Clinical Outcomes After Definitive Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcoma of the Hand: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 109 Patients.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide updated data on oncologic outcomes following definitive surgical treatment of soft tissue sarcoma of the hand in a cohort of 109 patients, as well as to characterize risk factors for poor oncologic and functional outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed data from 109 consecutive patients who had definitive surgical treatment for soft tissue sarcoma of the hand performed between 1996 and 2019 by a single surgeon at a sarcoma center. Primary outcomes included functional outcome (assessed by Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). We compiled descriptive data and used a multivariable linear model to identify factors associated with functional outcomes. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate 5- and 10-year DFS and OS. RESULTS: Patients had a median age of 36 years at presentation. Median follow-up was 6.1 years among patients alive at the end of follow-up. The median Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 29; functional outcome was worse among patients with high-grade tumors or complications. Among the 107 patients who became disease-free, there were four local recurrences (one with metastasis), six distant recurrences, and one death without recurrence. All local recurrences were deep tumors (two myxofibrosarcoma and two myxoinflammatory fibrosarcoma). Estimated 5- and 10-year DFS rates were 89% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83% to 96%) and 88% (95% CI: 80% to 95%). There were seven deaths, and the estimated 5- and 10-year OS rates were 95% (95% CI: 90% to 100%) and 92% (95% CI: 84% to 100%). Larger tumor size and higher stage at diagnosis were associated with shorter DFS and OS in univariable analyses; low event rates precluded multivariable analysis of survival. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive disease-specific surgical and multidisciplinary treatment can yield long DFS and OS, and good functional outcomes. However, complications and high-grade tumors are associated with worse functional scores. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic II.

Biopsies for Soft-Tissue Sarcoma of the Hand: Dangers, Hazards, and Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Excisional biopsies for soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) of the hand are commonly done outside of sarcoma centers and can compromise incorporation of the biopsy site into standard limb salvage or amputation flaps. We sought to identify risk factors for these suboptimal biopsies. METHODS: We analyzed prospective data on all patients (N = 109) who underwent definitive resection of primary STS of the hand between 1995 and 2019 at our institution. Biopsies were classified by type (excisional vs. incisional/needle), whether they were done before referral, and whether the incision could be incorporated into standard limb salvage or amputation flaps (ILS biopsies) or not (NILS biopsies). Analyses examined potential predictors of NILS biopsies and whether outcomes differed by biopsy type. RESULTS: Biopsies done before referral (N = 91) were more likely to be excisional (79% vs. 17%). Excisional biopsies were associated with smaller tumor size (median, 2.0 vs. 3.15 cm; P = 0.025) and longer time to first intervention (1.88 vs. 1.17 months; P = 0.001). Forty-eight percent of excisional and 29% of incisional biopsy sites required soft-tissue coverage at the time of definitive surgery ( P = 0.07). Biopsy type was not associated with Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score or need for amputation. Risk factors for NILS biopsies included larger tumor size, deep tumor, and excisional biopsy. High-risk areas for NILS biopsies included the carpal tunnel, volar wrist, first webspace, radial palm, and proximal thumb. NILS biopsies were associated with positive margins, need for soft-tissue coverage, and lower Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores. DISCUSSION: This study informs referral guidelines for patients with STS of the hand. Patients with tumors that are deep, large, or in high-risk locations should be referred to a sarcoma center before biopsy. If that is not possible, incisional biopsy in line with standard resection incisions or radiology-guided core needle biopsy is preferable to excisional biopsy. TYPE OF STUDY: Prognostic study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Reconstruction of oncologic upper extremity defects with fibula free flaps has high union rates and excellent functional outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Limb salvage has better functional outcomes than amputation in the upper extremity. This can however be challenging after bony tumor resections. METHODS: This is a retrospective case series of patients who underwent humerus, ulna, or radius reconstruction with a fibula free flap. Data were collected on demographics, oncologic history, surgical details, and complications. Functional outcome measures included the patient's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL), presence of pain, and musculoskeletal tumor society (MSTS) score. RESULTS: Over a 25-year period, 38 reconstructions were performed. The flap success rate was 97.5%. Bony union was obtained in 19 of 19 (100%) forearm reconstructions and in 15 of 19 (79%) humerus reconstructions (p = 0.10). All 19 forearm reconstruction patients and 18/19 humerus reconstruction patients were able to perform ADLs with no pain or only occasional pain. The MSTS scores were not significantly different between the humerus and forearm cohorts (27.1 vs. 27.3, p = 0.68). Functional outcomes were significantly better in limbs that achieved union (p < 0.001). Recipient and donor site complications occurred in 10 (26.3%) and 5 (13%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Oncologic upper-extremity reconstruction with fibula free flaps has excellent functional outcomes. Bone union is a predictor of superior limb function.

Prospective Randomized Study Examining Preoperative Opioid Counseling on Postoperative Opioid Consumption after Upper Extremity Surgery.

Background: Rates of opioid addiction and overdose continue to climb in the United States, increasing pressure on prescribers to identify solutions to decrease postoperative opioid consumption. Hand and upper extremity surgeries are high-volume surgeries with a predilection for inadvertent overprescribing. Recent investigations have shown that preoperative opioid counseling may decrease postoperative opioid consumption. In order to test this hypothesis, a prospective randomized trial was undertaken to determine the effect of preoperative opioid counseling on postoperative opioid consumption. Methods: Eligible patients undergoing outpatient upper extremity surgery were randomized to either receive preoperative opioid counseling or to receive no counseling. Surgeons were blinded to their patient's counseling status. Preoperatively, patient demographics, surgical and prescription details were recorded. Postoperatively, patients' pain experience including opioid consumption, pain levels, and satisfaction was recorded. Results: There were 131 total patients enrolled, with 62 in the counseling group and 69 in the control group. Patients receiving counseling consumed 11.8 pills compared to 17.4 pills in the control group (P = .007), which translated to 93.7 Morphine Equivalent Units (MEU) in the counseling group compared to 143.2 MEU in the control group (P = .01). There was no difference in pain scores at any time point between groups. Among all study patients a total of 3767 opioid pills were prescribed with approximately 50% left unused. Conclusion: Patients receiving preoperative counseling consumed significantly fewer opioids postoperatively. Inadvertant overprescribing remains high. Routine use of preoperative counseling should be implemented along with prescribing fewer opioids overall to prevent overprescribing.

The Effect of Standardized Perioperative Patient Education on Opioid Use After Minor Soft Tissue Procedures Distal to the Wrist.

PURPOSE: Several studies have explored opioid consumption and opioid prescriber education for upper extremity procedures; however, less literature has focused on patient-centered interventions and their impact on opioid consumption after surgery. The purpose of this study was to create a standardized perioperative patient education program regarding postoperative pain management after hand surgery and to determine if it could reduce opioid use after hand surgery. METHODS: Patients scheduled to undergo elective outpatient hand surgery comprising minor soft tissue procedures at and distal to the wrist were randomized to receive pain management education or standard care. Before the surgery, all patients viewed a webinar with instructions for participation, whereas the education group received an additional 10 minutes of education on postoperative pain management and a pain management reference card for review after the surgery. All patients completed a postoperative daily log documenting the number of opioids consumed, other pain management modalities used, and pain scores. The primary outcome of the number of opioid pills consumed by the patients was compared between the groups. We constructed a linear regression model to determine the risk factors for postoperative opioid use after surgery. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-four patients completed the study (n = 90 education group; n = 84 standard care group). Patients in the education group took significantly fewer opioid pills (median = 0, range 0-13) than those in the standard care group (median = 0.5, range 0-40). A linear regression model showed that average week-1 pain (B = 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-1.3) and the number of pills prescribed (B = 0.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.017-0.22) were predictive of greater opioid use. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative patient education significantly reduced postoperative opioid use following a minor soft tissue hand surgery, with greater than 70% of the patients taking no opioids. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic II.

Hematoma following total elbow arthroplasty: incidence, management, and outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: This study investigates the incidence, risk factors for, and clinical outcomes of hematoma following total elbow arthroplasty. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patient and surgical characteristics as predictors of post-operative hematoma in 382 total elbow arthroplasty (196 primary, 157 revision, and 29 conversion) between May 2004 and February, 2017. For comparison of outcomes, cases were matched (1:2) with controls by age, gender, type of surgery, and surgical indication. RESULTS: Nineteen post-operative hematomas (5.0%; 19/382) were identified. Total elbow arthroplasty for post-traumatic arthritis (6.7%; 4/60), aseptic loosening (7.9%; 3/38), sequelae of periprosthetic joint infection (6.1%; 5/81), and non-union (28.6%; 2/7) had the highest incidence of hematoma. Clinic aspiration and compressive wrap was performed in 14 patients and avoided a return to the operating room in 78.6% (11/14). Seven patients (36.8%) required a return to the operating room, of which five (71.4%) had positive cultures and required treatment for prosthetic joint infection. Compared to the matched controls, hematoma formation predicted a higher rate of reoperation (36.8% versus 7.9%; p = 0.007) and a higher rate of subsequent prosthetic joint infection (35.7% versus 0%; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Hematoma formation is associated with both prosthetic joint infection and return to the operating room after total elbow arthroplasty. Strategies to prevent hematoma formation after total elbow arthroplasty may reduce complication rates.

Prospective Randomized Study Evaluating the Effects of Preoperative Opioid Counseling on Postoperative Opioid Use after Outpatient Lower Extremity Orthopaedic Surgery.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of standardized preoperative opioid counseling on postoperative opioid consumption for patients undergoing outpatient lower extremity orthopaedic surgery. Participating patients undergoing elective outpatient lower extremity orthopaedic surgery were randomized to either receive preoperative opioid counseling or not receive counseling (control group). Counseling was delivered via a five-minute pre-recorded standardized video preoperatively. Postoperatively, patients in both groups were queried for their postoperative pain experience, opioid consumption, non-opioid medication consumption, and any adverse effects related to their pain management experience. A total of 107 patients were studied, with 45 in the counseling group and 62 in the control group. Patients that received preoperative opioid counseling consumed on average 6.5 opioid pills postoperatively; the control group consumed 12.4 opioid pills (p = 0.008). Preoperative opioid counseling resulted in a statistically significant reduction in postoperative opioid consumption after outpatient lower extremity orthopaedic surgery. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 30(1):002-006, 2021).

The Effect of Preoperative Opioid Education on Opioid Consumption After Outpatient Orthopedic Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

Pain management and opioid consumption following outpatient orthopedic surgery may be influenced by several variables, including knowledge of safe opioid use. A prospective randomized study was undertaken to understand the effect of preoperative opioid education on opioid consumption following outpatient orthopedic surgeries. A total of 237 patients undergoing outpatient orthopedic surgeries were prospectively randomized to receive preoperative opioid education or not. Postoperative data collected included the number of pills taken, daily visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, adverse events, and attitude toward the pain experience. A total of 107 patients were randomized to receive preoperative education and 130 to not receive preoperative education. On average, 27 pills were prescribed to each patient. The preoperative opioid education group consumed significantly fewer opioids (6 pills) when compared with the group not receiving education (12 pills) (P<.05). The findings were the same with upper and lower extremity surgeries. Overall, the 2 groups of patients had similar daily VAS scores and were satisfied with their postoperative pain experience irrespective of opioid education. Of the total opioid pills prescribed during the study, only 46% were ultimately consumed. Preoperative education significantly reduced the number of prescription opioid pills and total morphine equivalents consumed by patients in the period following outpatient orthopedic surgery, with no negative effects on pain experience. This finding was consistent in both upper and lower extremity surgery. Approximately twice the number of opioids were prescribed than ultimately consumed by patients. [Orthopedics. 2021;44(2):123-127.].

Malignant Tumors of the Hand.

Primary malignant tumors in the hand are rare as compared to benign lesions; however, it is essential for orthopeadic surgeons to be familiar with their clinical presentation. The approach to working up a mass in the hand must be methodical and thorough, and clinicians must maintain high index of suspicion when evaluating these lesions. Successful identification and treatment of malignant tumors of the hand may include referral to a sarcoma center for staging, workup, and multidisciplinary treatment. Surgical treatment of malignant tumors in the hand is uniquely complicated by the increased number of critical structures that may be in close proximity to the tumor. It is therefore imperative to understand the principles of diagnosis, staging, biopsy, resection, and amputation before treating malignant tumors of the hand.

Patient Complications after Total Joint Arthroplasty: Does Surgeon Gender Matter?

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies in general surgery and internal medicine have shown that female physicians may have improved morbidity and mortality compared with their male counterparts. In the field of orthopaedic surgery, little is known about the influence of surgeon gender on patient complications. This study investigates patient complications after hip and knee arthroplasty based on the gender of the treating surgeon. METHODS: Using a risk-adjusted outcomes database of 100% Medicare data from a third party, an analysis of outcomes after primary hip and knee arthroplasty based on surgeon gender was performed. This data set, which provided risk-adjusted complication rates for each surgeon performing at least 20 primary knee or hip arthroplasties from 2009 to 2013, was matched with publically available Medicare data sets to determine surgeon gender, year of graduation, area of practice, and surgical volume. Confounding variables were controlled for in multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of the 8,965 surgeons with identified gender, 187 (2.0%; 187 of 8,965) were identified as women and performed 21,216 arthroplasties (1.4%; 21,216 of 1,518,419). Overall, female surgeons averaged fewer arthroplasties (total knee arthroplasty: 87.0 versus 124.9 [P < 0.001]; total hip arthroplasty [THA]: 62.8 versus 78.8 [P = 0.02]) and were earlier in their practice (20.6 versus 25.0 years; P < 0.001) compared with their male counterparts. Male and female surgeons had similar adjusted complication rates for THA (2.78% versus 2.84%) and total knee arthroplasty (2.24% versus 2.26%). Multivariate analysis found that the predictors of increased complications were decreased surgeon volume, THA, increased surgeons' years in practice, and geographic region. DISCUSSION: Overall, female orthopaedic surgeons performed fewer arthroplasties and were earlier in their career. This, however, did not a have a negative impact on their surgical outcomes. Rather, complication rates were dependent on surgeon volume, surgeon experience, and region. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-prognostic retrospective case-control study.

What is the Geographic Distribution of Women Orthopaedic Surgeons Throughout the United States?

BACKGROUND: Orthopaedic surgery has a shortage of women surgeons. An even geographic distribution of women orthopaedic surgeons may provide more uniform care to patients. However, little is known about the geographical distribution of women orthopaedic surgeons. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Is there substantial geographic variation in the distribution of orthopaedic surgeons who are women? (2) How does the geographic distribution of women orthopaedic surgeons compare with that of other physicians? (3) What are the variables associated with increased region-based proportions of orthopaedic surgeons who are women? METHODS: To obtain a national snapshot of orthopaedic providers, two Medicare databases were used (Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data and Medicare's current and archived Physician Compare Data). These databases were used to identify physicians with self-reported specialties of "Orthopedic Surgeon," "Hand Surgeon," or "Sports Medicine" with at least 11 Medicare claims in 1 year for a single procedure type between 2012 and 2014. These databases are the only databases known to specifically report surgeon gender on a national scale and include physician demographics and education. The Dartmouth Atlas's hospital referral regions and United States Census Bureau divisions were used to group physicians by geographic region. The Gini coefficient, a measure of statistical dispersion, was used to quantify the regional distribution of orthopaedic surgeons. This was compared with the dispersion of non-orthopaedic physicians within the same Medicare databases. Surgeon and regional characteristics were correlated with the proportion of women orthopaedic surgeons in the region. RESULTS: There is substantial geographic variation in the distribution of orthopaedic surgeons who are women, ranging from 0% to 15%. There was a greater prevalence of women orthopaedic surgeons in New England (7.3%, 107 of 1469 surgeons) and the Pacific region (6.5%, 208 of 3196 surgeons) than in the South Atlantic (4.5%, 210 of 4618 surgeons) and East South Central regions (3.5%, 50 of 1442 surgeons). This represents a greater level of variation (Gini coefficient = 0.37) compared with other specialties (0.30 and 0.37) and compared with men orthopaedic surgeons (0.16). Variables independently associated with an increased prevalence of women orthopaedic surgeons based on hospital referral region were an increased proportion of currently practicing women physicians who graduated from medical schools in that region (beta = 0.03; p = 0.01), increased proportion of Medicaid-eligible patients (beta = 0.12; p = 0.002), increased proportion of regional population is black (beta = -0.06; p = 0.03), and increased regional supply of women physicians (beta = 0.26; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the recent increase in women orthopaedic surgeons nationally, gains have not been equally distributed throughout the United States. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In other medical fields, gender diversity has been proven to be beneficial for patients. If this holds true in the field of orthopaedic surgery, we should be mindful of the geographic distribution of women orthopaedic surgeons as the percentage of these surgeons increases.

Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis: Evaluation and Treatment Strategies.

Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) is a common closed-space infection of the flexor tendon sheaths of the hand, which remains one of the most challenging problems facing hand surgeons. PFT goes by several names including septic or suppurative flexor tenosynovitis. Adequate treatment requires timely diagnosis and often prompt surgical treatment. However, despite prompt treatment, and regardless of the protocol used, complication rates as high as 38% have been reported in the literature. Moreover, even with successful eradication of the infection, a significant proportion of patients will suffer from continuing pain, swelling, stiffness, loss of composite flexion, weakness, and recurrence potentially requiring amputation. This review will focus on current evidence-based antimicrobial and surgical treatment strategies to maximize treatment outcomes.

How are Electronic Health Records Associated with Provider Productivity and Billing in Orthopaedic Surgery?

BACKGROUND: Electronic health records (EHRs) have become ubiquitous in orthopaedics. Although they offer certain benefits, they have been cited as a factor that can contribute to provider burnout. Little is known about the degree to which EHR adoption is associated with provider and practice characteristics or outpatient and surgical volume. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) What was the rate of EHR adoption in orthopaedics and how are physician and practice characteristics associated with adoption? (2) How is EHR adoption related to outpatient productivity? (3) How is EHR adoption associated with surgical volume? METHODS: We conducted this retrospective analysis by linking three publicly available Medicare databases, which we chose for their reliability in reporting because they are provided by a government-funded entity. We included providers in the 2016 Physician Compare dataset who reported a primary specialty of orthopaedic surgery. The EHR adoption status for these providers between 2011 and 2016 was determined using the Meaningful Use Eligible Professional public use files, which we chose to standardize both adoption and usage of EHRs. Provider characteristics, from the Physician Compare dataset, were compared between non-adopters, early adopters (who adopted EHR in 2011 and 2012), and late adopters (2016) using a multivariate logistic analysis, due to the binary nature of the dependent variable (adoption). To measure productivity and billing, we used the 2012 and 2016 Medicare Utilization and Payment datasets. To measure productivity before and after EHR adoption, we compared the number of services for select Current Procedural Terminology codes between 2012 and 2016 for providers who first adopted EHR in 2013, and performed the same comparison for non-adopters for the same years. Paired t-tests were used where volume in 2012 and 2016 were being compared, and multivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS: By 2016, 10,904 of 21,484 orthopaedic providers (51%) had adopted EHRs, with an increase from 8% to 46% during the incentive phase (2011 to 2014) and an increase from 44% to 51% during the penalty phase (2015 to 2016). After analyzing factors associated with adoption, it was most notable that for every additional year since graduation, the odds of adopting EHR later increased by 4.14 (95% confidence interval 4.00 to 4.33; p < 0.001). After adoption, providers who adopted EHRs increased the mean number of Medicare outpatient visits per year from 439 to 470 (mean difference, increase of 31 procedures [95% CI 24 to 39]; p < 0.001), and providers who did not use EHRs decreased from 378 to 368 visits per year (median difference, decrease of 10 procedures [95% CI 8.0 to 12.0]; p < 0.001). EHR was not associated with billing for Level 4-5 visits, after adjusting for practice size and pre-adoption volumes (p = 0.32; R = 0.51). EHR adoption was not associated with surgical volume for 10 of 11 common orthopaedic procedures. However, two additional TKA procedures annually could be attributed to EHR adoption, when compared with non-adopters (p = 0.03; R = 0.65). After adoption, orthopaedic surgeons increased their annual TKA volume from 42 to 48 (mean difference, increase of 6 [95% CI 4.0 to 7.0]; p < 0.001), while non-adopting orthopaedic surgeons increased their annual surgical volume for TKA from 28 to 30 (median difference, increase of 2 [95% CI 2.0 to 4.0]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In orthopaedics, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act resulted in approximately half of self-reported orthopaedic surgeons adopting EHR from 2011 to 2016. Considering the high cost of most EHRs and the substantial investment in adoption incentives, this adoption rate may not be sufficient to fully realize the objectives of the HITECH Act. Diffusion of technology is a vast field of study within social theory. Prominent sociologist Everett M. Rogers details its complexity in Diffusion of Innovations. Diffusion of technology is impacted by factors such as the possibility to sample the innovation without commitment, opinion leadership, and observability of results in a peer network, to name a few. Incorporating these principles, where appropriate, into a more focused action plan may facilitate technological diffusion for future innovations. Lastly, EHR adoption was not associated with higher-level billing or surgical volume. This might suggest that EHRs have not had a meaningful clinical benefit, but this needs to be further investigated by relating these trends to patient outcomes or other quality measures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis: Evaluation and Treatment Strategies.

Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT)is a potentially devastating closed-space infection of the flexor tendon sheath of the hand that can result in considerable morbidity. Management of PFT, regardless of the pathogen, includes prompt administration of empirical intravenous antibiotics and often surgical treatment. However, currently, there is no standardized treatment algorithm for PFT in regards to the need for, timing, or type of surgical treatment. Many utilize a combination of surgical decompression and sheath irrigation. However, despite prompt treatment, and regardless of the protocol used, complication rates can be high, leading to impaired function and even amputation of the affected digit. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of local antibiotics and corticosteroids in treating this condition and potentially preventing the morbid outcomes that are currently seen. This paper reviews the background, microbiology, and treatment options and controversies surrounding PFT.

Elevated Radiation Exposure Associated With Above Surface Flat Detector Mini C-Arm Use.

Background: This study aims to test the hypothesis that: (1) radiation exposure is increased with the intended use of Flat Surface Image Intensifier (FSII) units above the operative surface compared with the traditional below-table configuration; (2) this differential increases in a dose-dependent manner; and (3) radiation exposure varies with body part and proximity to the radiation source. Methods: A surgeon mannequin was seated at a radiolucent hand table, positioned for volar distal radius plating. Thermoluminescent dosimeters measured exposure to the eyes, thyroid, chest, hand, and groin, for 1- and 15-minute trials from a mini C-arm FSII unit positioned above and below the operating surface. Background radiation was measured by control dosimeters placed within the operating theater. Results: At 1-minute of exposure, hand and eye dosages were significantly greater with the flat detector positioned above the table. At 15-minutes of exposure, hand radiation dosage exceeded that of all other anatomic sites with the FSII in both positions. Hand exposure was increased in a dose-dependent manner with the flat detector in either position, whereas groin exposure saw a dose-dependent only with the flat detector beneath the operating table. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the surgeon's hands and eyes may incur greater radiation exposure compared with other body parts, during routine mini C-arm FSII utilization in its intended position above the operating table. The clinical impact of these findings remains unclear, and future long-term radiation safety investigation is warranted. Surgeons should take precautions to protect critical body parts, particularly when using FSII technology above the operating with prolonged exposure time.

Helical Blade Versus Screw Fixation in the Treatment of Hip Fractures With Cephalomedullary Devices: Incidence of Failure and Atypical "Medial Cutout".

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rates and mechanisms of failure for cephalomedullary nail fixation using helical blade versus screw fixation and to identify the predictors of failure. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Community teaching hospital. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 126 patients were treated with cephalomedullary fixation for low-energy hip fractures. INTERVENTION: All procedures used the Trochanteric Fixation Nail (Synthes) with either a helical blade [71 (56.3%)] or screw [55 (43.7%)]. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Failures, defined by nonunion, hardware cutout, and need for revision surgery were independently reviewed by a fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeon for an assessment of reduction quality and hardware placement. RESULTS: Seven failures of fixation (5.6%) occurred, all of which used a helical blade. Five failures resulted from medial migration of the helical blade through the femoral head, whereas 2 resulted from typical superolateral cutout and varus collapse. There was no difference in the average tip apex distance between the cases using blade versus screw fixation or between failures and the remainder of the cohort. Basicervical fractures had a significantly higher rate of failure than other fracture patterns. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a higher failure rate with use of the blade and supports the use of screw fixation in these fractures. In addition, we confirm an atypical mode of failure, lateral migration of the femoral head with protrusion of the helical blade, which contributes significantly to the overall failure rate of this implant and occurs despite appropriate fracture reduction and hardware placement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Profiles of Practicing Female Orthopaedists Caring for Medicare Patients in the United States.

BACKGROUND: The increase in the percentage of women in orthopaedics in the United States over the last half century has been substantially slower than in every other surgical specialty. While this percentage has improved recently, the current demographic and practice characteristics of female orthopaedic surgeons are not well known. This study defines the landscape of practicing female orthopaedic surgeons caring for Medicare patients. METHODS: Publicly available Medicare billing data sets from 2012 to 2014 were utilized to identify practicing orthopaedic surgeons. We analyzed demographics, medical training, practice characteristics, case volume, specialization, and procedure profiles of orthopaedic surgeons. Representative Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes were utilized for each subspecialty. Multivariate analysis was performed to confirm the independent characteristics that were associated with female orthopaedic surgeons after identification by univariate statistics. RESULTS: The percentage of practicing female orthopaedic surgeons caring for Medicare patients increased significantly from 4.7% (1,043 of 22,038) in 2012 to 5.2% (1,179 of 22,510) in 2014. Women had graduated from medical school in more recent years than men (mean, 14.9 versus 22.5 years, respectively; p < 0.001), and were more likely to have attended a top-25 medical school (27.5% versus 24.5%, respectively; p = 0.01). Women were more likely to be part of larger practices (median, 49.5 versus 24 partners, respectively; p < 0.001), and were more likely to leave practice (4.4% versus 3.1% in 2013, respectively; p = 0.02). Women submitted fewer claims for billing per year (median, 528 versus 1,193, respectively; p < 0.001), and performed 6.8% (9,852 of 144,492) of hand procedures compared with 1.5% (10,043 of 651,856) of all other common procedures (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that despite confounders, gender was an independent predictor of number of claims, the likelihood of leaving clinical practice, and Medicare reimbursement. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences between female and male orthopaedic surgeons caring for Medicare patients in terms of subspecialty choices, education, billing practices, and attrition rates. Despite the recent increase in the number of female orthopaedic surgeons, there are significant gender differences within the specialty.

An Evaluation of the Reliability of Wrist Arthroscopy in the Assessment of Tears of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex.

PURPOSE: Wrist arthroscopy is generally considered the reference standard in the diagnosis of triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries. There is a paucity of data examining the reliability of wrist arthroscopy as a diagnostic modality for TFCC injuries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the diagnosis of TFCC pathology during wrist arthroscopy. METHODS: Twenty-five intraoperative digital videos were captured by the senior author during diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy of the wrist joint for known or suspected articular pathology. The senior author (P.K.B.) confirmed TFCC resilience on visual inspection and ballottement (trampoline effect) to make the diagnosis. Two videos were excluded for poor quality and inadequate visualization. Three hand surgeons subsequently reviewed the remaining 23 videos in a blinded fashion at 2 time points separated by 4 weeks. The reviewers determined if the trampoline test was positive and if a TFCC tear was present. Tears were classified using a morphologic classification. Statistical measures of reliability including percentage agreement and κ coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: Agreement between observers for the presence or absence of a tear was 66.7%. The average intraobserver agreement regarding the presence or absence of a tear was 67.4% The kappa value for interobserver agreement was 0.33, whereas the intrarater agreement was 0.88. The 3 reviewers identified an average of 11.3 positive trampoline tests. Agreement between observers for a positive trampoline test was 65.2%. The average percentage of intraobserver agreement regarding a positive trampoline test was 49.3%. In cases where all 3 reviewers agreed on the presence of a TFCC tear, the agreement regarding tear location was 76.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Wrist arthroscopy remains instrumental in the treatment of TFCC tears. However, given that inter-rater reliability in the assessment of these tears is probably too low, reconsideration should be given to arthroscopy as the reference standard in the diagnosis of these tears. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic III.

Antibiotic Management and Operative Debridement in Open Fractures of the Hand and Upper Extremity: A Systematic Review.

Open fractures of the hand are thought to be less susceptible to infection than other open fractures because of the increased blood supply to the area. Current evidence for all open fractures shows that antibiotic use and the extent of contamination are predictive of infection risk, but time to debridement is not. We reviewed in a systematic review the available literature on open fractures of the hand and upper extremity to determine infection rates based on the timing of debridement and antibiotic administration. We continue to recommend prompt debridement and treatment of most open fractures of the upper extremity.

Ulnar Nerve Management with Distal Humerus Fracture Fixation: A Meta-Analysis.

Ulnar nerve dysfunction following distal humerus fractures is a well-recognized phenomenon. There is no consensus regarding optimal handling of the ulnar nerve during surgical management of these fractures between in situ management and transposition. Using an electronic database to identify retrospective studies involving surgical fixation of distal humerus fractures yielded 46 studies, 5 trials meeting the authors' inclusion criteria, totaling 362 patients. An overall incidence of 19.3% for ulnar neuropathy was identified. Of those patients undergoing in situ release, the incidence was 15.3%. Of those who underwent transposition, there was a 23.5% incidence of ulnar neuropathy.