A paleoecological context to assess the development of oak forest in Colombia: A comment on Zorilla-Azcué, S., Gonzalez-Rodríguez, A., Oyama, K., González, M.A., & Rodríguez-Correa, H., The DNA history of a lonely oak: Quercus humboldtii phylogeography in the Colombian Andes. Ecology and Evolution 2021, doi: 10.100-2/ece3.7529.

The present "comment" on Zorilla-Azcué et al.'s paper "The DNA history of a lonely oak: Quercus humboldtii phylogeography in the Colombian Andes. Ecology and Evolution 2021, doi:10.100-2/ece3.7529" provides the paleoecological understanding of oak forest since Quercus became apparent in the Northern Andes three glacial-interglacial cycles ago. The interpretation of phylogeographical data is placed in an up-to-date paleoecological context. We arrived at sharper conclusions how genetic diversity between Q. humboldtii populations might have been driven by the dynamic environmental theatre of the recent Pleistocene. This paleoecological context also serves the potential future analyses of other arboreal taxa from the Andean montane forest belt. We show that hypotheses to be tested should grow out of phylogenetic analysis and paleoecological understanding together.

Ethnobotany of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán: climate change and conservation strategies in the Colombian Andes.

BACKGROUND: The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán in the Colombian Andes is protected as a National Natural Park since 1977 because of its fragile páramo ecosystems, extraordinary biodiversity, high plant endemism, and function as water reservoir. The vegetation on this mountain is threatened by expanding agriculture, deforestation, tourism, and climate change. We present an ethnobotanical inventory among local farmer communities and discuss the effects of vegetation change on the availability of useful plants. METHODS: We used 76 semi-structured, 4 in-depth interviews, and 247 botanical collections to record the ethnoflora of the farmers and surveyed from the high Andean forest to the super-páramo, including native and introduced species. We organized 3 participative workshops with local children, high school students, and campesinos' women to share the data we acquired in the field and empower local plant conservation awareness. RESULTS: We encountered 174 useful plants, most of them native to the area (68%) and almost one third introduced (32%). The Compositae was the most species-rich family, followed by Lamiaceae, Poaceae, and Rosaceae. The majority of plant species were used as medicine, followed by food, firewood, and domestic tools. Local farmers reported declining numbers of páramo species, which were now only found at higher altitudes than before. Although our informants were worried about the preservation of their natural resources and noticed the effects of climate change, for several commercial species, unsustainable land use and overharvesting seemed to be the direct cause of declining medicinal plant resources rather than climate change. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend conservation plans that include vegetation monitoring, people's perceptions on climate change, and participative actions with the communities of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán.

Obstruction of the duodenum by a preduodenal portal vein in situs inversus.

Mirror image transposition of abdominal and thoracic viscera is termed situs inversus. Duodenal obstruction in situs inversus is rare. A preduodenal portal vein, though not uncommon in situs inversus, rarely causes duodenal obstruction. Where obstruction by a preduodenal portal vein is diagnosed, a duodeno-duodenostomy is the recommended treatment. A duodenal diaphragm and other more common causes of duodenal obstruction should also be excluded in these patients.

Obstruction of the duodenum by a preduodenal portal vein in situs inversus

Mirror image transposition of abdominal and thoracic viscera is termed situs inversus. Duodenal obstruction in situs inversus is rare. A preduodenal portal vein, though not uncommon in situs inversus, rarely causes duodenal obstruction. Where obstruction by a preduodenal portal vein is diagnosed, a duodeno-duodenostomy is the recommended treatment. A duodenal diaphragm and other more common causes of duodenal obstruction should also be excluded in these patients.

Body composition in pregnancies of adolescents and mature women and the relationship to birth anthropometry.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in body composition between adolescent girls and mature women during pregnancy and the relationship to newborn anthropometry. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: The antenatal clinic at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and twenty-five women were invited to join the study. Three hundred and sixty-one women (84.9%) completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Study participants were divided into two groups: adolescents and mature women, who were all less than 15 weeks pregnant and had no systemic illness at the time of entry into the study. A questionnaire was administered which retrieved information on demographics, age, marital status, menstrual history, parity, socio-economic status, medical history and smoking/drinking habits. Anthropometric measurements including weight, height, triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds, as well as blood pressure measurements and urine analysis were performed at the first antenatal visit and repeated at 15, 25 and 35 weeks gestation. Anthropometric measurements of the newborn were performed at birth. RESULTS: There were significant differences between anthropometry and skinfold thickness at the first antenatal visit between the adolescents and the mature women where the adolescents had lower measurements compared to the mature women. In the newborn anthropometry, the only significant difference seen was in the triceps skinfold thickness and the mid-upper arm circumference where the newborn of the adolescents had significantly smaller values (P=0.04; P=0.02, respectively). The percentage fat, fat mass and lean body mass were significantly lower in the adolescent compared to the mature women (P<0.0001), both at the first antenatal visit and at 35 weeks gestation. A greater gain was seen in these measurements throughout the pregnancy in the adolescents (P<0.0001). Linear regression analyses showed that the gain in lean body mass was the most important predictor of birth anthropometry. CONCLUSION: Body composition differs in pregnancy between adolescents and mature woman, and if adequate weight and lean body mass are attained, it impacts positively on birth size irrespective of age.

Hypernatraemic dehydration in exclusively breastfed infants: a potentially fatal complication / Deshidratación hipernatrémica en bebés amamantados exclusivamente al pecho: una complicación potencialmente fatal

There have been several reports in the literature about hypernatraemic dehydration and severe malnutrition in exclusively breastfed infants. The authors report a series of four such cases admitted to the Newborn Special Care Unit of the University Hospital of the West Indies over a seven-year period. All four were term infants who had weight loss of greater than 20of their birthweight, serum sodium levels greater than 175 mmol/L, metabolic acidosis and pre-renal failure at presentation. Three of the infants had seizures shortly after presentation. One of the infants died soon after admission to hospital, the three others had normal neurological development clinically at the time of last review.

Ha habido varios reportes en la literatura sobre deshidratación hipernatrémica y malnutrición severa en bebés amamantados exclusivamente al pecho. Los autores reportan una serie de cuatro de estos casos, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Especiales para Recién Nacidos del Hospital Universitario de West Indies, a lo largo de un período de siete años. En los cuatro casos se trataba de infantes a término que habían perdido más del 20% de su peso al nacer, tenían niveles de sodio en suero superiores a 175 mmol/l, acidosis metabólica, y presentaban fallo pre-renal al ser atendidos. Tres de los bebés presentaron convulsiones poco después de ser vistos por el médico. Uno de los bebés murió poco después del ingreso al hospital, en tanto que los otros tres presentaban un desarrollo neurológico normal al momento del último examen.

Hypernatraemic dehydration in exclusively breastfed infants: a potentially fatal complication.

There have been several reports in the literature about hypernatraemic dehydration and severe malnutrition in exclusively breastfed infants. The authors report a series of four such cases admitted to the Newborn Special Care Unit of the University Hospital of the West Indies over a seven-year period. All four were term infants who had weight loss of greater than 20% of their birthweight, serum sodium levels greater than 175 mmol/L, metabolic acidosis and pre-renal failure at presentation. Three of the infants had seizures shortly after presentation. One of the infants died soon after admission to hospital, the three others had normal neurological development clinically at the time of last review.

Hypernatraemic dehydration in Jamaican breastfed neonates: a 12-year review in a baby-friendly hospital.

A 12-year retrospective review of neonates admitted with hypernatraemic dehydration to the neonatal unit of the University Hospital of the West Indies was conducted between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2001. Twenty-four infants fulfilled the criteria for hypernatraemic dehydration. Nineteen (79%) women were either nulliparous or primiparous with a mean (SD) age of 26.9 (4.4) yrs. Modal length of hospital stay for mothers was 24 hrs. Twenty (83.3%) infants were exclusively breastfed. Mean (SD) age at presentation was 7.4 (3.8) days. Mean (SD) percentage weight loss between birth and presentation was 18.9% (6.3). Mean (SD) serum sodium at presentation was 164.8 (13.9) mmol/L. Babies visited at home by nurses had a lower mean serum sodium, were less dehydrated and were significantly less acidiotic. Their mean (SD) length of hospital stay was also significantly less [4.2 (1.4) days] than those who were not visited [7.9 (3.8) days] (p < 0.05). Complications occurred in 19 (79%) of infants and included renal failure (19, 79%), seizures (3, 13%) and intraventricular haemorrhage (1, 4%), and one died (4%). Hypernatraemic dehydration is an uncommon complication of failure to establish breastfeeding but is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Education programmes are needed to increase awareness amongst health-care workers and mothers in order to prevent the problem.

Cardiac rhabdomyoma in infancy. A case report

We describe a case of rhabdomyoma of the heart in a newborn infant and present an overview of current knowledge about the natural history of these lesions, with implications for management. This is the only case of its kind seen at this hospital.

Cardiac rhabdomyoma in infancy. A case report.

We describe a case of rhabdomyoma of the heart in a newborn infant and present an overview of current knowledge about the natural history of these lesions, with implications for management. This is the only case of its kind seen at this hospital.

Torsion of an intra-abdominal testicle in a neonate. Case report and review of the literature

The thirty-ninth reported case of torsion of an intra-abdominal testicle is described in a neonate. The gonad was excised as is recommended because of the high incidence of malignancy (60of 37 cases). Torsion of an intra-abdominal testicle should be considered where an abdominal mass with calcification is found in an infant with undescended testis. Ultrasonography improves the diagnostic accuracy in infants because of the cystic nature of these masses in this age group.

Torsion of an intra-abdominal testicle in a neonate. Case report and review of the literature.

The thirty-ninth reported case of torsion of an intra-abdominal testicle is described in a neonate. The gonad was excised as is recommended because of the high incidence of malignancy (60% of 37 cases). Torsion of an intra-abdominal testicle should be considered where an abdominal mass with calcification is found in an infant with undescended testis. Ultrasonography improves the diagnostic accuracy in infants because of the cystic nature of these masses in this age group.

Comparison of low and high sodium and potassium content in oral rehydration solutions.

PIP: Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) with low and high sodium or potassium contents were compared in 84 infants aged 3-15 months with dehydration caused by acute watery diarrhea. In randomized, double-blind trials, the ORS contained (in mmol/liter): glucose, 110; HCO3, 30; K, 10; Na, 60 (low) or 90 (high), or, in a second trial, the high Na formula plus 20 vs. 35 mEq/liter of K and extra oral water, given in the ratio of 2 bottles (240 ml) of ORS followed by 1 bottle of plain water (the 2:1 regimen). The balance technique was used to measure net absorption. Of the 84 infants, only 1 required intravenous therapy. During the first 6 hours of therapy, mean sodium absorption was significantly lower in the low Na group, and hyponatremia was more common. A few high Na group infants receiving no extra oral water had transient mild asymptomatic hypernatremia. Mean K absorption from 0-6 hours was significantly higher in the high K group, and they had no hypokalemia after oral rehydration; in contrast, 33% of the low K infants had hypokalemia. High Na ORS in the 2:1 regimen caused no electrolyte abnormalites, yielded better sodium absorption, and was usable in all age groups and for all diarrheas. High K ORS corrected K deficits better than the low K ORS. An increase in potassium concentration above that in the currently recommended ORS formula should be considered.^ieng