Lessons Learned with Enhanced Recovery for Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Surgery: A Long Term Regional Network Experience.

OBJECTIVE: This enhanced recovery programme (ERP) aimed to achieve early recovery for patients undergoing major surgery. Results of a standardised ERP protocol for open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair within a hub and spoke regional network are presented. METHODS: In this monocentric prospective study (January 2004 - December 2021), consecutive AAAs (≥ 55 mm) were included in the ERP (patient discharge on post-operative day [POD] 4). The four phases of the ERP were pre-admission, pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative. Exclusion criteria were BMI > 35 kg/m2, functional capacity < 4 MET, previous aortic or abdominal surgery, and life expectancy < 5 years. Transperitoneal surgery was undertaken with routine AAA resection, graft interposition, and closure. RESULTS: Consecutive patients (n = 778) were enrolled into the study (mean age 72.3 ± 3.2 years; n = 712 men); 160 (20.5%) were treated in spoke hospitals. Median follow up was 78 (IQR 28, 128) months; median length of stay, procedure time, and blood loss were 4 days (IQR 3, 5), 190 min (IQR 170, 225), and 564 mL (IQR 300, 600). Infrarenal clamping and tube graft configuration were used in 96.5% (n = 751) and 72.5% (n = 564) of patients; 30 day mortality and complication rates were 0.4% (n = 3) and 9.2% (n = 72). Discharge after POD 4 occurred in 15.0%, and most significant predictors for discharge after POD 4 were haemotransfusion, re-intervention, and ileus over 3 days. Overall survival was: 98.2% at 1 year, 85.0% at 5 years, and 59.9% at 10 years. Freedom from re-intervention was 97.9% at 1 year, 94.1% at 5 years, and 86.8% at 10 years. Short and long term outcomes were comparable between hub and spoke hospitals. CONCLUSION: The ERP protocol was associated with low short and long term mortality and complication rates. Future studies should apply the ERP protocol to other vascular centres.

The Impact of Revascularization Strategy on Clinical Failure, Hemodynamic Failure and Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia Symptoms in the BEST-CLI Trial.

OBJECTIVES: Sustained clinical and hemodynamic benefit following revascularization for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is needed to resolve symptoms and prevent limb loss. We sought to compare rates of clinical and hemodynamic failure as well as resolution of initial and prevention of recurrent CLTI following endovascular (ENDO) vs bypass (OPEN) revascularization in the BEST-CLI trial. METHODS: As planned secondary analyses of the BEST-CLI trial, we examined the rates of A) clinical failure (a composite of all-cause death, above-ankle amputation, major reintervention, and degradation of WIfI stage); B) hemodynamic failure (a composite of above-ankle amputation, major and minor reintervention to maintain index limb patency, failure to initially increase or a subsequent decrease in ankle brachial index of 0.15 or toe brachial index of 0.10, and radiographic evidence of treatment stenosis or occlusion); C) time to resolution of presenting CLTI symptoms; and D) incidence of recurrent CLTI. Time-to-event analyses were by intention-to-treat assignment in both trial cohorts (cohort 1: suitable single segment great saphenous vein [SSGSV], N=1434; cohort 2: lacking suitable SSGSV, N= 396) and multivariate stratified Cox regression models were created. RESULTS: In cohort 1, there was a significant difference in time to clinical failure (log-rank p<0.001), hemodynamic failure (log-rank p<0.001), and resolution of presenting symptoms (log-rank p=0.009) in favor of OPEN. In cohort 2, there was a significantly lower rate of hemodynamic failure (log-rank p=0.006) favoring OPEN, and no significant difference in time to clinical failure or resolution of presenting symptoms. Multivariate analysis revealed that assignment to OPEN was associated with significantly lower risk of clinical and hemodynamic failure in both cohorts, and a significantly higher likelihood of resolving initial and preventing recurrent CLTI symptoms in cohort 1, including after adjustment for key baseline patient covariates (end stage renal disease (ESRD), prior revascularization, smoking, diabetes, age>80, WIfI stage, tissue loss, infrapopliteal disease). Factors independently associated with clinical failure included age>80 in cohort 1 and ESRD across both cohorts. ESRD was associated with hemodynamic failure in cohort 1. Factors associated with slower resolution of presenting symptoms included diabetes in cohort 1 and WIfI stage in cohort 2. CONCLUSIONS: Durable clinical and hemodynamic benefit following revascularization for CLTI is important to avoid persistent and recurrent CLTI, reinterventions and limb loss. When compared with ENDO, initial treatment with OPEN surgical bypass, particularly with available saphenous vein, is associated with improved clinical and hemodynamic outcomes and enhanced resolution of CLTI symptoms.

Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia Treated With Revascularization.

BACKGROUND: In the BEST-CLI trial (Best Endovascular Versus Best Surgical Therapy for Patients With Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia), a prespecified secondary objective was to assess the effects of revascularization strategy on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: Patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia were randomized to surgical bypass (Bypass) or endovascular intervention (Endo) in 2 parallel trials. Cohort 1 included patients with single-segment great saphenous vein; cohort 2 included those lacking suitable single-segment great saphenous vein. HRQoL was assessed over the trial duration using Vascular Quality-of-Life (VascuQoL), European Quality-of-Life-5D (EQ-5D), the Short Form-12 (SF-12) Physical Component Summary (SF-12 PCS), SF-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS), Utility Index Score (SF-6D R2), and numeric rating scales of pain. HRQoL was summarized by cohort and compared within and between groups using mixed-model linear regression. RESULTS: A total of 1193 and 335 patients in cohorts 1 and 2 with a mean follow-up of 2.9 and 2.0 years, respectively, were analyzed. In cohort 1, HRQoL significantly improved from baseline to follow-up for both groups across all measures. For example, mean (SD) VascuQoL scores were 3.0 (1.3) and 3.0 (1.2) for Bypass and Endo at baseline and 4.7 (1.4) and 4.8 (1.5) over follow-up. There were significant group differences favoring Endo when assessed with VascuQoL (difference, -0.14 [95% CI, -0.25 to -0.02]; P=0.02), SF-12 MCS (difference, -1.03 [95% CI, -1.89 to -0.18]; P=0.02), SF-6D R2 (difference, -0.01 [95% CI, -0.02 to -0.001]; P=0.03), numeric rating scale pain at present (difference, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.03 to 0.49]; P=0.03), usual level during previous week (difference, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.04 to 0.48]; P=0.02), and worst level during previous week (difference, 0.29 [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.56]; P=0.04). There was no difference between treatment arms on the basis of EQ-5D (difference, -0.01 [95% CI, -0.03 to 0.004]; P=0.12) or SF-12 PCS (difference, -0.41 [95% CI, -1.2 to 0.37]; P=0.31). In cohort 2, HRQoL also significantly improved from baseline to the end of follow-up for both groups based on all measures, but there were no differences between Bypass and Endo on any measure. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia deemed eligible for either Bypass or Endo, revascularization resulted in significant and clinically meaningful improvements in HRQoL. In patients with an available single-segment great saphenous vein for bypass, but not among those without one, Endo was statistically superior on some HRQoL measures; however, these differences were below the threshold of clinically meaningful difference.

Cost Analysis of Target Lesion Revascularisation in Patients With Femoropopliteal In Stent Re-Stenosis or Occlusion: The COSTLY-TLR Study.

OBJECTIVE: To report the cost of target lesion revascularisation procedures (TLR) for femoropopliteal peripheral artery disease (PAD) following stenting, from a healthcare payer's perspective. METHODS: European multicentre study involving consecutive patients requiring femoropopliteal TLR (January 2017 - December 2021). The primary outcome was overall cost (euros) associated with a TLR procedure from presentation to discharge. Exact costs per constituent, clinical characteristics, and early outcomes were reported. RESULTS: This study included 482 TLR procedures (retrospectively, 13 hospitals, six countries): 56% were female, mean age was 75 ± 2 years, 61% were Rutherford class 5 or 6, 67% had Tosaka class 3 disease, and 16% had common femoral or iliac involvement. A total of 52% were hybrid procedures and 6% involved open surgery only. Technical success was 70%, 30 day mortality rate was 1%, and the 30 day major amputation rate was 4%. Most costs were for operating time during the TLR (healthcare professionals' salaries, indirect and estate costs), with a mean of: €21 917 ± €2 110 for all procedures; €23 337 ± €8 920 for open procedures; €12 903 ± €3 108 for endovascular procedures; and €22 806 ± €3 977 for hybrid procedures. In a regression analysis, procedure duration was the main parameter associated with higher overall TLR costs (coefficient, 2.77; standard error, 0.88; p < .001). The mean cost per operating minute of TLR (indirect, estate costs, all salaried staff present included) was €177 and the mean cost per night stay in hospital (outside intensive care unit) was €356. The mean cost per overnight intensive care unit stay (minimum of 8 hours per night) was €1 193. CONCLUSION: The main driver of the considerable peri-procedure costs associated with femoropopliteal TLR was procedure time.

Guidelines on the diagnosis, treatment and management of visceral and renal arteries aneurysms: a joint assessment by the Italian Societies of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (SICVE) and Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM).

The objective of these Guidelines is to provide recommendations for the classification, indication, treatment and management of patients suffering from aneurysmal pathology of the visceral and renal arteries. The methodology applied was the GRADE-SIGN version, and followed the instructions of the AGREE quality of reporting checklist. Clinical questions, structured according to the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) model, were formulated, and systematic literature reviews were carried out according to them. Selected articles were evaluated through specific methodological checklists. Considered Judgments were compiled for each clinical question in which the characteristics of the body of available evidence were evaluated in order to establish recommendations. Overall, 79 clinical practice recommendations were proposed. Indications for treatment and therapeutic options were discussed for each arterial district, as well as follow-up and medical management, in both candidate patients for conservative therapy and patients who underwent treatment. The recommendations provided by these guidelines simplify and improve decision-making processes and diagnostic-therapeutic pathways of patients with visceral and renal arteries aneurysms. Their widespread use is recommended.

Twenty-Five Year Multicentre Experience of Explantation of Infected Abdominal Aortic Endografts.

We report a multicenter experience of open conversions (OC) for aortic endograft infections (AEI). We retrospectively analyzed all patients who underwent OC for AEI after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), from 1997 to 2021 in 12 Italian centers. The endpoints were as follows: mortality (30-days, in-hospital), major postoperative complications. Follow-up data included: survival, aortic-related complications, infection persistence or reoccurrence. Fifty-eight patients (mean age: 73.8 ± 6.6 years) were included. Median time from EVAR to OC was 14 months (interquartile range 7-45). Thirty-five patients (60.3%) were symptomatic at presentation. Aortic reconstruction was anatomic in 32 patients (55.2%), extra-anatomic in 26 (44.8%). Thirty-day mortality was 31% (18/58). Six additional patients died after 30 days during the same hospitalization (in-hospital mortality: 41.4%). Most common post-operative complications included respiratory failure (38.6%) and renal insufficiency (35.1%). During 28.1 ± 4 months follow-up, 4 aneurysm-related deaths were recorded. Infection re-occurred in 29.4% of the patients. Estimated survival was 50% at 1 year, and 30% at 5 years, and was significantly lower for patients who underwent extra-anatomic reconstructions (37 vs 61% at 1 year, 16 vs 45% at 5 years; log-rank P = .021). OC for AEI is associated with high early mortality. The poor mid-term survival is influenced by aortic complications and infection re-occurrence.

A Pilot Study of Endovascular Repair for Ruptured Aortic Aneurysms With the Use of Carbon Dioxide Angiography Alone.

INTRODUCTION: Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) has become a common approach. Hemorrhagic shock associated with the use of iodinated contrast medium (ICM) increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). Theoretically, eliminating ICM from EVAR can decrease that risk. The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the feasibility and safety of emergent EVAR performed with the exclusive use of carbon dioxide (CO2) for a rAAA. METHODS: Since 2021, all consecutive rAAAs with hemorrhagic shock and suitable anatomical criteria for a standard endograft have been treated by EVAR with the exclusive use of CO2 using an automated CO2 injector (Angiodroid SpA, San Lazzaro di Savena, Italy). RESULTS: Eight percutaneous EVARs were performed under local anesthesia. Median age was 78 (interquartile range [IQR]=6) years, 5 patients were male. The technical success was 100%, the 30-day mortality was 25% (n=2), the median amount of administered CO2 was 400 (IQR=60) ml. The median change in serum creatinine level between admission, post-operative and 30-day values was an increase of 0.14 mg/dL and a decrease of 0.11 mg/dL, respectively. Post-operative AKI occurred in the two patients who died. All 6 surviving patients showed sac shrinkage >5 mm, and no reinterventions at a median follow-up of 10 months. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular repair of rAAA with the exclusive use of CO2 as contrast agent is technically feasible and safe. Further studies are needed to determine whether CO2 increases survival rate and limits the progression of renal dysfunction after endovascular repair of rAAA. CLINICAL IMPACT: The recorded rate of post-operative AKI after endovascular repair of rAAA performed with the use of CO2 found in this pilot study was significantly lower than the one reported in the literature with the use of ICM. Our hyphotesis is that the use of CO2 during rEVAR might increase survival rate and limits the progression of renal dysfunction.

Results of iliac branch devices for hypogastric salvage after previous aortic repair.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this multicentric study was to assess the "REsults of iliac branch deviceS for hypogastriC salvage after previoUs aortic rEpair (RESCUE)." METHODS: All consecutive patients who underwent implantation of iliac branch devices (IBDs) after previous open aortic repair (OAR) or endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) at seven centers were captured. The study cohort was divided into two groups according to the type of repair originally performed. Early outcomes included immediate technical success and perioperative adverse events. Late outcomes included survival, side branch (SB) primary patency, SB instability, and new onset buttock claudication. RESULTS: A total of 94 patients (82 male) were included in the study, 10 of them received bilateral implantation of IBDs. This resulted in a total of 104 devices included in the final analysis. Indication for treatment were endoleak 1b or progressive iliac aneurysmal degeneration or distal para-anastomotic aortic aneurysms; 73 were implanted after previous EVAR and 31 after previous OAR. Technical success was 100% in both groups. The 3-year rate of freedom from SB instability was 90.1% after previous EVAR and 85.4% after previous OAR, respectively (P = .05). The 3-year estimates of SB primary patency were significantly lower in patients who had received OAR as compared with those that had received EVAR (89.8% vs 94.9%; P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment with IBDs following previous OAR or EVAR is safe and effective up to 3 years. Freedom from SB instability during follow-up was lower in patients who had previously undergone OAR than EVAR.

Reintervention rate after infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair is lower for open than endovascular repair with aneurysm sac shrinkage: a fifteen-year study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to report long-term results of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in a single tertiary Hospital. METHODS: One thousand seven hundred seventy-seven consecutive AAA repairs (2003-2018) were included. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, AAA-related mortality, reinterventions rate. Open repair (OSR) was offered in case the patient had a functional capacity ≥4 metabolic equivalents (MET), and a predicted >10 year life expectancy. Endovascular repair (EVAR) was offered in case of hostile abdomen, presence of anatomic feasibility for standard endovascular graft, and <4 MET. Sac shrinkage was defined as a reduction of both anterior-posterior and latero-lateral diameter of the sac of at least 5 mm at the last follow-up vs. the first post- operative follow-up imaging. RESULTS: Eight hundred twenty-eight (47%) OSRs and 949 (53%) EVARs were performed 90.6% (N.=1610) were male, mean age was 73.8 years. Mean follow-up was 79 (SD: 51) months. 30-day mortality was 0.7% (N.=6) and 0.6% (N.=6) for OSR and EVAR respectively (P=1). Long-term survival was better for OSR as expected by the selection criteria used (P<0.001), while AAA-related death was similar in the OSR vs. EVAR group (P=0.37); 664 (70%) sac shrinkages occurred at the last follow-up in the EVAR group. Freedom from reintervention was 97% and 96% at 1 year, 96.5% and 88.4% at 5 years, 95.8% vs. 81.7% at 10 years, and 94.6% vs.72.3% at 15 years for OSR and EVAR, respectively (P<0.001). The reintervention rate was significantly lower in the sac shrinkage vs. no-sac shrinkage subgroup and but higher than the OSR (P≤0.001). Any statistical difference was found for the survival outcome in case of sac shrinkage (P=0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Open repair of an infrarenal AAA had a lower reintervention rate than EVAR even in case of a shrinked sac at a long-term follow-up. Further studies with greater sample size are needed.

A comparative analysis of anatomical variations of popliteal artery and its branches in concomitant aneurysmal disease.

OBJECTIVES: Open or endovascular treatment of popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs) is still debated. Data about the popliteal artery anatomy and its branches are essential to plan a surgical approach. The aim of this study was to report the anatomical variations of the popliteal artery and its branches in a population with aneurysmal disease and compare them with a standard population with non-aneurysmal disease. METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent surgical PAA repair in our center between January 2011 and December 2020 was performed. One-hundred-forty-six limbs in 128 patients underwent PAA treatment (Group 1). Computed tomography angiography images using a 128-section configuration were reviewed for anatomical variations of the popliteal artery and its branches. A control population of 178 limbs in 89 patients with non-aneurysmal disease was used to compare the outcomes (Group 2). All limbs were classified according to Kim's classification. The two groups were analyzed and compared by means of nonparametric Pearson chi-square test. RESULTS: Both groups were homogeneous in terms of demographics, risk factors, and clinical presentation. In Group 1, the limbs with PAA were classified as type IA, 133 (91.1%); type IB, 2 (1.4%); type IC, 0; type IIA1, 1 (0.7%); type IIA2, 1 (0.7%); type IIB, 4 (2.7%); type IIC, 0; type IIIA, 3 (2.1%); type IIIB, 0; and type IIIC, 2 (1.4%). In Group 2 the limbs with non-aneurysmal disease were classified as type IA, 163 (91.6%); type IB, 5 (2.8%); type IC, 1 (0.6%); type IIA1, 1 (0.6%); type IIA2, 3 (1.7%); type IIB, 2 (1.1%); type IIC, 0; type IIIA, 3 (1.7%); type IIIB, 0; and type IIIC, 0. No difference in terms of anatomy of the popliteal artery and its branches was found between the two groups (P = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of anatomical variations of the popliteal artery and its branches is mandatory in case of the surgical approach. Anatomy in PAA patients is not different. Studies with larger population size are needed to validate these outcomes.

Association of 2D Perfusion Angiography and Wound Healing Rate in Combined Femoro-popliteal and Below-the-Knee Lesions in Ischemic Patients Undergoing Isolated Femoro-popliteal Endovascular Revascularization.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the association between 2-dimensional (2D) perfusion angiography and wound healing rate in patients with combined femoro-popliteal and below-the-knee lesions in critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) and foot wounds undergoing isolated femoro-popliteal endovascular revascularization. Between January and June 2019, 24 patients with multilevel CLTI and foot wounds underwent isolated femoro-popliteal endovascular revascularization. In all of them, an assessment of foot perfusion by 2D perfusion angiography was performed. To evaluate the foot perfusion, a region of interest was identified, and time-density curves were calculated. Changes of the overall time-density curves were evaluated together with transcutaneous oximetry (TcPO2) using bivariate correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient) and associated with 6-month wound healing. The mean increase of time-density curves was 212.2% (range from +9.8% to +1984.9%) and the mean increase of TcPO2 was 116.4% (range from -4.7% to 485.7%). No significant association between time-density curves and TcPO2 values (Pearson correlation coefficient: -0.24) was observed (P = .3). At 6 months, wound healing occurred in 15 of 24 (62.5%) patients. In conclusion, this preliminary experience confirmed that 2D perfusion angiography associates with wound healing rate in CLTI patients with ischemic foot wounds and combined femoro-popliteal and below-the-knee lesions who are undergoing isolated femoro-popliteal endovascular revascularization. No association between time-density curves and TcPO2 values was observed.

The new educational project Televascular Games during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic.

Objective: To report methodology and first-year results of a new educational project called Televascular Games," which took place during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Methods: Complex aneurysmal aortic disease was discussed during a 2-hour competition webinar, according to three modalities. (1) Planning case competition (PCC): Two to four preoperative computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans of an already performed selected case were submitted for the competition. CTA scans were uploaded anonymously, without any reference to the center or the surgeon who performed the case. The competitor had to prepare a presentation of how he or she would have diagnosed, sized, planned, treated, and followed up the case, of the medical therapy and of the bail-out maneuvers. (2) Challenging case competition (CCC): The competitor elaborates a presentation of an already treated case concerning an aortic topic and discusses sizing, planning, treatment, possible bail-out maneuvers and obtained results. For the CCC and PCC, the competitors with the best score were preselected to present and discuss their plan during the webinars. (3) Quiz competition: Two to six CTA scans of already performed selected aortic cases were submitted for the competition. A quiz with multiple choice questions was answered by the competitors. The top four competitors were selected for the webinars and then they discussed the cases during the webinar. Finally, at the end of the case discussion, the effective case resolution and follow-up were shown. A final winner was voted via televoting, based on six preestablished criteria. The project was endorsed by different national and international societies. Results: Between October 2020 and December 2021, there were 12 Italian and 1 international webinars with 1695 participants overall (mean, 130; range, 86-177). Competitors were 54 years of age (mean, 27 years; range, 22-38 years). Two editions were CCCs, two quiz competitions, and nine PCCs. The reliability of the interobserver sizing of competitors was κ = 0.43 and κ = 0.62 for the proximal and distal sealing measurements respectively and very good (κ = 0.88-0.95) in the evaluation of orientation of the vessels, presence of angulations, calcifications, and thrombus. The sizing discrepancy resulted in a significant variability of the planning (κ = 0.45). The project ranked 9.6 on a 10-point rating scale by all the participants and competitors. Conclusions: The formula of gaming and collegial discussion of aortic cases herein reported has proved valid and attractive during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic period. The variability of the results on sizing and planning suggested to confer with a second opinion, especially for less experienced surgeons.

Editor's Choice - Peri-Operative Outcomes of Carotid Endarterectomy are Not Improved on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy vs. Aspirin Monotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the peri-operative outcomes of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) vs. aspirin monotherapy was carried out, to determine optimal peri-operative management with these antiplatelet agents. DATA SOURCES: The Web of Science, Pubmed, and Embase databases were searched from inception to July 2021. The corresponding authors of excluded articles were contacted to obtain additional data for possible inclusion. REVIEW METHODS: The main outcomes included ischaemic complications (stroke, transient ischaemic attack [TIA], and transcranial Doppler [TCD] measured micro-emboli), haemorrhagic complications (haemorrhagic stroke, neck haematoma, and re-operation for bleeding), and composite outcomes. Pooled estimates using odds ratios (ORs) were combined using a random or fixed effects model based on the results of the chi square test and calculation of I2. RESULTS: In total, 47 411 patients were included in 11 studies, with 14 345 (30.2%) receiving DAPT and 33 066 (69.7%) receiving aspirin only. There was no significant difference in the rates of peri-operative stroke (OR 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72 - 1.05) and TIA (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.52 - 1.17) despite a significant reduction in TCD measured micro-emboli (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.10 - 0.35) in the DAPT compared with the aspirin monotherapy group. Subgroup analysis did not reveal any significant difference in ischaemic stroke risk between patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. DAPT was associated with an increased risk of neck haematoma (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.87 - 4.18) and re-operation for bleeding (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.77 - 2.23) vs. aspirin. Haemorrhagic stroke was an under reported outcome in the literature. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis found that CEA while on DAPT increased the risk of haemorrhagic complications, with similar rates of ischaemic complications, vs. aspirin monotherapy. This suggests that the risks of performing CEA on DAPT outweigh the benefits, even in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. The overall quality of studies was low, and improved reporting of CEA outcomes in the literature is necessary.

Open vascular surgery training in the endovascular era: 5-year experience with cadaver laboratory.

BACKGROUND: Vascular cadaver laboratory (CAD LAB) courses included vascular exposure techniques and simulations of open procedures. Aim of the study was to demonstrate the benefit of cadaver laboratory (CAD LAB) courses to improve trainees' experience in open surgical vascular procedures. METHODS: Between 2014 and 2020, 162 vascular surgeons or medical trainees (mean age 28 years) participated in vascular CAD LAB courses in Italy and France. Outcomes were measured using the Linkert survey, performed pre- and postcourse to evaluate self-efficacy/confidence, surgical experience, and resident perception of the course with a range score from 0 to 5 for each point. Anatomical knowledge improvement was measured using a questionnaire with multiple answers pre- and postcourse. The course was considered to have yielded a positive result if the postcourse Linkert Survey Score increased by ≥2 points, or in the case of an increase of at least 30% above the baseline value of the multiple questionnaires. RESULTS: Postcourse questionnaires were positive for all outcomes evaluated. Participants' perception of the usefulness of the CAD LAB evaluation was 4.8 out of 5. For the vascular CAD LAB, participant anatomical knowledge improved overall from an average of 55% to 93% (P<0.001), and self-efficacy/confidence improved from 2.3 to 4.5 out of 5 (P<0.001). Regarding the different operative procedures, the greatest self-efficacy/confidence improvement was recorded in carotid endarterectomy and aortic procedures (+50% and +66% respectively; P<0.001). The city location (Italy vs. France) did not affect the results. CONCLUSIONS: CAD LAB courses were shown to be effective in increasing participants' self-efficacy, confidence, and anatomical knowledge in open vascular surgical procedures.

Timing to Carotid Endarterectomy Affects Early and Long Term Outcomes of Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate early and long-term outcomes according to the timing to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) of symptomatic carotid stenosis. METHODS: Consecutive CEAs with selective shunting for symptomatic carotid stenosis ≥50% performed between 2009 and 2020. Patients had acute neurological impairment on presentation, defined as <5 points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). We grouped patients according to time between index event and CEA: the first group was operated between 0 and 2 days, the second group between 3 and 7 days, the third group between 8 and 14 days and the last group after 15 days. Thirty-day neurological status improvement was defined as a decrease (≥1) in the 30-day NIHSS score versus NIHSS score immediately before surgery. RESULTS: Five hundred CEAs were performed. The perioperative combined stroke and mortality rate was 3.6% (18/500), representing a perioperative mortality rate of 0.2 (n = 1) and stroke rate of 3.4% (n = 17). Overall freedom from stroke was 95% at 1 year, 89 % at 6 years, and 88% at 10 years. Annual stroke rate was 0.6% after the 30-day period. Thirty-day improvement in neurologic status occurred in 103 patients (20.6%), while in 380 (76%) neurologic status was unchanged, and 17 (3.4%) experienced worsening of their neurologic status. Patients treated within 7 days from the index event had significant benefit (OR = 2.6) in the 30-day neurological improvement versus those treated after 7 days from the index event. Timing to CEA <2 days increased significantly the risk of late stroke (OR = 9.7). CONCLUSIONS: The ideal timing for performing CEA is between 3 and 7 days from the index event if NIHSS <5 as it is associated with the best rates of improvement in neurological status and durability in the long term. Very early CEA (<48 hrs) was associated with increased late stroke occurrence.

Benefits and Role of Carbon Dioxide Angiography in Case of Misalignment Between Fenestration and Target Vessel During Fenestrated Endovascular Aneurysm Repair.

PURPOSE: To report the benefits and the role of carbon dioxide (CO2) angiography in case of misalignment between fenestration and target vessel during fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (F-EVAR). TECHNIQUE: During F-EVAR, misalignment between fenestration and target vessel is a potentially catastrophic complication. In 2 patients, we experienced that one of the target vessels were not visible during standard angiography in different projections after positioning a fenestrated graft and even after cannulation of the corresponding fenestration. In both cases, the graft was sealed to the aortic wall but not in the predictable position. Consequently, acute occlusion of the target vessel was hypothesized. However, CO2 angiography was useful to evaluate patency of the target vessel clarifying the relative position of the fenestration versus the target vessel. Rescue maneuvers were feasible under the guidance of CO2 angiography in order to obtain the cannulation of both renal arteries. In both cases, the procedure was successfully accomplished. CONCLUSION: In case of misalignment of a fenestration during F-EVAR and non-visualization of the target vessel with standard angiography, CO2 angiography could have the unique and complementary role of clarifying the patency and position of the target vessel. In addition, CO2 could guide the rescue maneuvers.

Influence of pedal arch quality on 5-year survival and limb salvage in patients with diabetic foot ulcers undergoing peripheral angiography.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pedal arch quality on 5-year survival and limb salvage in diabetic patients with foot wounds undergoing peripheral angiography. METHODS: Between January 2014 and December 2014, 153 diabetic patients with foot wounds underwent peripheral angiography. Final foot angiograms were used to allocate patients according to pedal arch: complete pedal arch (CPA), incomplete pedal arch (IPA), and absent pedal arch (APA). Five-year survival and limb salvage rates were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier curves and compared by means of Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test. Associations of patient and procedure variables with overall survival and limb salvage outcomes were sought with univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: A below-the-knee (BTK) artery was the target vessel in 80 cases (52.3%). Five-year Kaplan-Meier rates of survival were similar in all groups (p = 0.1): CPA 30%, IPA 27.5%, and APA 26.4%. Five-year limb salvage rates were significantly better in patients with CPA/IPA (p < 0.001): CPA 95.1%, IPA 94.3%, and APA 67.3%. In the whole population study, multivariate analysis showed significant association of smoking (p = 0.01), chronic renal failure (p = 0.02), and severity of foot wounds (p < 0.001) with survival. Coronary artery disease (p = 0.03), severity of foot wounds (p = 0.001), and pedal arch status (p = 0.05) showed strong association with limb salvage. CONCLUSIONS: Pedal arch quality significantly affected limb salvage but not survival at 5 years in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Smoking, chronic renal failure, and severity of foot wounds affected overall survival, whilst coronary artery disease, and severity of foot wounds limb salvage.

Reallocation of Carotid Surgery Activity with the Support of Telemedicine in a COVID-Free Clinic during COVID-19 Pandemic.

The aim of this study is to report the reallocation of carotid surgery activity with the support of telemedicine in a COVID-free clinic during COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis or asymptomatic vulnerable plaques were reallocated to a COVID-free private clinic which began to cooperate with the National Health System during the emergency. Quick training of staff nurses was performed. Surgeons moved to the COVID-19 free clinic. Remote cerebral monitoring was performed with the support of telemedicine. Twenty-four patients underwent standard carotid endarterectomy with eversion technique. Five patients (20.8%) had recently symptomatic stenosis, and the remaining 19 patients (79.2%) had a risky asymptomatic carotid stenosis. No technical issue with remote cerebral monitoring was detected. In the early postoperative period, no neurological/systemic complication was observed. Three patients under dual antiplatelet therapy (12.5%) had neck hematoma. All patients were discharged the day after surgery. In our preliminary experience, reallocation in a COVID-free clinic allowed us to maintain a functioning carotid surgery activity during COVID-19 pandemic. A multidisciplinary approach and support of telemedicine were crucial. Training of unskilled nurse staff was necessary.

Outcomes of popliteal artery aneurysms treated by ligation and in-situ saphenous vein bypass.

BACKGROUND: Modality of elective repair (open or endovascular) of popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs) is still debated. About open repair no strict evidence exists about the best surgical technique. The aim of this study was to report a 20-year experience with ligation and in-situ saphenous vein bypass for the elective treatment of PAAs. METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent elective open surgical PAA repair in our center between January 2001 and April 2020 was performed. Ninety-two limbs in 84 patients underwent a PAA ligation and in-situ saphenous bypass. Early (30 day) outcomes were assessed. Estimated 5-year outcomes according to Kaplan-Meier curves in terms of primary patency, primary assisted patency, secondary patency, and limb salvage were evaluated. Associations of patient and procedure variables with patency and limb salvage outcomes were sought with multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Patients were predominantly male (80/84, 95.2%) with a mean age of 73.1 years (range 50-89). In all cases technical success was obtained. The mean hospital stay was 5.8 days (range 2-27). Thirty-day overall mortality (N.=1) and major amputation (N.=1) rates were both 1.2%. Mean duration of follow-up was 31.3 months (range: 1-168). At 5 years estimated rates of primary patency, primary assisted patency, secondary patency, and limb salvage were 76.3%, 81.5%, 89.9%, and 96.6%, respectively. On multivariate analysis the associations were: primary patency with PAA diameter >30 mm (P=0.007), and poor run-off status (P<0.001); primary assisted patency with poor run-off status (P<0.001); secondary patency with poor run-off status (P=0.04). Major amputation had no independent predictors of poor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Elective surgical treatment of PAAs with ligation and in-situ saphenous vein bypass is safe, effective and durable with good 5-year outcomes in terms of overall patency and limb salvage. Poor run-off status seemed to be an independent predictor of worse patency rates. This surgical technique should be cautiously applied in patients with PAAs with a diameter >30 mm.