ABSTRACT
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers the most lethal characteristics to cancer cells i.e., metastasis and resistance to chemo-and-radio-therapy, and therefore exhibit an appealing target in the field of oncology. Research in the past decade has demonstrated the crucial role of aerobic glycolysis in EMT, which is generally credited as the glucose metabolism for the creation of biomass such as fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides thereby providing building blocks for limitless proliferation. In the present review, apart from discussing EMT's evident role in the metastatic process and cancer stemness, we also talked about the vital role of glycolytic enzymes viz. GLUTs, HKs, PGI, PFK-1, aldolase, enolase, PK, LDHA, etc. in the induction of the EMT process in cancerous cells.
Subject(s)
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition , Neoplasms , Carcinogenesis , Glycolysis , Humans , Neoplastic Stem CellsABSTRACT
Aspergillus parasiticus microbial type culture collection (MTCC)-2796, a new source of a-galactosidase is an efficient producer of enzyme in basic medium under submerged fermentation conditions. Maximum a-galactosidase production (156.25 Uml-1) was obtained when the basic medium is supplemented with galactose (0.5 percent w/v) and raffinose (0.5 percent w/v) as carbon source and yeast extract as nitrogen source. Enzyme production was also enhanced considerably in the presence of wheat bran (1.0 percent w/v). Enzyme secretion was strongly inhibited by the presence of Hg2+, Cu2+, and Co2+ in the medium and to some extent by Zn2+ and Ni2+, while marginal increase in the enzyme production was observed when Mg2+ and Mn2+ were added in the medium. Among amino acids checked (aparagine, cysteine, glutamine, leucine and proline), glutamine (1 mM) was found to be an enhancer for the enzyme production. The temperature and pH range for the production of enzyme were 25ºC to 35ºC and 6.5 to 7.5, respectively with maximum activity (50 Uml-1) at 30ºC and pH 6.5 under static fermentation condition.