Thermophysical Properties of FUNaK (NaF-KF-UF4) Eutectics.

General interest in the deployment of molten salt reactors (MSRs) is growing, while the available data on uranium-containing fuel salt candidates remains scarce. Thermophysical data are one of the key parameters for reactor design and understanding reactor operability. Hence, filling in the gap of the missing data is crucial to allow for the advancement of MSRs. This study provides novel data for two eutectic compositions within the NaF-KF-UF4 ternary system which serve as potential fuel candidates for MSRs. Experimental measurements include their melting point, density, fusion enthalpy, and vapor pressure. Additionally, their boiling point was extrapolated from the vapor pressure data, which were, at the same time, used to determine the enthalpy of vaporization. The obtained thermodynamic values were compared with available data from the literature but also with results from thermochemical equilibrium calculations using the JRCMSD database, finding a good correlation, which thus contributed to database validation. Preliminary thoughts on fluoride salt reactor operability based on the obtained results are discussed in this study.

Experimental and Computational Exploration of the NaF-ThF4 Fuel System: Structure and Thermochemistry.

The structural, thermochemical, and thermophysical properties of the NaF-ThF4 fuel system were studied with experimental methods and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Equilibrium MD (EMD) simulations using the polarizable ion model were performed to calculate the density, molar volume, thermal expansion, mixing enthalpy, heat capacity, and distribution of [ThFn]m- complexes in the (Na,Th)Fx melt over the full concentration range at various temperatures. The phase equilibria in the 10-50 mol % ThF4 and 85-95 mol % ThF4 regions of the NaF-ThF4 phase diagram were measured using differential scanning calorimetry, as were the mixing enthalpies at 1266 K of (NaF/ThF4) = (0.8:0.2), (0.7:0.3) mixtures. Furthermore, the ß-Na2ThF6 and NaTh2F9 compounds were synthesized and subsequently analyzed with the use of X-ray diffraction. The heat capacities of both compounds were measured in the temperature ranges (2-271 K) and (2-294 K), respectively, by thermal relaxation calorimetry. Finally, a CALPHAD model coupling the structural and thermodynamic data was developed using both EMD and experimental data as input and a quasichemical formalism in the quadruplet approximation. Here, 7- and 8-coordinated Th4+ cations were introduced on the cationic sublattice alongside a 13-coordinated dimeric species to reproduce the chemical speciation, as calculated by EMD simulations and to provide a physical description of the melt.

Insight into the Crystalline Structure of ThF4 with the Combined Use of Neutron Diffraction, 19F Magic-Angle Spinning-NMR, and Density Functional Theory Calculations.

Because of its sensitivity to the atomic scale environment, solid-state NMR offers new perspectives in terms of structural characterization, especially when applied jointly with first-principles calculations. Particularly, challenging is the study of actinide-based materials because of the electronic complexity of the actinide cations and to the hazards due to their radioactivity. Consequently, very few studies have been published in this subfield. In the present paper, we report a joint experimental-theoretical analysis of thorium tetrafluoride, ThF4, containing a closed-shell actinide (5f0) cation. Its crystalline structure has been revisited in the present work using powder neutron diffraction experiments. The 19F NMR parameters of the seven F crystallographic sites have been modeled using an empirical superposition model, periodic first-principles calculations, and a cluster-based all-electron approach. On the basis of the atomic position optimized structure, a complete and unambiguous assignment of the 19F NMR resonances to the F sites has been obtained.

Determination of the thermodynamic activities of LiF and ThF4 in the Li(x)Th(1-x)F(4-3x) liquid solution by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry.

Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry (KEMS) has been used to investigate the vapour pressure over the molten LiF-ThF4 salt and determine the thermodynamic activity of LiF and ThF4 in the liquid solution. As part of the study, the vaporization of pure LiF and pure ThF4 was examined and the results were compared with the literature values finding a good agreement. Next, the vapour pressure of the LixTh1-xF4-3x liquid solution was investigated by measuring four samples having different compositions (XLiF∼ 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mol%). In order to determine the thermodynamic activities, the vapour pressure of LiF and ThF4 species over the liquid solution, as calculated from our results, were compared with the vapour pressure over the pure LiF(l) and pure ThF4(l) systems. A strong deviation from the Raoult's law was observed, more evident in case of LiF species, in agreement with the predictions by our thermodynamic model.