Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for colorectal and appendiceal peritoneal metastases - The Hong Kong experience and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is increasingly used to treat peritoneal metastases from appendiceal or colorectal origin. We evaluate our institution's experience and survival outcomes with this procedure, and its efficacy in symptom relief. METHODS: This is a single-centre retrospective observational study on patients with peritoneal metastases (PM) from appendiceal neoplasm or colorectal cancer who underwent CRS/HIPEC in Queen Mary Hospital. Our primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and morbidity and mortality of this procedure; secondary endpoints included disease-free survival (DFS) and symptom-free survival. RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2018, thirty CRS/HIPEC procedures were performed for 28 patients - 17 (60.7%) had appendiceal PM while 11 (39.9%) had colorectal PM. The median peritoneal cancer index was 20; complete cytoreduction was achieved in 83.3% patients. High-grade morbidity occurred in 13.3% cases. There was no 30-day mortality. Two-year OS were 71.6% and 50% for low-grade appendiceal PM and colorectal PM patients (p = 0.20). Complete cytoreduction improved OS (2-year OS 75.4% vs 20%, p = 0.04). Median DFS was 11.8 months. Median symptom-free duration was 36.8 months; patients with complete cytoreduction were more likely to remain asymptomatic (82.9% at 1 year, vs 60% in incomplete cytoreduction group, p < 0.01). 91.7% low-grade appendiceal PM patients and 58.4% colorectal PM patients remained asymptomatic at post-operative one year (p = 0.31). CONCLUSION: CRS/HIPEC is beneficial to appendiceal PM and selected colorectal PM patients - improving survival and offering prolonged symptom relief, with reasonable morbidity and mortality. Complete cytoreduction is key to realising this benefit.

Evaluation of Pancreatic Lesions With Endoscopic Ultrasound and Fine Needle Aspiration.

Background. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) are commonly used for assessing pancreatic lesions. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic yield and accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in a single tertiary institution. Methods. Consecutive patients who underwent EUS-FNA of the pancreas at Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, from January 2015 to March 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Endoscopic findings and FNA results were analysed. For patients who subsequently underwent surgical resection of pancreatic lesion, EUS-FNA diagnoses were compared to histopathological findings of surgical specimens to determine its diagnostic accuracy. Results. One hundred twelve EUS-FNA were performed in 99 patients within the study time period and were included for analysis. Sixty-six (66.7%) pancreatic lesions were solid in nature and 33 (33.3%) were cystic. The overall diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA was 70.5% (n = 79). On multivariate analysis, more passes of needle were associated with a higher diagnostic yield (odds ratio = 2.000, P = .049). 57.1% (n = 64) of EUS-FNA results had an impact on management. Sixteen patients with diagnostic EUS-FNA subsequently underwent surgery for resection of the pancreatic lesion. Upon correlation to the histopathological findings of surgical specimens, there were 12 true-positive, 2 true-negative, 0 false-positive, and 2 false-negative cases. Sensitivity was 85.7%, specificity was 100%, positive predictive value was 100%, and negative predictive value was 50%. The diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNA was 87.5%. Conclusion. EUS-FNA is accurate and reliable for diagnosing pancreatic lesions.

Colorectal liver metastases: An update on multidisciplinary approach.

Liver metastasis is the commonest form of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer. Selection criteria for surgery and liver-directed therapies have recently been extended. However, resectability remains poorly defined. Tumour biology is increasingly recognized as an important prognostic factor; hence molecular profiling has a growing role in risk stratification and management planning. Surgical resection is the only treatment modality for curative intent. The most appropriate surgical approach is yet to be established. The primary cancer and the hepatic metastasis can be removed simultaneously or in a two-step approach; these two strategies have comparable long-term outcomes. For patients with a limited future liver remnant, portal vein embolization, combined ablation and resection, and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy have been advocated, and each has their pros and cons. The role of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy is still debated. Targeted biological agents and loco-regional therapies (thermal ablation, intra-arterial chemo- or radio-embolization, and stereotactic radiotherapy) further improve the already favourable results. The recent debate about offering liver transplantation to highly selected patients needs validation from large clinical trials. Evidence-based protocols are missing, and therefore optimal management of hepatic metastasis should be personalized and determined by a multi-disciplinary team.

The Association of Discolored Parathyroid Glands and Hypoparathyroidism Following Total Thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: It remains uncertain whether a parathyroid gland (PG) that appears darkened or severely bruised but still has an attached vascular pedicle should be left in situ or taken out and auto-transplanted following total thyroidectomy. Our study aimed to examine the impact of discolored PGs (DPGs) on short- and long-term hypoparathyroidism. METHODS: One hundred and three patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with 4 clearly identified PGs were analyzed. Location (superior/inferior) and color of each PG were recorded. Patients without DPG were grouped into I while those with 1-2 DPGs and ≥3 DPGs were grouped into II and III, respectively. Transient hypoparathyroidism meant adjusted Ca <2.00 mol/L 24 h after surgery and/or need for supplements. Protracted hypoparathyroidism meant a subnormal PTH at 4-6 weeks and/or supplements >6 weeks. Permanent hypoparathyroidism meant supplements ≥1 year. RESULTS: Relative to I, group III had greater adjusted Ca drop at postoperative 1-h (p = 0.012), 24-h (p < 0.001) and lower day-1 PTH (p = 0.015). Having ≥3 DPGs (OR 14.00, 95 % CI 1.575-124.474, p = 0.018) was an independent factor of transient hypoparathyroidism. However, permanent hypoparathyroidism rate was higher than in group I than II (p = 0.019). Eight patients (25.8 %) in group I had undetectable day-1 PTH, while none in group III had undetectable day-1 PTH. Graves' disease/toxic goiter (OR 15.166, 95 % CI 2.594-88.661, p = 0.003) and excised gland weight (OR 1.028, 95 % CI 1.010-1.046, p = 0.003) were independent factors of ≥3 DPGs. CONCLUSIONS: PG discoloration is associated with transient hypoparathyroidism while normal colored PG with seemingly adequate blood supply does not always imply functionally normal gland. These findings highlights the need for a real-time intraoperative method to assess PG viability.

Visualizing fewer parathyroid glands may be associated with lower hypoparathyroidism following total thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: It remains uncertain whether the number of parathyroid glands (PGs) seen during extra-capsular dissection impacts short- and long-term hypoparathyroidism. Our study aimed to address this by analyzing patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for benign disease. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing total thyroidectomy were analyzed. The extra-capsular dissection technique was performed throughout the study period. The number of PGs identified, auto-transplanted and found on excised specimen was recorded prospectively. The number of PGs in situ was equaled to four minus the number of PGs auto-transplanted and PGs found on specimen. Temporary hypoparathyroidism was defined as serum adjusted calcium <2.00 mol/L 24 h after surgery and/or need for oral supplements while protracted hypoparathyroidism meant subnormal PTH (<1.2 pmol/L) at 4-6 weeks and/or need for >6-week oral supplements. Permanent hypoparathyroidism was defined as need for oral supplements for ≥1 year. RESULTS: Five-hundred and sixty-nine patients were eligible for analysis. After adjusting for other significant parameters, greater number of PGs identified was an independent risk factor for temporary (p < 0.001) and protracted hypoparathyroidism (p = 0.007). Mean recovery time from protracted hypoparathyroidism for identifying ≤three PGs was significantly shorter than identifying all four PGs (2.8 vs. 7.8 months, p < 0.001). Chance of having all four PGs in situ decreased with greater number of PGs identified (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: When the extra-capsular technique was adopted during total thyroidectomy, identifying fewer PGs in their orthotopic positions not only lowered risk of temporary and protracted hypoparathyroidism but also shortened recovery from protracted hypoparathyroidism.

Evaluating the Incidence, Cause, and Risk Factors for Unplanned 30-Day Readmission and Emergency Department/General Practitioner Visit After Short-Stay Thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: Unplanned 30-day readmission and emergency department (ED)/general practitioner (GP) visit after thyroidectomy are important healthcare quality measures and may reduce any cost savings from performing it as a short-stay (<24-h admission) procedure. Our study aimed to examine the incidence, cause, and risk factors for unplanned 30-day readmissions and ED/GP visits together following short-stay thyroidectomy. METHODS: One-thousand and four patients who underwent short-stay thyroidectomy were reviewed. A territory-wide electronic medical record system was used to capture all unplanned readmissions and ED/GP visits within 30 days of thyroidectomy. Actual date and reason for readmission or ED/GP visit were recorded. Other preoperative and perioperative variables were collected prospectively. RESULTS: Of the 80 (8.0 %) unplanned readmissions and ED/GP visits, 38 (47.5 %) were readmissions and 42 (52.5 %) were ED/GP visits only. The three most common causes of unplanned readmission and ED/GP visit were symptomatic hypocalcemia (n = 20, 25.0 %), upper respiratory symptoms (n = 15, 18.8 %), and wound complaints (n = 8, 10.0 %). However, in the multivariate analysis, only American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class III (ß coefficient = 0.981, odds ratio 2.586 (95 % CI 1.353-4.943), p = 0.004) and renal insufficiency (RI) (ß coefficient = 1.062, odds ratio 2.892 (95 % CI 1.109-7.544), p = 0.030) were independent risk factors for unplanned 30-day readmission and ED/GP visit. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of unplanned 30-day ED/GP visit after thyroidectomy was 8.0 % with approximately half requiring readmission. The most common cause for unplanned ED/GP visit was symptomatic hypocalcemia (25.0 %), and it was attributed to patient non-compliance to prescribed supplements. ASA class III and RI were significant independent risk factors for unplanned 30-day readmission and ED/GP visit.

Mid- and long-term outcome of patients with permanent inferior vena cava filters: a single center review.

BACKGROUND: Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are used to prevent pulmonary embolism (PE), especially in patients with active contraindication to systemic anticoagulation. The aim of this study is to examine the outcomes of patients who received permanent IVC filters at our institution. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective observational study with review of a prospectively collected database for patients who had permanent IVC filters. Patient demographics, indications of filter placement, postprocedure clinical outcome and complications, as well as use of anticoagulant therapy were documented. Chi-squared test was used to test for statistically significant differences (IBM SPSS version 21; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), while survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves analysis. RESULTS: Between February 1998 and December 2013, a total of 109 patients with a median age of 65 (47 men, range 19-97) years had IVC filters inserted at our institution. All of them had documented venous thromboembolism (VTE) before filter placement: 99 (90.8%) had lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (including 34 iliac, 65 infrainguinal), 9 (8.3%) had massive PE without evidence of lower limb DVT, and 1 (0.9%) had isolated IVC thrombosis. Forty-seven (43.1%) patients had PE before filter insertion. There were 2 serious procedure-related complications: one access site thrombosis and one right ventricular perforation. With a mean follow-up of 36 ± 33 months, no patient had further symptomatic PE or paradoxical embolism. There were a total of 54 (49.5%) deaths, with a 30-day mortality of 8.3%; none of them was device or procedure related. Among the 92 patients followed up, 27 (29.3%) had further VTE-either DVT in the index or the contralateral lower limb (20 patients, 21.7%), or thrombus inside the filter or the IVC (14 patients, 15.2%). Forty-one (44.6%) patients reported post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) symptoms. Anticoagulant therapy was given to 39 (42.4%) and 55 (59.8%) patients in the periprocedural period and at any time during the study period, respectively. It did not reduce the rate of postfilter VTE or PTS in both instances. None of the filters in this series was retrieved. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study showed that IVC filters were effective in the prevention of PE, although symptomatic postfilter VTE and PTS were common, leading to significant morbidity. Patients who received permanent filters have high mortality on follow-up; however, none were procedure or device related.

Assessing the Validity of Transcutaneous Laryngeal Ultrasonography (TLUSG) After Thyroidectomy: What Factors Matter?

INTRODUCTION: Although transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasound (TLUSG) is an excellent, noninvasive way to assess vocal cord (VC) function after thyroidectomy, some patients simply have "un-assessable" or "inaccurate" examination. Our study evaluated what patient and surgical factors affected assessability and/or accuracy of postoperative TLUSG. METHODS: Five hundred eighty-one consecutive patients were analyzed. All TLUSGs were done by one operator using standardized technique, whereas direct laryngoscopies (DL) were done by an independent endoscopist to confirm TLUSG findings. Their findings were correlated. TLUSG was "unassessable" if ≥1 VC could not be clearly visualized, whereas it was "inaccurate" if the TLUSG and DL findings were discordant. Demographics, body habitus, neck anthropometry, and position of incision were correlated with assessability and accuracy of TLUSG. RESULTS: Twenty-nine (5.0 %) patients had "unassessable" VCs; among the "assessable" patients, 29 (5.3 %) patients had "inaccurate" TLUSG. More than one-third (38.5 %) of VC palsies (VCPs) were "inaccurate." Older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.055, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.016-1.095, p = 0.005), male sex (OR = 13.657, 95 % CI 2.771-67.315, p = 0.001), taller height (OR = 1.098, 95 % CI 1.008-1.195, p = 0.032), and shorter distance from cricoid cartilage to incision (OR = 0.655, 95 % CI 0.461-0.932, p = 0.019) were independent factors for "unassessable" VCs, whereas older age (OR = 1.028, 95 % CI 1.001-1.056, p = 0.040) was the only factor of incorrect assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Older age, male sex, tall in height, and incision closer to the thyroid cartilage were independent contributing factors for unassessable VCs, whereas older age was the only contributing factor for inaccurate postoperative TLUSG. Because more than one-third of VCPs were actually normal, patients labeled as such on TLUSG would benefit from laryngoscopic validation.

The importance of sonographic landmarks by transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography in post-thyroidectomy vocal cord assessment.

INTRODUCTION: During examination of the vocal cords (VC) using transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography (TLUSG), 3 sonographic landmarks (namely, false VC [FC], true VC [TC], and arytenoids [AR]) are often seen. However, it remains unclear which landmark provides a more reliable assessment and whether seeing more landmarks improves the diagnostic accuracy and reliability. METHODS: We evaluated prospectively 245 patients from 2 centers. One assessor from each center performed all TLUSG examinations and their findings were validated by direct laryngoscopy. All 3 sonographic landmarks were routinely visualized whenever possible. The rate of visualization and diagnostic accuracy between the 3 landmarks were compared. RESULTS: Eighteen patients suffered postoperative VC palsy (VCP). Both centers had comparable visualization or assessability rate of ≥ 1 sonographic landmark (94.9 and 95.3%; P = 1.000) and 100% sensitivity on postoperative TLUSG. The rates of FC, TC, and AR visualization were 92.7%, 36.7%, and 89.8%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy and the proportion of true positives, false positives, and true negatives between using 1, 2, landmarks and 3 landmarks were comparable (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Each sonographic landmark had similar reliability and diagnostic accuracy. Identifying all 3 sonographic landmarks was not mandatory and visualizing normal movement in one of the sonographic landmarks would be sufficient to exclude VCP.