Glossary of terms: A shared understanding of the common terms used to describe psychological trauma, version 3.0. / Glossaire des termes : une compréhension commune des termes courants utilisés pour décrire les traumatismes psychologiques ­ Version 3.0.

Terms in the current glossary are arranged alphabetically by the most commonly used synonym. Most of the terms have two complementary definitions: a "general public definition" or introductory definition, geared towards a wider readership, and an "academic definition," which may be more detailed, or "expert." There is some overlap between the definitions, and readers may choose to read either or both.

Les termes du glossaire sont classés par ordre alphabétique selon le synonyme le plus couramment utilisé. La plupart des termes comportent deux définitions complémentaires : une « définition grand public ¼, c'est-à-dire une définition d'introduction, destinée à un lectorat plus vaste, et une « définition scientifique ¼, susceptible d'être plus détaillée ou destinée à des « spécialistes ¼11-76. Il y a un certain chevauchement entre les définitions, et les lecteurs ont le choix de lire l'une, l'autre ou les deux.

Impacts of Biological Heating and Degradation during Bale Storage on the Surface Properties of Corn Stover.

The variability of chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks has a major impact on the efficiency of biomass processing and conversion to fuels and chemicals. Storage conditions represent a key source of variability that may contribute to biomass quality variations from the time of harvest until delivery to the biorefinery. In some cases, substantial microbial degradation can take place during storage. In this work, we investigate how degradation during storage affects the surface texture, surface energy, and porosity of different corn stover anatomical fractions (e.g., leaf, stalk, and cob). Understanding any potential changes in surface properties is important because interparticle interactions during bioprocessing cause aggregation and blockages that lead to at least process inefficiency and at most complete equipment failure. The surface roughness and texture parameters of corn stover with variable degrees of microbial degradation were calculated directly from stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy micrographs. Surface energy and porosity were measured by inverse gas chromatography. The results show differing trends in the impact of increasing biological heating and degradation depending on the specific corn stover tissue type that was analyzed. These results also indicate that biomass surface properties are scale-dependent and that the scale, which is most industrially relevant, may depend on the specific unit operation within the biorefinery being considered.

Temperature and Sugar Feeding Effects on the Activity of a Laboratory Strain of Aedes aegypti.

Aedes aegypti is an invasive mosquito species that is expected to expand its global distribution through climate change. As poikilotherms, mosquitoes are greatly affected by the temperature of the environment which can impact host-seeking, blood-feeding, and flight activity as well as survival and ability to transmit pathogens. However, an important aspect of mosquito biology on which the effect of temperature has not been investigated is water and sugar-feeding and how access to a sugar source might affect the insect's activity and survival under different thermal conditions. To close this knowledge gap, we relied on actometer experiments to study the activity of both female and male Ae. aegypti at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C, providing either water or 10% sucrose to the insects. We then measured the total carbohydrate contents of alive mosquitoes using the anthrone protocol. Survival was assessed and compared between all groups. Results from this study will inform on the thermal biology of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and how access to sugar affects their activity.

Odor-Specific Daily Rhythms in the Olfactory Sensitivity and Behavior of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes.

Many biological processes and behaviors in mosquitoes display rhythmic patterns, allowing for fine tuning to cyclic environmental conditions. In mosquitoes, vector-host interactions are primarily mediated by olfactory signals. Previous studies have established that, in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, rhythmic expression of odorant binding proteins and takeout proteins in the antenna resulted in a corresponding rhythm in olfactory sensitivity to relevant host odors. However, it remained unclear how rhythms observed in olfactory sensitivity affect or explain rhythms in behavioral output, which ultimately impacts disease transmission. In order to address this knowledge gap, we quantified and compared patterns in locomotor activity, olfactory sensitivity, and olfactory behaviors in adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Here, we demonstrate an odorant-specific modulation of olfactory sensitivity in Ae. aegypti, decoupled from rhythms in olfactory behavior. Additionally, behavioral assays performed herein represent the first evidence of a time-dependence of the olfactory activation of behavior in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Results suggest that olfactory behavior of Aedes mosquitoes is modulated at both the peripheral (antenna) and central levels. As such, this work serves as a foundation for future studies aimed at further understanding the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying behavioral plasticity.