ABSTRACT
Owing to their agonist action on dopaminergic systems, cannabinoids may play a major role in substance dependency and schizophrenia. We examined the (AAT)n triplet repeat polymorphism nearby the CNR1 gene, which encodes human cannabinoid (CB1) receptor, in a male Afro-Caribbean population. The allelic and genotypic distributions were significantly different in non-schizophrenic cocaine dependents (n = 97), schizophrenic cocaine dependents (n = 45) and matched controls (n = 88) (P < 10(-4)). The frequency of the (AAT)12 repeat allele was increased in non-schizophrenic cocaine dependents and schizophrenic cocaine dependents vs controls (25.3 and 26.7 vs 5.7%) (P < 10(-4)). Our results support that the (AAT)n polymorphism nearby the CNR1 gene could be associated with predisposition to cocaine dependency.
Subject(s)
Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics , Cocaine-Related Disorders/genetics , Neuropeptides/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics , Schizophrenia/genetics , Trinucleotide Repeats/genetics , Adult , Animals , Black People/ethnology , Cocaine-Related Disorders/complications , Cocaine-Related Disorders/ethnology , DNA/analysis , Female , Gene Frequency , Humans , Male , Martinique/epidemiology , Polymorphism, Genetic , Protocadherins , Schizophrenia/complications , Schizophrenia/ethnologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: There are many methods to determine how many components should be retained in principal components analysis. This choice can be made on the basis of arbitrary (Kaiser) or subjective (Interpretable factors) criteria. This work presents the simulation criteria of Lébart e Dreyfus. The method create a matrix of randomized numbers and a principal component analysis is performed on the basis of this matrix. The components extracted from this data represent the cut off values. Those that exceed this cut off value should be retained. As an example, a principal component analysis is performed with the Hamilton depression rating scale (17 items) on a sample of 130 subjects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Simulation method is compared with the Kaiser method and is shown that the Simulation method maintains the components clinically significant.
Subject(s)
Depression/diagnosis , Linear Models , Models, Statistical , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Depression/physiopathology , Humans , Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods , Multivariate Analysis , Self-AssessmentABSTRACT
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was applied to 60 depressed inpatients diagnosed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The information to rate the scale was obtained with a semistructured interview to standardize the scale administration method. Items were factorized using principal components analysis with Varimax rotation. Three factors were obtained with the simulation method, accounting for 47% of variance. The first includes the core symptoms of depression. The symptoms of patients having an isolated mood disorder were compared with those having comorbidity with other diagnoses. The comorbidity did not affect the first factor but modified the second factor (anxiety) and the third factor (insomnia).