Effects of Heated Pneumoperitoneum on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Peritoneal Histology in Female Dogs That Underwent Video-Assisted Ovariohysterectomy.

Laparoscopic procedures require the creation of pneumoperitoneum. CO2, which must be cold and dry, is the standard gas used in such surgeries. The type of gas used, its temperature, and moisture may change the peritoneal surface and cause systemic and local oxidative stress. Our objective is to evaluate the influence of pneumoperitoneum heating on the occurrence of histological lesions in the peritoneum, inflammation, plasma oxidative stress, and on the mesothelial surface in patients undergoing video-assisted ovariohysterectomy. Twenty canine females were included and distributed evenly into two groups: heated CO2 (HG) and unheated CO2 (UHG). The biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress were evaluated before insufflation (T0), at 30 min (T1), and at 60 min (T2) of exposure to CO2. Biopsies of the peritoneal tissue for histological evaluation were performed at T0 and T2. Regarding plasma parameters, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) showed a greater activity in the HG at T1 (p=0.0268) and T2 (p=0.0423); in turn, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) showed a greater activity at T2 in the HG (p=0.0175) compared with T0. Catalase activity (CAT) was different between HG times; it was higher at T1 (p=0.0253). There was a decrease in the levels of substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) (p=0.0117) and in glutathione (GSH) (p=0.0114) between T0 and T2 in the UHG. Regarding tissue oxidative stress, the CAT in the HG showed a greater activity at T2 than T1 (p=0.0150). By comparing the groups at each time, there was a difference only at T2 (p=0.0288), being greater in the HG. Regarding the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the HG, there was a difference between T2 in relation to T0 and T1 (p=0.0181); finally, there was an increase only at T1 (p=0.0287) in the UHG when comparing groups at the same time. There were no differences in the histological parameters evaluated. Our study demonstrates that the heating of CO2 generates a greater inflammatory response and forms reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the plasma and peritoneal levels.

Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol Associated or Not With Remifentanil, Ketamine, or S-Ketamine for Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Female Dogs.

Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) has been gaining ground in the routine of small animals. This study aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic effects produced by continuous infusion of propofol isolated or associated with ketamine, S-ketamine, or remifentanil in dogs submitted to video laparoscopic ovariectomy. Thirty-two female dogs were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 8): G,1 propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min); G2. ketamine (2 mg/kg followed by 100 µg/kg/min) and propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min); G3, S-ketamine (1 mg/kg followed by 50 µg/kg/min) and propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min); and G4, remifentanil (1 µg/kg followed by 0.2 µg/kg/min) and propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min). All dogs were submitted to the same pre-anesthetic protocol with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg) and meperidine (4 mg/kg) intramuscularly, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol (4 mg/kg). All animals were mechanically ventilated. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), SpO2, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures (SAP, DAP and MAP, respectively), EtCO2, cardiac output (CO), blood glucose and rectal temperature were evaluated in 7 time-points (M0-M7). HR increased throughout the anesthesia in all groups, except for G4, which showed inferior values. In all groups, EtCO2 increased from M1 to M7. SAP was higher in G1 in relation to G2 in M2 and M3, and G4 in all time points. G4 also obtained the lower values for DAP and MAP, although not inferior to 60 mmHg. CO was unchanged through time and among groups. No groups had hyperglycemia, although glucose levels varied with time. It was concluded that all TIVA protocols showed satisfactory results and hemodynamic stability.

Protocolos analgésicos em mastectomia unilateral total: estudo retrospectivo / Analgesic protocols in total unilateral Mastectomy: retrospective study / Protocolos analgesicos en mastectomía total unilateral: estudio retrospectivo

Neoplasias mamárias correspondem a aproximadamente metade dos tumores observados em cadelas. Sua prevalência é menor em gatas e é o terceiro tipo mais comum de tumores nesta espécie, sendo a remoção cirúrgica a base do tratamento. No Hospital Veterinário Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM), no período de janeiro a maio deste ano, 51,95% das cirurgias de exérese de neoplasias consistiram em mastectomias unilaterais totais, demonstrando a elevada casuística desses procedimentos. Geralmente as técnicas cirúrgicas oncológicas são bastante radicais e a mastectomia unilateral total resulta num estímulo deflagrador de dor aguda de origem somática considerada de moderada a intensa, pois apesar de manipular estruturas superficiais, abrange uma grande área cutânea, desde a zona inguinal até a zona torácica, causando uma ferida superficial de grandes dimensões. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar e discutir 40 protocolos analgésicos de mastectomias unilaterais totais realizadas no HVU-UFSM no período citado e discutir com dados da literatura. Dessa maneira, conclui-se que a grande maioria dos protocolos estava adequada e a partir deste estudo,ratifica-se que a analgesia destes pacientes deve iniciar no período pré-operatório, estendendo-se até vários dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. Neste sentido, o fornecimento de analgesia multimodal promove menores efeitos colaterais e contribui com o bem-estar e recuperação do paciente.

Mammary neoplasies are related to approximately half of tumors observed in bitches. Although they are less dominant in cats, this tumor is the third type more commonly observed in this specie. Primarily, they affect old animals, being the non-castrated female more affected, or else, those who were submitted to ovariohysterectomy procedure later in age. Surgery removal is the basis for treatment. At the Veterinary Hospital at the Federal University of Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM), from January to May of 2012, 51,95% of neoplasy extirpation surgeries consisted of total unilateral mastectomy, which demonstrates the high level of incidence of these surgical procedure. Usually, oncologic surgical techniques are quite radical, and the total unilateral mastectomy consists of a procedure which results in an acute pain stimulus of somatic origin, that is considered from mild to intense, because despite it manipulates superficial structures, they involve a great cutaneous area, from igneal zone to thoracic zone, causing a superficial wound of great dimension. The objective of this study was to analyze and discuss 40 analgesia protocols of total unilateral mastectomy, performed at the HVU-UFSM from January to May, 2012; and to suggest new means and techniques to provide an efficient analgesia to patients who have under gone to this procedure. According to the literature, we have concluded that most protocols were suitable, and from this study, it confirms that analgesia in these patients should begin in the preoperative period, extending to several days after surgery. Accordingly, the provision of multimodal analgesia promotes fewer side effects and contributes to the recovery and well-being of the patient.

Los tumores mamarios representan aproximadamente la mitad de los tumores observados en perras. Su prevalencia es menor en los gatos y es el tercer tipo más común de los tumores en esta especie, el tratamiento básico consiste en la extirpación quirúrgica. Em el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad Federal de Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM), de enero a mayo de 2012, 51,95% de la cirugía de la escisión de neoplasias consistido mastectomías unilaterales totales, lo que demuestra el elevado número de casos de procedimentos. Generalmente las técnicas quirúrgicas oncológicas son bastante radicales promovendo estímulos del dolor agudo de origen somático considerado de moderado a intenso, porque a pesar de manipular las estructuras de superficie, cubre un área grande de la piel, de la región inguinal a la zona del pecho, causando una herida superficial de grandes proporciones. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar y discutir protocolos analgésicos 40 mastectomías totales unilaterales realizados en HVU-UFSM en ese período. De acuerdo con la literatura, se concluye que la mayoría de los protocolos era adecuado, ya partir de este estudio, se confirma que la analgesia en estos pacientes debe iniciarse en el período preoperatorio, que se extiende hasta varios días después de la cirugía. Por consiguiente, la disposición de la analgesia multimodal promueve menos efectos secundarios y contribuye a la recuperación y bienestar del paciente.

Protocolos analgésicos em mastectomia unilateral total: estudo retrospectivo / Analgesic protocols in total unilateral Mastectomy: retrospective study / Protocolos analgesicos en mastectomía total unilateral: estudio retrospectivo

Neoplasias mamárias correspondem a aproximadamente metade dos tumores observados em cadelas. Sua prevalência é menor em gatas e é o terceiro tipo mais comum de tumores nesta espécie, sendo a remoção cirúrgica a base do tratamento. No Hospital Veterinário Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM), no período de janeiro a maio deste ano, 51,95% das cirurgias de exérese de neoplasias consistiram em mastectomias unilaterais totais, demonstrando a elevada casuística desses procedimentos. Geralmente as técnicas cirúrgicas oncológicas são bastante radicais e a mastectomia unilateral total resulta num estímulo deflagrador de dor aguda de origem somática considerada de moderada a intensa, pois apesar de manipular estruturas superficiais, abrange uma grande área cutânea, desde a zona inguinal até a zona torácica, causando uma ferida superficial de grandes dimensões. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar e discutir 40 protocolos analgésicos de mastectomias unilaterais totais realizadas no HVU-UFSM no período citado e discutir com dados da literatura. Dessa maneira, conclui-se que a grande maioria dos protocolos estava adequada e a partir deste estudo,ratifica-se que a analgesia destes pacientes deve iniciar no período pré-operatório, estendendo-se até vários dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. Neste sentido, o fornecimento de analgesia multimodal promove menores efeitos colaterais e contribui com o bem-estar e recuperação do paciente.(AU)

Mammary neoplasies are related to approximately half of tumors observed in bitches. Although they are less dominant in cats, this tumor is the third type more commonly observed in this specie. Primarily, they affect old animals, being the non-castrated female more affected, or else, those who were submitted to ovariohysterectomy procedure later in age. Surgery removal is the basis for treatment. At the Veterinary Hospital at the Federal University of Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM), from January to May of 2012, 51,95% of neoplasy extirpation surgeries consisted of total unilateral mastectomy, which demonstrates the high level of incidence of these surgical procedure. Usually, oncologic surgical techniques are quite radical, and the total unilateral mastectomy consists of a procedure which results in an acute pain stimulus of somatic origin, that is considered from mild to intense, because despite it manipulates superficial structures, they involve a great cutaneous area, from igneal zone to thoracic zone, causing a superficial wound of great dimension. The objective of this study was to analyze and discuss 40 analgesia protocols of total unilateral mastectomy, performed at the HVU-UFSM from January to May, 2012; and to suggest new means and techniques to provide an efficient analgesia to patients who have under gone to this procedure. According to the literature, we have concluded that most protocols were suitable, and from this study, it confirms that analgesia in these patients should begin in the preoperative period, extending to several days after surgery. Accordingly, the provision of multimodal analgesia promotes fewer side effects and contributes to the recovery and well-being of the patient.(AU)

Los tumores mamarios representan aproximadamente la mitad de los tumores observados en perras. Su prevalencia es menor en los gatos y es el tercer tipo más común de los tumores en esta especie, el tratamiento básico consiste en la extirpación quirúrgica. Em el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad Federal de Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM), de enero a mayo de 2012, 51,95% de la cirugía de la escisión de neoplasias consistido mastectomías unilaterales totales, lo que demuestra el elevado número de casos de procedimentos. Generalmente las técnicas quirúrgicas oncológicas son bastante radicales promovendo estímulos del dolor agudo de origen somático considerado de moderado a intenso, porque a pesar de manipular las estructuras de superficie, cubre un área grande de la piel, de la región inguinal a la zona del pecho, causando una herida superficial de grandes proporciones. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar y discutir protocolos analgésicos 40 mastectomías totales unilaterales realizados en HVU-UFSM en ese período. De acuerdo con la literatura, se concluye que la mayoría de los protocolos era adecuado, ya partir de este estudio, se confirma que la analgesia en estos pacientes debe iniciarse en el período preoperatorio, que se extiende hasta varios días después de la cirugía. Por consiguiente, la disposición de la analgesia multimodal promueve menos efectos secundarios y contribuye a la recuperación y bienestar del paciente.(AU)