Caries experience in caregiver-intellectual deficient pair: Influence of caregiver's psychological morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate how determinants of psychological morbidity were associated with dental caries experience in the caregiver-intellectual deficient pair. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 299 pair, who had their oral health status assessed using the DMFT index (decayed, missing and filled teeth). Symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, quality of sleep, and socioeconomic variables were measured in caregivers. Adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression with the caregiver and children's caries index as outcome. RESULTS: The average prevalence of DMFT/dmft was 7.48 (SD ± 3.9) for students with ID and DMFT was 14.7 (SD ± 8.1) for their caregivers. For the caregiver's oral health, the following psychic comorbidities were associated with worse oral health condition: anxiety (PR = 1.48; 95%CI 1.07-2.06), depression (PR = 1.39; 95%CI 1.05-1.85), high level of stress (PR = 1.58; 95%CI 1.17-2.13) and sleep disorders (PR = 1.59; 95%CI 1.18-2.14). For people with ID, the caregiver's psychic comorbidities also showed association with a worse oral health condition, including anxiety (PR = 1.31; 95%CI 1.03-1.74), depression (PR = 1.28; 95%CI 1.01-1.67) and high level of stress (PR = 1.63; 95%CI 1.14-2.32), as well as mother's high level of DMFT (PR = 1.96; 95%CI 1.28-3.03). CONCLUSION: Symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress were associated with higher levels of dental caries experience for caregivers and for people with intellectual disabilities.

Is dietary pattern a mediator of the relationship between socioeconomic status and dental caries?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a healthy diet and added sugar mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status and oral health status in adults. METHODS: This is a secondary cross-sectional analysis of adult participants from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from the United States (n=3367). Structural equation modeling tested direct and indirect pathways from a latent variable for socioeconomic status to oral health via healthy eating (Health Eating Index) and added sugar in a multiple-mediator multiple-outcome model. RESULTS: Added sugar was directly associated with untreated dental caries [Standardized coefficient (SC)=0.10], and healthy eating was directly associated with both untreated dental caries (SC=-0.11) and tooth loss (SC=-0.05). Higher socioeconomic status was associated with lower untreated dental caries through direct (SC =-0.246) and small indirect paths via healthy diet (SC= -0.026), lower consumption of added sugar (SC=-0.007), and dental visits (SC=-0.162). Higher socioeconomic status was associated with fewer teeth lost through direct (SC =-0.306) and very small indirect paths via healthy diet (SC=-0.016), added sugar consumption (SC=-0.001), and untreated dental caries (SC=-0.094). CONCLUSIONS: Both socioeconomic status and dietary pattern independently contributed to tooth loss and dental caries. The contribution of dietary factors as a mediator to socioeconomic inequities in oral health was small, and statistically significant. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A systems approach to socioeconomic inequities in oral health takes into account the complex relationships between socioeconomics, dietary patterns, oral health and health. Socioeconomic conditions and nutrition, as common risk factors to noncommunicable disorders, should be tackled in programs to improve oral health.

Food processing and its association with dental caries: Data from NHANES 2011-2014.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether proportional contribution of unprocessed or minimally processed, processed or ultra-processed foods to daily energy intake is associated with dental caries in US adults. METHODS: This secondary cross-sectional analysis included adults aged 20 to 59 years old with complete oral examinations, using data gathered from cycles 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 of the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Dietary recall data were categorized according to the NOVA classification into four groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods (Group 1), processed culinary ingredients (Group 2), processed foods (Group 3) and ultra-processed foods (Group 4). The proportional contribution of each of these groups to mean daily energy intake was calculated and then cut into quartiles (Group 1, Group 3 and Group 4) or tertiles (Group 2). Two separate measures were used to assess dental caries: the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index and, after exclusion of edentulous participants, prevalence of untreated caries. Poisson regression was used to model DMFT, while logistic regression was used to model the prevalence of untreated dental caries. Models were calculated for each NOVA group. All models were controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, level of education, income, access to oral health services, body mass index, smoking status and total energy intake. Analyses took into account NHANES sampling weights. RESULTS: We analysed data from 5720 individuals, of whom 123 (2.2%) were edentulous. Mean DMFT was 9.7 (± 0.2), while the prevalence of untreated dental caries was 26.0%. Mean daily energy intake was 2170 kcal (± 17). Mean contribution to overall daily energy intake was 28.6% (± 0.5) for G1 foods, 4.3% (± 0.1) for G2 foods, 10.1% (± 0.2) for G3 foods and 56.9% (± 0.5) for G4 foods. A higher intake of G3 was associated with lower DMFT at the fourth quartile (0.89; 95%: CI 0.81-0.96), while a higher intake of G4 was associated with a higher DMFT at the fourth quartile (1.10; 95% CI: 1.04-1.16). In the adjusted models for untreated dental caries, no statistically significant associations were found with any of the NOVA groups. CONCLUSION: Higher proportional intake of NOVA groups is only weakly associated with dental caries. Widespread exposure to a highly ultra-processed diet may explain these weak associations.

Fluoride Varnish and Dental Caries in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of fluoride varnish (FV) in reducing dentine caries at the patient, tooth, and surface levels as well as caries-related hospitalizations in preschoolers. We performed a systematic review of clinical trials of FV, alone or associated with an oral health program, compared with placebo, usual care, or no intervention. Bibliographical search included electronic searches of seven databases, registers of ongoing trials, and meeting abstracts, as well as hand searching. We performed random-effects meta-analyses and calculated confidence and prediction intervals. The search yielded 2,441 records; 20 trials were included in the review and 17 in at least one meta-analysis. Only one study had low risk of bias in all domains. We found no study reporting on caries-related hospitalizations. At the individual level, the pooled relative risk was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81, 0.95); this means that in a population of preschool children with 50% caries incidence, we need to apply fluoride varnish in 17 children to avoid new caries in one child. At the tooth level, the pooled weighted mean difference was -0.30 (95% CI -0.69, 0.09) and at the surface level -0.77 (95% CI -1.23, -0.31). Considering the prediction intervals, none of the pooled estimates were statistically significant. We conclude that FV showed a modest and uncertain anticaries effect in preschoolers. Cost-effectiveness analyses are needed to assess whether FV should be adopted or abandoned by dental services.

The relative contribution of income inequality and imprisonment to the variation in homicide rates among Developed (OECD), South and Central American countries.

Homicide rates vary widely across and within different continents. In order to address the problem of violence in the world, it seems important to clarify the sources of this variability. Despite the fact that income inequality and imprisonment seem to be two of the most important determinants of the variation in homicide rates over space and time, the concomitant effect of income inequality and imprisonment on homicide has not been examined. The objective of this cross-sectional ecological study was to investigate the association of income inequality and imprisonment with homicide rates among Developed (OECD), South and Central American countries. A novel index was developed to indicate imprisonment: the Impunity Index (the total number of homicides in the preceding decade divided by the number of persons in prison at a single slice in time). Negative binomial models were used to estimate rate ratios of homicides for young males and for the total population in relation to Gini Index and Impunity Index, controlling for infant mortality (as a proxy for poverty levels), Gross Domestic Product per-capita, education, percentage of young males in the population and urbanization. Both low income inequality and low impunity (high imprisonment of criminals) were related to low homicide rates. In addition, we found that countries with lower income inequality, lower infant mortality (less poverty), higher average income (GDP per-capita) and higher levels of education had low impunity. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that both low income inequality and imprisonment of criminals, independent of each other and of other social-structural circumstances, may greatly contribute to the reduction in homicide rates in South and Central American countries, and to the maintenance of low levels of homicides in OECD countries. The Impunity Index reveals that countries that show greater commitment to education and to distribution of income also show greater commitment to punish serious criminal behavior.

Efeitos da poluição do ar na função respiratória de escolares, Rio de Janeiro, RJ / Efectos de la polución del aire en la función respiratoria de escolares, Rio de Janeiro, Sureste de Brasil / Effect of air pollution on lung function in schoolchildren in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre exposição diária à poluição do ar e função respiratória de escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudo de painel com uma amostra aleatória de 118 escolares (seis a 15 anos de idade) da rede pública do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), residentes até 2 km do local do estudo. Dados sobre características das crianças foram obtidos por questionário, incluindo o International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Exames diários de pico de fluxo foram realizados para medir a função respiratória. Dados diários dos níveis de PM10, SO2, O3, NO2 e CO, temperatura e umidade foram fornecidos por um monitor móvel. As medidas repetidas de função respiratória foram associadas aos níveis dos poluentes por meio de modelo multinível ajustado por tendência temporal, temperatura, umidade do ar, exposição domiciliar ao fumo, ser asmático, altura, sexo, peso e idade das crianças. RESULTADOS: O pico de fluxo expiratório médio foi 243,5 l/m (dp=58,9). A menor média do pico de fluxo expiratório foi 124 l/m e a maior 450 l/m. Para o aumento de 10 µg/m³ de PM10 houve uma diminuição de 0,34 l/min na média do pico de fluxo no terceiro dia...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between daily exposure to air pollution and lung function in school children. METHODS: Panel study with a random sample of 118 students (between 6 and 15 years of age), enrolled in a public school of the city of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro, and living within 2 km of the study site. Data on students' characteristics were obtained with a questionnaire, including the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood - ISAAC. Daily peak expiratory flow measurements were taken to measure lung function. Daily data on PM10, SO2, O3, NO2 and CO levels, temperature and humidity were provided by a portable monitor. Repeated measurements of lung function were associated with pollutant levels with a multilevel model adjusted for time trend, temperature, air humidity, exposure to smoking at home, presence of asthma, height, sex, weight and age of children. RESULTS: Mean peak expiratory flow was 243.5 l/m (sd=58.9). The lowest mean peak expiratory flow was 124 l/m, and the highest, 450 l/m. For the 10 µg/m³ increase in PM10, there was a 0.34 l/min decrease in mean peak flow on the third day...

OBJETIVO: Analizar la asociación entre exposición diaria a la polución del aire y función respiratoria de escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudio de painel con una muestra aleatoria de 118 escolares (seis a 15 años de edad) de la red pública de Río de Janeiro (Sureste de Brasil), residentes hasta 2 km de la localidad de estudio. Datos sobre características de los niños fueron obtenidos por cuestionario, incluyendo el International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Exámenes diarios de pico de flujo fueron realizados para medir la función respiratoria. Datos diarios de los niveles de PM10, SO2, O3, NO2 y CO, temperatura y humedad fueron providenciados por un monitor móvil. Las medidas repetidas de función respiratoria fueron asociadas a los niveles de los contaminantes por medio de modelo multinivel ajustado por tendencia temporal, temperatura, humedad del aire, exposición domiciliar al humo de cigarro, ser asmático, altura, sexo, peso y edad de los niños. RESULTADOS: El pico de flujo de expiración promedio fue de 243,5 l/m (dp=58,9). El menor pico promedio del flujo de expiración fue 124 l/m y el mayor 450 l/m. Para el aumento de 10 ?g/m³ de PM10 hubo una disminución de 0,34 l/min en el promedio de pico de flujo en el tercer día...

Effect of air pollution on lung function in schoolchildren in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between daily exposure to air pollution and lung function in school children. METHODS: Panel study with a random sample of 118 students (between 6 and 15 years of age), enrolled in a public school of the city of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro, and living within 2 km of the study site. Data on students' characteristics were obtained with a questionnaire, including the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood - ISAAC. Daily peak expiratory flow measurements were taken to measure lung function. Daily data on PM10, SO2, O3, NO2 and CO levels, temperature and humidity were provided by a portable monitor. Repeated measurements of lung function were associated with pollutant levels with a multilevel model adjusted for time trend, temperature, air humidity, exposure to smoking at home, presence of asthma, height, sex, weight and age of children. RESULTS: Mean peak expiratory flow was 243.5 l/m (sd=58.9). The lowest mean peak expiratory flow was 124 l/m, and the highest, 450 l/m. For the 10 microg/m(3) increase in PM10, there was a 0.34 l/min decrease in mean peak flow on the third day. For the 10 microg/m(3) increase in NO2, there was a decrease between 0.23 l/min and 0.28 l/min in mean peak flow after exposure. CO and SO2 effects on students' peak flow were not statistically significant. O3 showed a protective result: an increase in 10 microg/m(3) of O3 would be associated, after a day of exposure, with a 0.2 l/min increase in mean lung function. CONCLUSIONS: Even within acceptable levels most of the time, air pollution, especially PM10 and NO2, was associated with a decrease in lung function in children living in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Routine dental visits are associated with tooth retention in Brazilian adults: the Pró-Saúde study.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effect of routine visits for dental check-up on tooth loss. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of university employees, the Rio de Janeiro Pró-Saúde Study, tooth loss was measured as the reported number of missing teeth and routine dental visit as the reported pattern and frequency of visits to the dentist. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 4,030 individuals (91% of eligible subjects). Odds ratio of excessive tooth loss ("many" or "all" teeth lost) was 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.79, 2.72) for subjects who reported visiting the dentist only when in trouble and 1.17 (95% CI=0.90, 1.51) for subjects who reported visiting for routine dental checks every two years or less frequently, compared with those who reported visiting for dental checks at least annually, after controlling for age, sex, education, income, race, smoking, and diet. CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive effect of routine visits for dental check-up on maintaining teeth. This effect was the same for one year and two years or longer intervals between check-ups.

[Does periodontal disease cause cardiovascular disease? Analysis of epidemiological evidences]. / Doenças periodontais causam doenças cardiovasculares? Análise das evidências epidemiológicas.

This article reports a critical analysis of epidemiologic studies that evaluated periodontal disease as a cause of cardiovascular disease. Thirty-five studies were identified through a manual search of the special abstracts volumes of the Journal of Dental Research, as well as an electronic search on MEDLINE, LILACS, and ISI and inspection of the articles' bibliographies. Inclusion criteria were: articles in any language published between 1989 and 2000 reporting the presence or absence of an association between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases. Available studies are scarce, and interpretations are limited by potential bias and confounding. The studies analyzed (whether separately or jointly) fail to provide convincing epidemiologic evidence for a causal association between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases. Although the possibility that oral diseases can cause cardiovascular diseases cannot be discarded, until better data are available, periodontal disease should not be incriminated as a cause of cardiovascular disease.

Doenças periodontais causam doenças cardiovasculares? Análise das evidências epidemiológicas / Does periodontal disease cause cardiovascular disease? Analysis of epidemiological evidence

Este artigo é uma análise de estudos epidemiológicos que avaliaram a doença periodontal como causa de doenças cardiovasculares. Foram identificados 35 estudos por meio de busca manual nos volumes especiais de resumos do periódico Journal of Dental Research; de busca nos bancos de dados eletrônicos MEDLINE, LILACS e ISI; e da inspeçäo de bibliografias dos artigos identificados. Os critérios de inclusäo foram: artigos em qualquer idioma publicados entre 1989 e 2000, que relataram a ausência ou presença de associaçäo entre doenças periodontais e doenças cardiovasculares. As evidências disponíveis ainda säo esparsas e suas interpretações säo limitadas por potenciais vieses e situaçäo de confusäo. Os estudos analisados, tanto separadamente quanto juntos, näo fornecem evidência epidemiológica convincente para uma associaçäo causal entre doenças periodontais e doenças cardiovasculares. Entretanto, a possibilidade das doenças bucais causarem doenças cardiovasculares ainda näo pode ser descartada. Até que dados adequados estejam disponíveis, näo se deve considerar as doenças periodontais ou qualquer outra infecçäo bucal como causa de doenças cardiovasculares

Poluição do ar e efeitos na saúde nas populações de duas grandes metrópoles brasileiras / Air pollution and health effects in two brazilian metropolis

Com a crescente preocupação acerca dos efeitos nocivos da poluição do ar na saúde da população, fez-se necessário a investigação e quantificação destes efeitos em nosso meio. Realizou-se um estudo de séries temporais com esse objetivo nas duas maiores metrópoles brasileiras: São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. Informações diárias sobre mortalidade, internações hospitalares, níveis atmosféricos dos principais poluentes do ar e de variáveis meterolológicas foram obtidos nas duas cidades, a partir de fontes de informação secundárias. Esses dados foram analisados utilizando-se técnicas de análise de séries temporais em modelos lineares por meio de Equações de Estimação Generalizada e/ou por meio de modelos não paramétricos, com a utilização de Modelos Aditivos Generalizados. Foram encontradas associações estatísticamente significantes entre aumentos nos níveis de poluentes atmosféricos e aumentos na mortalidade e nas hospitalizações, por causas respiratórias e cardiovasculares, em crianças e idosos, em ambos municípios, mesmo após ajuste por tendências de longo prazo, sazonalidade , dia da semana, feriados, temperatura e umidade. Conclui-se que os níveis de poluição vivenciados atualmente em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro são sufiecientes para causar agravos à saúde da população. Medidas articuladas entre os diversos setores que gerenciam a vida urbana nessas metrópoles são fundamentais para buscar a melhoria na qualidade do ar, e, consequentemente, da saúde da população nessas cidades

Poluição do ar e saúde em duas grandes metrópoles brasileiras na década de 90: (Nota Prévia) / Health effects of air pollution in two large brazilian cities during the 1990s(Previous Note)

DELINEAMENTO DO PROBLEMA: Com a crescente preocupação acerca dos efeitos nocivos da poluição do ar para a saúde, fazem-se necessárias a investigação e a quantificação desses efeitos em nosso meio. Diante disso, realizou-se um estudo de séries temporais com o objetivo de analisar a associação entre exposição à poluição do ar e mortalidade e internações hospitalares em indivíduos de diferentes faixas etárias nas duas maiores metrópoles brasileiras: São Paulo entre 1996 e 2000 e Rio de Janeiro durante 1990-93 e 2000-01. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: O estudo foi conduzido paralelamente nos municípios de São Paulo (MSP) e do Rio de Janeiro (MRJ). Foram obtidas, a partir de fontes secundárias, informações diárias sobre mortalidade e internações hospitalares (menores de 5 anos e igual ou maiores de 65 anos), níveis atmosféricos dos principais poluentes do ar (material particulado-PM10 em São Paulo e PM10 e PTS no Rio de Janeiro, dióxido de enxofre-SO2, monóxido de carbono-CO, dióxido de nitrogênio-NO2 e ozona-O3) e variáveis meteorológicas. Esses dados foram analisados, mediante técnicas de séries temporais em modelos lineares com o emprego de equações de estimação generalizada e ou mediante modelos não-paramétricos, com a utilização de modelos aditivos generalizados em regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Enquanto, no MSP, o padrão diário dos poluentes foi ultrapassado diversas vezes, no MRJ, apenas os níveis de PTS excederam esse padrão, embora o período analisado tenha sido diferente. Encontraram-se associações estatisticamente significantes entre aumentos nos níveis de poluição (principalmente material particulado , CO e SO2) e aumentos na mortalidade e nas hospitalizações, por causas respiratórias e cardiovasculares, em crianças e idosos após ajuste para tendências temporais, sazonalidade, temperatura e umidade. O aumento percentual de internações respiratórias em crianças, correspondente a incrementos de 10µg/m3 no PM10, foi de 1,8% (IC95%: 0,4 a 3,3) no MRJ e de 6,7% (IC95%: 4,9 a 8,6) no MSP. Em idosos, foi de 1,9% (IC95%: 1,1 a 2,7) no MSP e de 3,5% (IC95%: 1,2 a 5,9) no MRJ. O aumento na mortalidade respiratória em idosos foi de 0,9% (IC95%: 0,5 a 1,3) para o PM10 no MSP e 0,9% (IC95%: -0,03 a 1,2) para PTS no MRJ. A mortalidade cardiovascular em idosos também apresentou associação com a poluição nos dois municípios. CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que os níveis de poluição vivenciados atualmente em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro são suficientes para causar agravos à saúde da população. Medidas articuladas entre os diversos setores que gerenciam a vida urbana nessas metrópoles são fundamentais para buscar a melhoria da qualidade do ar e, conseqüentemente, da saúde da população.

BACKGROUND: With the growing concern about the adverse effects of air pollution on health, it is necessary to investigate and quantify these effects in our cities. A time-series study with the objective of analyzing the association between exposure to outdoor levels of air pollution and mortality and hospital admissions for different age-groups was conducted in the two largest Brazilian cities: Sao Paulo for the period between 1996 to 2000, and Rio de Janeiro during 1990-93 and 2000-01. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted simultaneously in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Daily information on mortality and hospital admissions of children under 5 years of age and of the elderly (> 65 years of age) was obtained. Atmospheric levels of the major air pollutants (particulate matter-PM10, in Sao Paulo and PM10 and TSP, in Rio de Janeiro, sulfur dioxide-SO2, carbon monoxide-CO, nitrogen dioxide-NO2 and ozone-O3), and meteorological variables were obtained from secondary data sources in both cities. These data were analyzed through time series techniques in linear models (Generalized Estimated Equations-GEE) and/or in non-parametric regression models in Generalized Additive Models (GAM) using Poisson regression. RESULTS: While most air pollutants levels in Sao Paulo exceeded recommended guidelines, in Rio this happened only with TSP levels, although the periods analyzed were different. We found statistically significant associations between level of pollution (mostly for particulate matter, CO and SO2) and mortality and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular causes, for children and the elderly, in both cities, after adjustment for long term trends, seasonality, temperature and humidity. The percentage increase in hospitalizations for respiratory causes in children, for a 10mg/m3 increase in PM10 was 1,8% (CI95%: 0,4 to 3,3%) in Rio, and 6,7% (CI95%: 4,9 to 8,6%), in Sao Paulo. For the elderly this was 1,9% (CI95%: 1,1 to 2,7%), in Sao Paulo and 3,5% (CI95%: 1,2 to 5,9%), in Rio. Percentage increase in mortality by respiratory causes was 0,9% (CI95%: 0,5 to 1,3%) for PM10 in Sao Paulo and of 0,9% (CI95%: -0,03 to 1,2%) for TSP in Rio. Mortality from cardiovascular causes was also associated with air pollution in both cities. CONCLUSIONS: Current air pollution levels in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are capable of producing harmful effects in the health of the population. Articulated measures between sectors that manage the urban life in these metropoli are fundamental to improve air quality and consequently, reduce the related health effects.