienen presencia en la zona. Como interesados principales están las 41 familias del sindicato agrario Cantotani, estructurados en la Subcentral de Caporaya, estas estructuras organizacionales locales, representan al conjunto de familias que serán los directos beneficiarios del proyecto, quienes además participaron activamente de todo el proceso de planificación. Su aporte al proyecto será con materiales locales (materiales que se cuentan en la comunidad), como adobes, barro, bolillos, etc. Como actor institucional local también importante está el Gobierno Municipal de Santivañez, quién ha estado mediando las gestiones de tipo organizacional en el proceso de planificación y participando además con un aporte económico al proyecto. La ONG VISION MUNDIAL, como actor institucional, que trabaja con un programa de Desarrollo Comunitario en el Municipio, esta organización está abierta al desarrollo de actividades de apoyo al proyecto.

Cáncer de mama triple receptor negativo / Triple negative breast cancer / Câncer de mama tríplo receptor negativo

El cáncer de mama triple receptor negativo es un subtipo de malignidad que no expresa los receptores de estrógeno y progesterona, ni tampoco la proteína HER2. La mayoría de estos tumores hacen parte del espectro denominado perfil genético "basal", sin que los términos sean sinónimos ni intercambiables. La agresiva biología que presenta este tumor requiere de un abordaje multidisciplinario. Todavía esta por definirse la relación entre el gen BRCA y el cáncer de mama triple receptor negativo siendo esta un área creciente de investigación. En Norteamérica se ha identificado a la población premenopáusica afro-americana como una de las etnias a riesgo para padecer este subtipo de neoplasia. La enfermedad es susceptible a quimioterapia convencional sin embargo el riesgo de recurrencia permanece bastante alto. Algunos de los blancos moleculares susceptibles incluyen el receptor del crecimiento del epitelio (EGFR), factor de crecimiento del endotelio vascular (VEGF) y la poli-adenosin difosfato-polimerasa (PARP)...

Triple negative breast cancer is a subtype of malignancy that does not express receptors for estrogen, progesterone or HER2NEU. The majority of these tumors form part of the "basal" genetic profile, but the terms are not synonymous or interchangeable. Because of their aggressive biology, they require a multidisciplinary approach. The relation between the BRCA gene and these tumors is still undefined and the subject of growing research. Premenopausal african americans have been identified in the United States as one of the ethnic groups at risk for this type of tumor. This neoplasm is sensitive to conventional chemotherapy but it remains at a high risk of recurrence. Some of the molecular targets include the epithelial growth factor receptors (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VGEF) and the poliadenosin-diphosphate-polimerase (PARP)...

O câncer de mama triplo receptor negativo é um subtipo de malignidade que não expressa os receptores de estrógeno e progesterona, como também não a proteína HER2. A maioria destes tumores faz parte do espectro denominado perfil genética "basal", sem que os termos sejam sinônimos nem intercambiáveis. A agressiva biologia que apresenta este tumor requer de uma abordagem multidisciplinar. Ainda esta por definir-se a relação entre o gene BRCA e o câncer de mama triplo receptor negativo sendo esta um área crescente de investigação. Em Norte América identificou- se à população pré menopáusica afro-americana como uma das etnias com risco para padecer este subtipo de neoplasia. A doença é suscetível à quimioterapia convencional porem o risco de recorrência permanece bastante alto. Alguns dos alvos moleculares susceptíveis incluem; o receptor do crescimento do epitelio (EGFR), fator de crescimento do endotelio vascular (VEGF) e a poli-adenosin difosfato-polimerasa (PARP)...

Degradabilidad y digestibilidad de la materia seca del forraje hidropónico de maíz (Zea mays): respuesta animal en términos de consumo y ganancias de peso / Degradability and digestibility of dry matter of hydroponic corn (Zea mays): intake and live weight gain in animals

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la degradabilidad (DEMS) y digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca (DAMS) del forraje hidropónico de maíz (FHM) y su efecto sobre el consumo de materia seca (CMS) y ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) en ovinos tropicales. El estudio incluyó 3 experimentos (E1, E2 y E3); en E1 y E2 se evaluó la DEMS y DAMS, en tanto que en E3 se determinó el CMS y GDP. En el E1, se usaron bolsas de nylon en una vaca con rumen canulado consumiendo forraje ad libitum, siendo la DEMS a las 48 h de 42,2 por ciento. En el E2, se usaron cuatro machos ovinos (29,35 ± 2,37 kg. PV) durante 17 días (7 de acostumbramiento y 10 de recolección total de heces), siendo la DAMS de 55,9 ± 10,3 por ciento. En el E3, se usaron 10 ovinos machos en crecimiento (14,06 ± 1,87 kg. PV) asignados a 2 grupos (T0 y T1) de 5 animales cada uno. T0= dieta basal ad libitum + 250 g de afrechillo de trigo y T1= dieta basal ad libitum + 250 g de FHM. La GDP fue mayor en el T0 que en T1 (41,66 ± 12,68 vs. 12,16 ± 11,92 g/d; P<0,05). Asimismo, el CMS fue mayor para el T0 que para el T1 (218,35 vs. 108,95 ± 31,41 g/anim/d; P<0,05). Se concluyó que aunque la DEMS y DAMS resultaron aceptables, la respuesta animal en términos de CMS y GDP no es favorable para el FHM.

The objective of this study was to determine degradability (DEMS) and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DAMS) from hydroponic corn (FHM) as well as its effect on dry matter intake (DMI) and live weight gain (LWG) in tropical lambs. The study comprises 3 experiments (E1, E2 y E3); The E1 and E2 evaluated DEMS and DAMS, while in E3 the CMS and GDP were determined. For E1, nylon bags and a rumen cannulated cow consuming forrage ad libitum were used. In this experiment DEMS after 48 h was 42. 2%. For E2, four male ovines (29.35 ± 2.37 kg. LW of faeces). In this experiment, DAMS was 55.9 ± 10.3%. For E3, 10 growing male ovines (14.06 ± 1.87 kg. LW) allocated into 2 groups (T0 y T1) of 5 each were used. T0= basal diet ad libitum + 250 g of wheat middling. T1= basal diet ad libitum + 250 g de FHM. The LWG was greater in T0 than T1 (41.66 ± 12.68 vs. 12.16 ± 11.92 g/d; P<0.05). Likewise, DMI was greater for T0 compared to T1 (218.35 vs. 108.95 ± 31.41 g/anim/d; P<0.05). In conclusion, although DEMS and DAMS were acceptable, the animal response in terms of CMS y GDP was unfavourable to FHM.

Modelo técnico experimental para la práctica de anastomosis esofágica en conejos / An experimental technical model for the practice of esophageal anastomosis in rabbits

Con el objeto de desarrollar y optimizar el entrenamiento técnico-quirúrgico, requerido para la corrección de las atresias esofágicas por cirujanos pediatras en formación, se describen las técnicas de anastomosis esofágicas empleadas en conejos Nueva Zalanda, como una propuesta de modelo experimental, para reproducir estos procedimientos quirúrgicos y disminuir la morbiletalidad de una insuficiente destreza operatoria en este rubro. El abordaje, diámetro y consistencia del esófago del modelo empleado, guarda características muy parecidas a las que se observan en el recién nacido con atresia de esófago