A novel intracoronary hypothermia device reduces myocardial reperfusion injury in pigs.

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia therapy has been suggested to attenuate myocardial necrosis; however, the clinical implementation as a valid therapeutic strategy has failed, and new approaches are needed to translate into clinical applications. This study aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a novel selective intracoronary hypothermia (SICH) device in mitigating myocardial reperfusion injury. METHODS: This study comprised two phases. The first phase of the SICH was performed in a normal porcine model for 30 minutes ( n = 5) to evaluate its feasibility. The second phase was conducted in a porcine myocardial infarction (MI) model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion was performed by balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 60 minutes and maintained for 42 days. Pigs in the hypothermia group ( n = 8) received hypothermia intervention onset reperfusion for 30 minutes and controls ( n = 8) received no intervention. All animals were followed for 42 days. Cardiac magnetic resonance analysis (5 and 42 days post-MI) and a series of biomarkers/histological studies were performed. RESULTS: The average time to lower temperatures to a steady state was 4.8 ± 0.8 s. SICH had no impact on blood pressure or heart rate and was safely performed without complications by using a 3.9 F catheter. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were lower at 60 min post perfusion in pigs that underwent SICH as compared with the control group. On day 5 post MI/R, edema, intramyocardial hemorrhage, and microvascular obstruction were reduced in the hypothermia group. On day 42 post MI/R, the infarct size, IL-6, CRP, BNP, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were reduced, and the ejection fraction was improved in pigs that underwent SICH. CONCLUSIONS: The SICH device safely and effectively reduced the infarct size and improved heart function in a pig model of MI/R. These beneficial effects indicate the clinical potential of SICH for treatment of myocardial reperfusion injury.

Ntsr1 contributes to pulmonary hypertension by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress via JAK2-STAT3-Thbs1 signaling.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe clinical syndrome with pulmonary vascular remodeling and poor long-term prognosis. Neurotensin receptor 1 (Ntsr1), serve as one of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), implicates in various biological processes, but the potential effects of Ntsr1 in PH development are unclear. The Sugen/Hypoxia (SuHx) or monocrotaline (MCT) induced rat PH model was used in our study and the PH rats showed aggravated pulmonary artery remodeling and increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP). Our results revealed that Ntsr1 induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response via ATF6 activation contributed to the development of PH. Moreover, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and phosphoproteomics were performed and the Ntsr1-JAK2-STAT3-thrombospondin 1 (Thbs1)-ATF6 signaling was distinguished as the key pathway. In vitro, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) under hypoxia condition showed enhanced proliferation and migration properties, which could be inhibited by Ntsr1 knockdown, JAK2 inhibitor (Fedratinib) treatment, STAT3 inhibitior (Stattic) treatment, Thbs1 knockdown or ATF6 knockdown. In addition, adeno-associated virus 1 (AAV1) were used to knockdown the expression of Ntsr1, Thbs1 or ATF6 in rats and reversed the phenotype of PH. In summary, our results reveal that Ntsr1-JAK2-STAT3-Thbs1 pathway can induce enhanced ER stress via ATF6 activation and increased PASMC proliferation and migration capacities, which can be mechanism of the pulmonary artery remodeling and PH. Targeting Ntsr1 might be a novel therapeutic strategy to ameliorate PH.

Zbtb16 increases susceptibility of atrial fibrillation in type 2 diabetic mice via Txnip-Trx2 signaling.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia, and recent epidemiological studies suggested type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an independent risk factor for the development of AF. Zinc finger and BTB (broad-complex, tram-track and bric-a-brac) domain containing 16 (Zbtb16) serve as transcriptional factors to regulate many biological processes. However, the potential effects of Zbtb16 in AF under T2DM condition remain unclear. Here, we reported that db/db mice displayed higher AF vulnerability and Zbtb16 was identified as the most significantly enriched gene by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis in atrium. In addition, thioredoxin interacting protein (Txnip) was distinguished as the key downstream gene of Zbtb16 by Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) assay. Mechanistically, increased Txnip combined with thioredoxin 2 (Trx2) in mitochondrion induced excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) overactivation, and spontaneous Ca2+ waves (SCWs) occurrence, which could be inhibited through atrial-specific knockdown (KD) of Zbtb16 or Txnip by adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) or Mito-TEMPO treatment. High glucose (HG)-treated HL-1 cells were used to mimic the setting of diabetic in vitro. Zbtb16-Txnip-Trx2 signaling-induced excess ROS release and CaMKII activation were also verified in HL-1 cells under HG condition. Furthermore, atrial-specific Zbtb16 or Txnip-KD reduced incidence and duration of AF in db/db mice. Altogether, we demonstrated that interrupting Zbtb16-Txnip-Trx2 signaling in atrium could decrease AF susceptibility via reducing ROS release and CaMKII activation in the setting of T2DM.

Accuracy of the Injection-Based Occlusion Tool Utilizing Saline and Glucose Solution in Cryoballoon Ablation Guided by a Novel Dielectric Imaging System.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of the injection-based occlusion (IBO) tool utilizing saline and glucose solution in verifying pulmonary vein (PV) occlusion during cryoballoon ablation guided by a novel dielectric system (KODEX-EPD system). Methods: In this retrospective study, we enrolled 34 consecutive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) who underwent their initial cryoballoon ablation procedure guided by the KODEX-EPD system. PV occlusion was firstly assessed by the IBO tool utilizing saline or glucose solution and then verified by direct contrast angiography. Patients were divided into two groups according to the fluid used in the IBO tool: the Saline Group and the Glucose Group. Results: The overall procedure time and fluoroscopy time were comparable between the Saline Group and the Glucose Group (113.7 ± 18.3 vs. 108.4 ± 15.9 min; p = 0.375 and 10.1 ± 3.7 vs. 9.3 ± 3.5 min; p = 0.559). The IBO tool was utilized a total of 138 times in the Saline Group and 135 times in the Glucose Group. When assessing PV occlusion, the IBO tool using saline demonstrated a sensitivity of 92.6% and a specificity of 95.2% compared to angiography. Similarly, the IBO tool utilizing glucose solution showed a sensitivity of 93.2% and a specificity of 96.1%. Conclusions: The IBO tool utilizing non-contrast fluid, saline and glucose solution, demonstrates a high level of sensitivity and specificity in accurately predicting PV occlusion during cryoablation procedures. Both the saline and glucose solutions used in the IBO tool show promising results in effectively assessing PV occlusion.

Crop-Weed Introgression Plays Critical Roles in Genetic Differentiation and Diversity of Weedy Rice: A Case Study of Human-Influenced Weed Evolution.

As an important driving force, introgression plays an essential role in shaping the evolution of plant species. However, knowledge concerning how introgression affects plant evolution in agroecosystems with strong human influences is still limited. To generate such knowledge, we used InDel (insertion/deletion) molecular fingerprints to determine the level of introgression from japonica rice cultivars into the indica type of weedy rice. We also analyzed the impact of crop-to-weed introgression on the genetic differentiation and diversity of weedy rice, using InDel (insertion/deletion) and SSR (simple sequence repeat) molecular fingerprints. Results based on the STRUCTURE analysis indicated an evident admixture of some weedy rice samples with indica and japonica components, suggesting different levels of introgression from japonica rice cultivars to the indica type of weedy rice. The principal coordinate analyses indicated indica-japonica genetic differentiation among weedy rice samples, which was positively correlated with the introgression of japonica-specific alleles from the rice cultivars. In addition, increased crop-to-weed introgression formed a parabola pattern of dynamic genetic diversity in weedy rice. Our findings based on this case study provide evidence that human activities, such as the frequent change in crop varieties, can strongly influence weed evolution by altering genetic differentiation and genetic diversity through crop-weed introgression in agroecosystems.

Recognition of glycoside hydrolase 12 proteins by the immune receptor RXEG1 confers Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum) that results in substantial yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Reliable genetic resources for FHB resistance in wheat are lacking. In this study, we characterized glycoside hydrolase 12 (GH12) family proteins secreted by F. graminearum. We established that two GH12 proteins, Fg05851 and Fg11037, have functionally redundant roles in F. graminearum colonization of wheat. Furthermore, we determined that the GH12 proteins Fg05851 and Fg11037 are recognized by the leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like protein RXEG1 in the dicot Nicotiana benthamiana. Heterologous expression of RXEG1 conferred wheat responsiveness to Fg05851 and Fg11037, enhanced wheat resistance to F. graminearum and reduced levels of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat grains in an Fg05851/Fg11037-dependent manner. In the RXEG1 transgenic lines, genes related to pattern-triggered plant immunity, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and anti-oxidative homeostasis signalling pathways were upregulated during F. graminearum infection. However, the expression of these genes was not significantly changed during infection by the deletion mutant ΔFg05851/Fg11037, suggesting that the recognition of Fg05851/Fg11037 by RXEG1 triggered plant resistance against FHB. Moreover, introducing RXEG1 into three other different wheat cultivars via crossing also conferred resistance to F. graminearum. Expression of RXEG1 did not have obvious deleterious effects on plant growth and development in wheat. Our study reveals that N. benthamiana RXEG1 remains effective when transferred into wheat, a monocot, which in turn suggests that engineering wheat with interfamily plant immune receptor transgenes is a viable strategy for increasing resistance to FHB.

Extrusion Printed Silk Fibroin Scaffolds with Post-mineralized Calcium Phosphate as a Bone Structural Material.

Artificial bone materials are of high demand due to the frequent occurrence of bone damage from trauma, disease, and ageing. Three-dimensional (3D) printing can tailor-make structures and implants based on biomaterial inks, rendering personalized bone medicine possible. Herein, we extrusion-printed 3D silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds using mixed inks from SF and sodium alginate (SA), and post-mineralized various calcium phosphates to make hybrid SF scaffolds. The effects of printing conditions and mineralization conditions on the mechanical properties of SF scaffolds were investigated. The SF scaffolds from ~10 wt% SF ink exhibited a compressive modulus of 240 kPa, which was elevated to ~1600 kPa after mineralization, showing a significant reinforcement effect. Importantly, the mineralized SF 3D scaffolds exhibited excellent MC3T3-E1 cell viability and promoted osteogenesis. The work demonstrates a convenient strategy to fabricate SF-based hybrid 3D scaffolds with bone-mimetic components and desirable mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering.

Long-term outcome of combined catheter ablation and left atrial appendage closure in atrial fibrillation patients.

BACKGROUND: The combined procedure of catheter ablation and left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) aims to simultaneously control the heart rhythm and reduce the risk of strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The study aims to evaluate the procedural safety and long-term outcome of the combined procedure in a large patient cohort. METHODS: Clinical data of AF patients who underwent the combined procedure was retrospectively analyzed. Procedural and imaging follow-up parameters were compared between the transesophageal echocardiography-guided standard process and fluoroscopy-guided modified process, and between the single-seal WATCHMAN and dual-seal LACBES devices. Long-term outcomes included all-cause mortality, thromboembolic events, major bleeding, and recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias. RESULTS: A total of 1114 patients were included. The rates of procedure-related major complications were comparable between the standard and modified processes (3.7% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.219), except for a higher incidence of respiratory depression in standard process group (0.9% vs 0%, p = 0.037), and between WATCHMAN and LACBES devices (2.4% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.535). The follow-up imaging evaluation revealed a high rate of satisfactory seals (99.7%) and a low rate of device related thrombus (1.9%), which were similar between two process groups and devices. The follow-up of over 1960 patient-years revealed low rates of mortality, thromboembolism, and nonprocedural major bleeding (1.8, 3.2, and 0.9 per 100 patient-years, respectively). Recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias was observed in 23.9% patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results supported the safety and long-term efficacy of the combined procedure of catheter ablation and LAAC. Fluoroscopy-guided LAAC device implantation may be considered in experienced centers.

Sympatric genetic divergence between early- and late-season weedy rice populations.

Sympatric genetic divergence is the most appealing and controversial pattern in the theory of ecological speciation. Examples that support sympatric genetic divergence in plant species are extremely rare. Solid evidence of sympatric genetic divergence will provide deep insights for revealing the underlying mechanisms of ecological speciation. We analysed the total genomic DNA sequences of 120 weedy rice (WR; Oryza sativa f. spontanea) plants, representing three WR population pairs separately from three early- and late-season rice fields, in comparison with those of the co-occurring rice cultivars and other rice materials. We detected substantial genetic divergence within the pairs of the sympatric early- and late-season WR populations, although genetic divergence was unevenly distributed across the genomes. Restricted gene flow was determined between the sympatric WR populations, resulting in their distinct genetic structures. We also detected relatively low genetic diversity that was likely to be associated with stronger selection in early-season WR populations. Our findings provide strong evidence for sympatric genetic divergence between the WR populations in the same fields but in different seasons. We conclude that temporal isolation plays an important role in creating genetic divergence between sympatric populations/species in plants.

Adding six short lines on pulmonary vein isolation circumferences reduces recurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Results from a multicenter, single-blind, randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with a non-negligible long-term recurrence rate. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether PVI combined with 6 short ablation lines on the PVI circumferences (PVI+6L group) yields higher success rates than PVI alone (PVI group). METHODS: In this multicenter, single-blind, randomized trial, a total of 390 patients with paroxysmal AF were randomly assigned to the PVI group (n = 193) or the PVI+6L group (n = 197). The primary endpoint was freedom from AF/atrial tachycardia recurrence between 91 and 365 days. Secondary endpoints included AF burden, procedural parameters, and complications. RESULTS: Freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmia was achieved in 160 of 197 patients (81.2%) in the PVI+6L group and 142 of 193 patients (73.6%) in the PVI group (hazard ratio 0.61; 95% confidence interval 0.39-0.97; P = .040). Mean AF burden tended to be lower in the PVI+6L group compared to the PVI group (1.95% vs 0.53%, P = .097). Procedural and ablation times were slightly longer in the PVI+6L group than in the PVI group (130 ± 25 minutes vs 121 ± 28 minutes; P = .002; and 46 ± 14 minutes vs 41 ± 16 minutes, P = .001, respectively). X-ray exposure was similar (60 ± 54 seconds vs 61 ± 60 seconds; P = .964). Complications occurred in 3 patients (1.6%) in the PVI group and 3 patients (1.5%) in the PVI+6L group. CONCLUSION: In patients with paroxysmal AF undergoing catheter ablation, adding 6 short ablation lines on the PVI circumferences could reduce the AF recurrence rate.

A Pilot Study on the Performance of Time-Domain Features in Speech Recognition based on high-density sEMG.

Features extracted from the surface electromyography (sEMG) signals during the speaking tasks play an essential role in sEMG based speech recognition. However, currently there are no general rules on the optimal choice of sEMG features to achieve satisfactory performance. In this study, a total of 120 electrodes were placed on the face and neck muscles to record the high-density (HD) sEMG signals when subjects spoke ten digits in English. Then ten different time-domain features were computed from the HD sEMG signals and the classification performance of the speech recognition was thoroughly compared. The contribution of each feature was examined by using three performance metrics, which include classification accuracy, sensitivity, and F1-Score. The results showed that, among all the ten different features, the features of WFL, MAV, RMS, and LOGD were considered to be superior because they achieved higher classification accuracies with high sensitivities and higher F1-Scores across subjects/trials in the sEMG-based digit recognition tasks. The findings of this study might be of great value to choose proper signal features that are fed into the classifier in sEMG-based speech recognition.

Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Primary and Secondary Stroke Prevention in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Atrial Fibrillation: A Pilot Study.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) for primary and secondary stroke prevention in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: This pilot study enrolled 36 patients with HCM and AF who underwent LAAC between April 2017 and December 2019, of whom 22 were for primary stroke prevention and 14 were for secondary prevention. Results: The patients enrolled in this study had non-obstructive (86.1%) or mild obstructive (13.9%) HCM. Patients in the Secondary Prevention Group had higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores (5.1 ± 1.4 vs. 2.6 ± 1.6, P < 0.001) and higher HAS-BLED scores (2.8 ± 1.0 vs. 1.5 ± 0.9, P < 0.001) compared with those in the Primary Prevention Group. Successful closure with satisfactory seals (residual leak ≤ 5 mm) was achieved in all patients, with complete occlusion in 86.4% of the Primary Prevention Group and 92.9% of the Secondary Prevention Group. Procedural-related complications included one pericardial effusion and one groin hematoma. One device-related thrombus was identified in the Secondary Prevention Group and resolved after anticoagulation. During a mean follow-up time of 28.4 months, one bleeding event was recorded. There were no thromboembolic events or deaths in either group, with 97.2% of the patients achieving freedom from anticoagulation therapy. Conclusions: Initial results suggest that LAAC can be a safe and feasible alternative for primary and secondary stroke prevention in selected patients with HCM and AF. Further studies with larger samples are required.

Renal Denervation by Noninvasive Stereotactic Radiotherapy Induces Persistent Reduction of Sympathetic Activity in a Hypertensive Swine Model.

Background We have previously reported the feasibility of noninvasive stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) as a novel approach for renal denervation. Methods and Results Herein, from a translational point of view, we assessed the antihypertensive effect and chronological evolution of SBRT-induced renal nerve injury within 6 months in a hypertensive swine model. Hypertension was induced in swine by subcutaneous implantation of deoxycorticosterone acetate pellets in combination with a high-salt diet. A single dose of 25 Gy with SBRT was delivered for renal denervation in 9 swine within 3.4±1.0 minutes. Blood pressure levels at baseline and 1 and 6 months post-SBRT were comparable to control (n=5), whereas renal norepinephrine was significantly lower at 6 months (P<0.05). Abdominal computed tomography, performed before euthanasia and renal function assessment, remained normal. Standard semiquantitative histological assessment showed that compared with control (1.4±0.4), renal nerve injury was greater at 1 month post-SBRT (2.3±0.3) and peaked at 6 months post-SBRT (3.2±0.8) (P<0.05), along with a higher proportion of active caspase-3-positive nerves (P<0.05). Moreover, SBRT resulted in continuous dysfunction of renal sympathetic nerves and low level of nerve regeneration in 6 months by immunohistochemistry analysis. Conclusions SBRT delivering 25 Gy for renal denervation was safe and related to sustained reduction of sympathetic activity by aggravating nerve damage and inhibiting nerve regeneration up to 6 months; however, its translation to clinical trial should be cautious because of the negative blood pressure response in the deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive swine model.

Activin receptor-like kinase 4 haplodeficiency alleviates the cardiac inflammation and pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation process is an important determinant for subsequent changes in cardiac function and remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Recent studies have implicated that ALK4 haplodeficiency improves cardiac function after MI. However, it remains unknown if the beneficial effects are partly attributed to ALK4 haplodeficiency-induced modulation on inflammatory response in the inflammatory phase of MI. In this research, we aimed to explore the mechanism of ALK4 haplodeficiency in the inflammatory stage of MI. METHODS: ALK4, CD16, and CD14 were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from MI patients and healthy volunteers. ALK4 haplodeficiency (ALK4+/-) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were randomly divided into the sham group and the MI group. Inflammation cytokines and chemokines were measured. Echocardiography and intracardiac electrophysiological recordings were performed on the 3rd day and the 7th day after MI operation. ALK4 expression and inflammation cytokines were also detected in LPS- or IL-4-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from the ALK4+/- mice and WT littermates. RESULTS: ALK4 gene expression in circulating monocytes of MI patients was higher than that in those of healthy volunteers. Cardiac inflammation and vulnerability of ventricular arrhythmia after acute myocardial injury are significantly alleviated in ALK4+/- mice as compared to WT littermates. On the 3rd day post-MI, the level of M1 macrophages were decreased in ALK4+/- mice as compared to WT littermates, while the level of M2 macrophages were increased on the 7th day post-MI. BMDM isolated from ALK4+/- mice displayed reduced secretion of pro-inflammation cytokines after stimulation by LPS in hypoxic condition and increased secretion of anti-inflammation cytokines after stimulation by IL-4. As a result, the haplodeficiency of ALK4 might be responsible for reduced inflammation response in the post-MI stage. CONCLUSIONS: ALK4 haplodeficiency reduces cardiac inflammation, improves cardiac function, and finally reduces the vulnerability of ventricular arrhythmia in the inflammatory stage after MI.

Loss of Camk2n1 aggravates cardiac remodeling and malignant ventricular arrhythmia after myocardial infarction in mice via NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

AIMS: Inflammation response and subsequent ventricular remodeling are critically involved in the development of ventricular arrhythmia post myocardial infarction (MI). However, as the vital endogenous inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), the effects of CaMKII inhibitor 1 (Camk2n1) on the process of arrhythmia substrate generation following MI remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of Camk2n1 in ventricular arrhythmia post-MI and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Camk2n1 was mainly expressed in cardiomyocytes and inhibited the phosphorylation of CaMKIIδ in the infarcted border zone. Compared to wild type (WT) littermates mice, Camk2n1 knockout mice (Camk2n1-/-) manifested exacerbated cardiac dysfunction, larger fibrosis area, higher incidence of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and higher vulnerability to ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) after MI. The results of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified that excessive activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was responsible for aggravated inflammation response which led to adverse cardiac remodeling in Camk2n1-/- mice subjected to MI. More importantly, both in vivo and in vitro experiments verified that aggravated NLRP3 inflammasome activation occurred via CaMKIIδ-p38/JNK pathway in Camk2n1-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our results highlight the importance of Camk2n1 in alleviating ventricular remodeling and malignant ventricular arrhythmia post-MI by reducing cardiomyocytes inflammation activation via CaMKIIδ-p38/JNK-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, targeting Camk2n1 might serve as a novel therapeutic strategy after MI.

Macrophages facilitate post myocardial infarction arrhythmias: roles of gap junction and KCa3.1.

Effective therapeutic targets against post-myocardial infarction (MI) arrhythmias remain to be discovered. We aimed to investigate the role of macrophages in post-MI arrhythmias. Methods: Mononuclear cell accumulation, macrophage polarization from M0 to M1 subset, and gap junction formation were analyzed in MI patients and MI mice by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and patch clamping. Differentially expressed genes were identified by RNA sequencing. Macrophages and cardiomyocytes were cocultured in vitro, and the effects of gap junction and KCa3.1 on electrophysiological properties were assessed by patch clamping. The effects of KCa3.1 inhibition on post-MI arrhythmias were assessed by intracardiac stimulation and ambulatory electrocardiograms in vivo. Results: Percentage of pro-inflammatory mononuclear cells were significantly elevated in patients with post-MI arrhythmias compared with MI patients without arrhythmias and healthy controls (p<0.001). Macrophages formed gap junction with cardiomyocytes in MI border zones of MI patient and mice, and pro-inflammatory macrophages were significantly increased 3 days post-MI (p<0.001). RNA sequencing identified Kcnn4 as the most differentially expressed gene encoding ion channel, and the upregulation is mainly attributed to macrophage accumulation and polarization into pro-inflammatory subset. In vitro coculture experiments demonstrated that connection with M0 macrophages via gap junction slightly shortened the action potential durations (APDs) of cardiomyocytes. However, the APD90 of cardiomyocytes connected with M1 macrophages were significantly prolonged (p<0.001), which were effectively attenuated by gap junction inhibition (p=0.002), KCa3.1 inhibition (p=0.008), KCa3.1 silencing (p<0.001) and store-operated Ca2+ channel inhibition (p=0.005). In vivo results demonstrated that KCa3.1 inhibition significantly decreased the QTc durations (p=0.031), intracardiac stimulation-induced ventricular arrhythmia durations (p=0.050) and incidence of premature ventricular contractions (p=0.030) in MI mice. Conclusion: Macrophage polarization leads to APD heterogeneity and post-MI arrhythmias via gap junction and KCa3.1 activation. The results provide evidences of a novel mechanism of post-MI heterogeneous repolarization and arrhythmias, rendering macrophages and KCa3.1 to be potential therapeutic targets.

Noninvasive Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Renal Denervation in a Swine Model.

BACKGROUND: Catheter-based renal denervation (RDN) has achieved promising outcomes to treat hypertension in recent randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of noninvasive stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) as an approach for RDN. METHODS: SBRT was performed in 24 renal arteries from 12 normotensive swine at doses of 25, 35, and 45 Gy (n = 4 each), and an additional 4 swine served as controls. Blood pressure (BP), renal function, and serum norepinephrine (NE) values were obtained at baseline and at 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months after SBRT. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) was performed after 3 months before euthanasia. Renal NE concentration was determined, and histological analysis and immunohistochemistry against tyrosine hydroxylase were performed. RESULTS: SBRT procedure was successful in all 12 swine. BP was comparable among groups. Serum and renal NE levels at 3 months were significantly lower in treatment groups compared with control group. Furthermore, SBRT resulted in significantly greater nerve injury score and lower tyrosine hydroxylase score compared with control subjects, whereas there were no statistical differences between SBRT groups. Circumferential lesions created with 35 and 45 Gy were significantly greater than with 25 Gy. CT and histology analysis revealed that animals receiving 35 and 45 Gy experienced more collateral damage, which was minimal in the 25-Gy group. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive SBRT was feasible and effective for complete, circumferential RDN in a swine model, with dosage at 25 Gy providing the safest short-term profile.

The efficacy and safety of Retcam in detecting neonatal retinal hemorrhages.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the ability of characterizing neonatal retinal hemorrhage (RH) using RetCam in healthy newborns and the systemic effects during the procedure. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 68 healthy newborns aged 2 to 4 days old. The RH was imaged and classified according to the location and numbers of hemorrhages. The heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and oxygen saturation (OS) were recorded at 4 time points before (Phase 1, P1), during (P2 and P3) and after the examination (P4). RESULTS: The median exam time was 151 s. RH was present in 15 infants and 23 eyes. All 23 eyes had hemorrhage in Zone II. Grade II and III hemorrhages were present in 5 and 18 eyes, respectively. The HR increased to 168 beats per minute (bpm) in P3 and recovered to 122.5 bpm in P4. The RR increased to 38 bpm in P3 and recovered to 25 bpm in P4. The OS was reduced to 83% in P2 and recovered to 96% in P4. CONCLUSIONS: RH in healthy newborns, mostly present in Zone II with grade II and III, can be characterized in detail by RetCam. Systemic effects during the process are mild and can be revolved spontaneously.

Introgression from cultivated rice alters genetic structures of wild relative populations: implications for in situ conservation.

Maintaining genetic integrity is essential for in situ and ex situ conservation of crop wild relative (CWR) species. However, introgression of crop alleles into CWR species/populations may change their genetic structure and diversity, resulting in more invasive weeds or, in contrast, the extinction of endangered populations. To determine crop-wild introgression and its consequences, we examined the genetic structure and diversity of six wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) populations under in situ conservation in China. Thirty-four simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 34 insertion/deletion markers were used to genotype the wild rice populations and two sets of rice cultivars (O. sativa), corresponding to the two types of molecular markers. Shared alleles and STRUCTURE analyses suggested a variable level of crop-wild introgression and admixture. Principal coordinates and cluster analyses indicated differentiation of wild rice populations, which was associated with the spatial distances to cultivated rice fields. The level of overall genetic diversity was comparable between wild rice populations and rice cultivars, but a great number of wild-specific alleles was detected in the wild populations. We conclude based on the results that crop-wild introgression can considerably alter the pattern of genetic structure and relationships of CWR populations. Appropriate measures should be taken for effective in situ conservation of CWR species under the scenario of crop-wild introgression.

Genetically engineered rice endogenous 5-enolpyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (epsps) transgene alters phenology and fitness of crop-wild hybrid offspring.

Genetically engineered (GE) rice endogenous epsps (5-enolpyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) gene overexpressing EPSPS can increase glyphosate herbicide-resistance of cultivated rice. This type of epsps transgene can enhance the fecundity of rice crop-weed hybrid offspring in the absence of glyphosate, stimulating great concerns over undesired environmental impacts of transgene flow to populations of wild relatives. Here, we report the substantial alteration of phenology and fitness traits in F1-F3 crop-wild hybrid descendants derived from crosses between an epsps GE rice line and two endangered wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) populations, based on the common-garden field experiments. Under the glyphosate-free condition, transgenic hybrid lineages showed significantly earlier tillering and flowering, as well as increased fecundity and overwintering survival/regeneration abilities. In addition, a negative correlation was observed between the contents of endogenous EPSPS of wild, weedy, and cultivated rice parents and fitness differences caused by the incorporation of the epsps transgene. Namely, a lower level of endogenous EPSPS in the transgene-recipient populations displayed a more pronounced enhancement in fitness. The altered phenology and enhanced fitness of crop-wild hybrid offspring by the epsps transgene may cause unwanted environmental consequences when this type of glyphosate-resistance transgene introgressed into wild rice populations through gene flow.