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Objective To understand the respiratory protection competency of staff in hospitals.Methods Staff from six hospitals of different levels and characteristics in Beijing were selected,including doctors,nurses,medical technicians,and servicers,to conduct knowledge assessment on respiratory protection competency.According to exposure risks of respiratory infectious diseases,based on actual cases and daily work scenarios,content of respira-tory protection competency assessment was designed from three aspects:identification of respiratory infectious di-seases,transmission routes and corresponding protection requirements,as well as correct selection and use of masks.The assessment included 6,6,and 8 knowledge points respectively,with 20 knowledge points in total,all of which were choice questions.For multiple-choice questions,full marks,partial marks,and no mark were given respective-ly if all options were correct,partial options were correct and without incorrect options,and partial options were correct but with incorrect options.Difficulty and discrimination analyses on question of each knowledge point was conducted based on classical test theory.Results The respiratory protection competency knowledge assessment for 326 staff members at different risk levels in 6 hospitals showed that concerning the 20 knowledge points,more than 60％participants got full marks for 6 points,while the proportion of full marks for other questions was relatively low.Less than 10％participants got full marks for the following 5 knowledge points:types of airborne diseases,types of droplet-borne diseases,conventional measures for the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infec-tion with respiratory infectious diseases,indications for wearing respirators,and indications for wearing medical protective masks.Among the 20 knowledge questions,5,1,and 14 questions were relatively easy,medium,and difficult,respectively;6,1,4,and 9 questions were with discrimination levels of ≥0.4,0.30-0.39,0.20-0.29,and ≤0.19,respectively.Conclusion There is still much room for hospital staff to improve their respiratory protection competency,especially in the recognition of diseases with different transmission routes and the indications for wearing different types of masks.
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Objective To investigate the implementation of surveillance,prevention and control measures for healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in maternal and child healthcare(MCH)institutions,and provide policy evi-dence for optimizing HAI prevention and control in MCH institutions.Methods Stratified sampling was conducted among the MCH institutions at provincial,municipal and county levels in 8 provinces/autonomous regions.A uni-fied questionnaire was designed and the online survey was conducted through"Questionnaire Star".Results The data from 123 MCH institutions were included in the analysis.90.24％of the MCH institutions carried out compre-hensive surveillance on HAI.The ratios of MCH institutions which implemented targeted surveillance on HAI in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU),surgical site infection,multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs)and HAI in intensive care units(non-NICU excluded)were 89.66％,85.96％,80.77％,and 74.19％,respectively.51.22％MCH institutions adopted information surveillance system on HAI cases.94.31％MCH institutions carried out surveillance on hand hygiene compliance.Over 90％MCH institutions carried out surveillance on environment hy-giene in high-risk departments.71.54％MCH institutions conducted centralized cleaning,disinfection,sterilization and supply for reusable medical instruments in the central sterile supply department(CSSD).Over 90％MCH insti-tutions established three-level pre-examination triage systems.86.18％set up transitional wards.MCH institutions generally adopted a management model with established effective communication,full appointment visits,and sepa-rate visits for special medical groups,such as registered pregnant women,high-risk newborns,healthcare groups,and long-term rehabilitation patients.However,the ratio of institutions conducting on-line follow-up visits was less than 50％.Conclusion MCH institutions have generally carried out comprehensive and targeted surveillance on HAI.Information surveillance need to be facilitated.Hand hygiene and environmental hygiene surveillance has been popularized to a certain extent at all levels of MCH institutions.The cleaning,disinfection,sterilization,and supply processes of reusable medical devices in a few MCH institutions are not standardized.Special medical populations get effective management.On-line healthcare is to be further promoted.
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AIM:To investigate the neuroprotective effect of progesterone against adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-injured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.METHODS:The SH-SY5Y cells in the logarithmic phase were divided into different groups according to the progesterone and ATP concentrations.The cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay.The membrane permeability was detected using fluorescent dye YO-PRO-1.Cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was measured with fluorescent dye Fluo-3/AM.The expression of purinergic P2X7 receptor was assessed by Western blot.RESULTS:The viability of the SH-SY5Y cells was significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05) and YO-PRO-1 uptake was obviously increased (P ＜ 0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner compared with control group when SH-SY5Y cells were treated with ATP at 1,3,5 and 7 mmol/L for 2 h.The viability reduction of the SH-SY5Y cells induced by ATP was obviously counteracted by treatment with progesterone at 3,10 and 30 nmol/L for 30 min (P ＜ 0.05) as compared with ATP group.YO-PRO-1 fluorescence enhancement induced by ATP in SH-SY5Y cells was significantly reduced (P ＜ 0.05) by progesterone (30 nmol/L) or P2X7 receptor antagonist KN-62 (500 nmol/L) pretreatment for 30 min,and no obvious difference between treatments with progesterone and KN-62 was observed.Cytosolic Ca2+ fluorescence intensity in normal group was a little,but that in ATP group was increased (P ＜ 0.05).Progesterone or KN-62 pretreatment significantly decreased the cytosolic fluorescence intensity of Ca2+ induced by ATP (P ＜ 0.05).However,no obvious difference between treatments with progesterone and KN-62 was found.The expression of P2X7 receptor in ATP group was significantly higher than that in control group (P ＜ 0.05),and progesterone inhibited ATP-induced P2X7 receptor expression (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION:Progesterone inhibits P2X7 receptor expression,membrane pore formation,intracellular Ca2+ increase and cell death induced by ATP,so progesterone may protect SH-SY5Y cells against ATP-induced injuries.
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AIM:To investigate the neuroprotective effect of progesterone against adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-injured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.METHODS:The SH-SY5Y cells in the logarithmic phase were divided into different groups according to the progesterone and ATP concentrations.The cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay.The membrane permeability was detected using fluorescent dye YO-PRO-1.Cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was measured with fluorescent dye Fluo-3/AM.The expression of purinergic P2X7 receptor was assessed by Western blot.RESULTS:The viability of the SH-SY5Y cells was significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05) and YO-PRO-1 uptake was obviously increased (P ＜ 0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner compared with control group when SH-SY5Y cells were treated with ATP at 1,3,5 and 7 mmol/L for 2 h.The viability reduction of the SH-SY5Y cells induced by ATP was obviously counteracted by treatment with progesterone at 3,10 and 30 nmol/L for 30 min (P ＜ 0.05) as compared with ATP group.YO-PRO-1 fluorescence enhancement induced by ATP in SH-SY5Y cells was significantly reduced (P ＜ 0.05) by progesterone (30 nmol/L) or P2X7 receptor antagonist KN-62 (500 nmol/L) pretreatment for 30 min,and no obvious difference between treatments with progesterone and KN-62 was observed.Cytosolic Ca2+ fluorescence intensity in normal group was a little,but that in ATP group was increased (P ＜ 0.05).Progesterone or KN-62 pretreatment significantly decreased the cytosolic fluorescence intensity of Ca2+ induced by ATP (P ＜ 0.05).However,no obvious difference between treatments with progesterone and KN-62 was found.The expression of P2X7 receptor in ATP group was significantly higher than that in control group (P ＜ 0.05),and progesterone inhibited ATP-induced P2X7 receptor expression (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION:Progesterone inhibits P2X7 receptor expression,membrane pore formation,intracellular Ca2+ increase and cell death induced by ATP,so progesterone may protect SH-SY5Y cells against ATP-induced injuries.