CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ haemopoietic precursors circulate after chemotherapy, seed lung tissue and generate functional innate-like T cells and NK cells.

Background: There is little information on the trajectory and developmental fate of Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ progenitors exiting bone marrow during systemic inflammation. Objective: To study Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ cell circulation in cancer patients, to characterize their entry into involved lung tissue and to characterize their progenies. Methods: Flow cytometric analysis of PBMC from 18 patients with lung cancer on samples collected immediately before the first and the second treatment was performed to study Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ precursors. Precursors were purified (>99%) and cultured in vitro from all patients. Paired PBMC and tissue samples from patients undergoing tumor resection were analyzed by flow cytometry to assess tissue entry and compare phenotype and developmental potential of Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ cells in both compartments. Results: Significant circulation of Lin-CD34+DNAM-1bright CXCR4+ precursors was observed 20d after the first treatment. Precursors express CXC3CR1, CXCR3, CXCR1 consistent with travel towards inflamed tissues. Flowcytometric analysis of lung tissue samples showed precursor presence in all patients in tumor and neighboring uninvolved areas. Successful purification and in vitro culture from both blood and lung tissue generates a minor proportion of maturing NK cells (<10%) and a predominant proportion (>85%) of α/ß T-progenies with innate-like phenotype expressing NKG2D,NKp30,DNAM-1. Innate-like maturing T-cells in vitro are cytotoxic, can be triggered via NKR/TCR co-stimulation and display broad spectrum Th1,Th2 and Th1/Th17 cytokine production. Conclusion: In advanced stage lung cancer CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ inflammatory precursors increase upon treatment, enter involved tissues, generate functional progenies and may thus represent an additional player contributing to immune balance in the highly SDF-1/CXCR4-biased pro-metastatic tumor microenvironment.

Prognostic Role of Soluble and Extracellular Vesicle-Associated PD-L1, B7-H3 and B7-H4 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has changed dramatically with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Despite encouraging results, their efficacy remains limited to a subgroup of patients. Circulating immune checkpoints in soluble (s) form and associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent promising markers, especially in ICI-based therapeutic settings. We evaluated the prognostic role of PD-L1 and of two B7 family members (B7-H3, B7-H4), both soluble and EV-associated, in a cohort of advanced NSCLC patients treated with first- (n = 56) or second-line (n = 126) ICIs. In treatment-naïve patients, high baseline concentrations of sPD-L1 (>24.2 pg/mL) were linked to worse survival, whereas high levels of sB7-H3 (>0.5 ng/mL) and sB7-H4 (>63.9 pg/mL) were associated with better outcomes. EV characterization confirmed the presence of EVs positive for PD-L1 and B7-H3, while only a small portion of EVs expressed B7-H4. The comparison between biomarker levels at the baseline and in the first radiological assessment under ICI-based treatment showed a significant decrease in EV-PD-L1 and an increase in EV-B7H3 in patients in the disease response to ICIs. Our study shows that sPD-L1, sB7-H3 and sB7-H4 levels are emerging prognostic markers in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with ICIs and suggests potential EV involvement in the disease response to ICIs.

A Circulating Risk Score, Based on Combined Expression of Exo-miR-130a-3p and Fibrinopeptide A, as Predictive Biomarker of Relapse in Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

To date, the 5-year overall survival rate of 60% for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unsatisfactory. Therefore, reliable prognostic factors are needed. Growing evidence shows that cancer progression may depend on an interconnection between cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment; hence, circulating molecules may represent promising markers of cancer recurrence. In order to identify a prognostic score, we performed in-depth high-throughput analyses of plasma circulating markers, including exosomal microRNAs (Exo-miR) and peptides, in 67 radically resected NSCLCs. The miRnome profile selected the Exo-miR-130a-3p as the most overexpressed in relapsed patients. Peptidome analysis identified four progressively more degraded forms of fibrinopeptide A (FpA), which were depleted in progressing patients. Notably, stepwise Cox regression analysis selected Exo-miR-130a-3p and the greatest FpA (2-16) to build a score predictive of recurrence, where high-risk patients had 18 months of median disease-free survival. Moreover, in vitro transfections showed that higher levels of miR-130a-3p lead to a deregulation of pathways involved in metastasis and angiogenesis, including the coagulation process and metalloprotease increase which might be linked to FpA reduction. In conclusion, by integrating circulating markers, the identified risk score may help clinicians predict early-stage NSCLC patients who are more likely to relapse after primary surgery.

Serum levels of VCAM-1 are associated with survival in patients treated with nivolumab for NSCLC.

BACKGROUND: High circulating levels of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been supposed to act as a negative prognostic factor. Here, we explored the predictive role of pre-treatment levels of CAMs in previously treated patients receiving nivolumab for NSCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy one patients with advanced NSCLC, treated with nivolumab at the dose of 3 mg/kg every 14 days, were enrolled. Maximum follow-up time was 3 years. Serum levels of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured at baseline and before each nivolumab administration. Endpoints of the study were a composite outcome of survival ≥2 years or absence of disease progression at the end of the follow-up, and the overall survival. RESULTS: Composite outcome and overall survival were positively associated with VCAM-1 baseline levels and with the reduction of VCAM-1 during the treatment. After adjustment for potential confounders, the change in VCAM-1 serum levels during the treatment was an independent predictor of overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: High baseline serum levels of VCAM-1 are associated with a longer survival in patients treated with nivolumab as second line treatment for NSCLC. Surviving patients experience also a significant reduction in CAMs expression during the treatment. Hence, CAMs might be promising prognostic factors in patients with NSCLC underoing immunotherapy.

Clinical Outcomes and Toxic Effects of Single-Agent Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Among Patients Aged 80 Years or Older With Cancer: A Multicenter International Cohort Study.

IMPORTANCE: Geriatric (aged ≥80 years) patients are historically underrepresented in cancer clinical trials. Little is known about the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in geriatric patients. These agents are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which may be particularly associated with morbidity in this population. OBJECTIVE: To provide insight into the clinical outcomes and safety of ICIs among geriatric patients (aged ≥80 years) with cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A Multicenter, international retrospective study of 928 geriatric patients with different tumors treated with single-agent ICIs between 2010 to 2019 from 18 academic centers in the US and Europe. Analyses were conducted from January 2021 to April 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Clinical outcomes and irAE patterns in geriatric patients treated with single-agent ICIs. RESULTS: Median (range) age of the 928 patients at ICI initiation was 83.0 (75.8-97.0) years. Most patients (806 [86.9%]) were treated with anti-programmed cell death 1 therapy. Among the full cohort, the 3 most common tumors were non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, 345 [37.2%]), melanoma (329 [35.5%]), and genitourinary (GU) tumors (153 [16.5%]). Objective response rates for patients with NSCLC, melanoma, and GU tumors were 32.2%, 39.3%, and 26.2%, respectively. Median PFS and OS, respectively, were 6.7 and 10.9 months (NSCLC), 11.1 and 30.0 months (melanoma), and 6.0 and 15.0 months (GU). Within histologically specific subgroups (NSCLC, melanoma, and GU), clinical outcomes were similar across age subgroups (aged <85 vs ≥85 years). Among all 928 patients, 383 (41.3%) experienced ≥1 irAE(s), including 113 (12.2%) that were reported to be grade (G) 3 to 4 based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 5.0). The median time to irAE onset was 9.8 weeks; 219 (57%) occurred within the first 3 months after ICI initiation. Discontinuation of treatment with ICIs owing to irAEs occurred in 137 (16.1%) patients. There was no significant difference in the rate of irAEs among patients aged younger than 85, 85 to 89, and 90 years or older. Despite the similar rate of G3 or higher irAEs, ICIs were discontinued due to irAEs more than twice as often among patients aged 90 years or older compared with patients younger than 90 years (30.9% vs 15.1%, P = .008). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The findings of this international cohort study suggest that treatment with ICIs may be effective and generally well tolerated among older patients with cancer, though ICI discontinuation owing to irAEs was more frequent with increasing age.

The Role of the Immune Metabolic Prognostic Index in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) in Radiological Progression during Treatment with Nivolumab.

An emerging clinical need is represented by identifying reliable biomarkers able to discriminate between responders and non-responders among patients showing imaging progression during the administration of immune checkpoints inhibitors for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, we analyzed the prognostic power of peripheral-blood systemic inflammation indexes and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) in this clinical setting. In 45 patients showing radiological progression (defined as RECIST 1.1 progressive disease) during Nivolumab administration, the following lab and imaging parameters were collected: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived-NLR (dNLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), platelets-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic inflammation index (SII), maximum standardized uptake value, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG). MTV and SII independently predicted OS. Their combination in the immune metabolic prognostic index (IMPI) allowed the identification of patients who might benefit from immunotherapy continuation, despite radiological progression. The combination of FDG PET/CT volumetric data with SII also approximates the immune-metabolic response with respect to baseline, providing additional independent prognostic insights. In conclusion, the degree of systemic inflammation, the quantification of the metabolically active tumor burden, and their combination might disclose the radiological progression in NSCLC patients receiving Nivolumab.

Novel Emerging Molecular Targets in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

In the scenario of systemic treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, one of the most relevant breakthroughs is represented by targeted therapies. Throughout the last years, inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), c-Ros oncogene 1 (ROS1), and V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) have been approved and are currently used in clinical practice. However, other promising molecular drivers are rapidly emerging as therapeutic targets. This review aims to cover the molecular alterations with a potential clinical impact in NSCLC, including amplifications or mutations of the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET), fusions of rearranged during transfection (RET), rearrangements of the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase (NTRK) genes, mutations of the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), as well as amplifications or mutations of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Additionally, we summarized the current status of targeted agents under investigation for such alterations. This revision of the current literature on emerging molecular targets is needed as the evolving knowledge on novel actionable oncogenic drivers and targeted agents is expected to increase the proportion of patients who will benefit from tailored therapeutic approaches.

Radiomic Detection of EGFR Mutations in NSCLC.

Radiomics is defined as the use of automated or semi-automated post-processing and analysis of multiple features derived from imaging exams. Extracted features might generate models able to predict the molecular profile of solid tumors. The aim of this study was to develop a predictive algorithm to define the mutational status of EGFR in treatment-naïve patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). CT scans from 109 treatment-naïve patients with NSCLC (21 EGFR-mutant and 88 EGFR-wild type) underwent radiomics analysis to develop a machine learning model able to recognize EGFR-mutant from EGFR-WT patients via CT scans. A "test-retest" approach was used to identify stable radiomics features. The accuracy of the model was tested on an external validation set from another institution and on a dataset from the Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). The machine learning model that considered both radiomic and clinical features (gender and smoking status) reached a diagnostic accuracy of 88.1% in our dataset with an AUC at the ROC curve of 0.85, whereas the accuracy values in the datasets from TCIA and the external institution were 76.6% and 83.3%, respectively. Furthermore, 17 distinct radiomics features detected at baseline CT scan were associated with subsequent development of T790M during treatment with an EGFR inhibitor. In conclusion, our machine learning model was able to identify EGFR-mutant patients in multiple validation sets with globally good accuracy, especially after data optimization. More comprehensive training sets might result in further improvement of radiomics-based algorithms. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that data normalization and "test-retest" methods might improve the performance of machine learning models on radiomics images and increase their reliability when used on external validation datasets.

Radiation-Related Deregulation of TUBB3 and BRCA1/2 and Risk of Secondary Lung Cancer in Women With Breast Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer survivors are at increased risk of developing unrelated primary cancers, particularly lung cancer. Evidence indicates that sex hormones as well as a deregulation of DNA-repair pathways may contribute to lung cancer onset. We investigated whether the hormone status and expression of markers involved in DNA repair (BRCA1/2, ERCC1, and P53R2), synthesis (TS and RRM1), and cell division (TUBB3) might be linked to lung cancer risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven breast cancer survivors with unrelated lung cancer and 84 control subjects comprising women with breast cancer (42/84) or lung cancer (42/84) were enrolled. Immunohistochemistry on tumor tissue was performed. Geometric mean ratio was used to assess the association of marker levels with patient groups. RESULTS: Estrogen receptor was expressed in approximately 90% of the breast cancer group but was negative in the majority of the lung cancer group, a result similar to the lung cancer control group. Likewise, ER isoform ß was weakly expressed in the lung cancer group. Protein analysis of breast cancer versus control had a significantly lower expression of BRCA1, P53R2, and TUBB3. Likewise, a BRCA1 reduction was observed in the lung cancer group concomitant with a BRCA2 increase. Furthermore, BRCA2 and TUBB3 increased in ipsilateral lung cancer in women who had previously received radiotherapy for breast cancer. CONCLUSION: The decrease of DNA-repair proteins in breast cancer could make these women more susceptible to therapy-related cancer. The increase of BRCA2 and TUBB3 in lung cancer from patients who previously received radiotherapy for breast cancer might reflect a tissue response to exposure to ionizing radiation.

Precision Medicine for NSCLC in the Era of Immunotherapy: New Biomarkers to Select the Most Suitable Treatment or the Most Suitable Patient.

In recent years, the evolution of treatments has made it possible to significantly improve the outcomes of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In particular, while molecular targeted therapies are effective in specific patient sub-groups, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have greatly influenced the outcomes of a large proportion of NSCLC patients. While nivolumab activity was initially assessed irrespective of predictive biomarkers, subsequent pivotal studies involving other PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in pre-treated advanced NSCLC (atezolizumab within the OAK study and pembrolizumab in the Keynote 010 study) reported the first correlations between clinical outcomes and PD-L1 expression. However, PD-L1 could not be sufficient on its own to select patients who may benefit from immunotherapy. Many studies have tried to discover more precise markers that are derived from tumor tissue or from peripheral blood. This review aims to analyze any characteristics of the immunogram that could be used as a predictive biomarker for response to ICIs. Furthermore, we describe the most important genetic alteration that might predict the activity of immunotherapy.

Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With ROS1-rearranged Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Progressing on Crizotinib.

BACKGROUND: ROS1 rearrangements define a subset of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) that are susceptible to therapeutic ROS1 kinase inhibition. Despite the fact that most patients initially respond to the first-generation ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib, relapse invariably occurs, and therapeutic options upon disease progression are limited. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a multicenter study of patients with ROS1-rearranged NSCLC who progressed on ROS1 TKIs and examined the clinical outcomes based on the post-progression treatment approaches. RESULTS: Among 29 patients with ROS1-rearrangement who received at least 1 ROS1 inhibitor, the median age was 51 years (range, 30-80 years), 70.8% of patients were female, and 68.9% were never-smokers. Upon progression to the first TKI, 11 patients (37.9%) received treatment with TKIs beyond progression. The median second progression-free survival to TKIs in patents treated beyond progression was 5.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1-9.1 months), whereas the post-progression survival was 21.0 months (95% CI, 5.5 months-not reached [NR]). Eleven (37.9%) patients received a sequential treatment with lorlatinib ROS1 TKIs following a first generation ROS1 TKI. The overall response rate, median progression-free survival, and median overall survival (OS) to next-generation TKIs were 41.7% (95% CI, 15.2%-72.3%), 12.7 months (95% CI, 8.5 months-NR), and 17.0 months (95% CI, 15.8 months-NR), respectively. Patients treated with sequential ROS1 TKIs had a significantly longer median OS compared with those who were not (NR vs. 16.1 months; hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.10-0.78; P = .017). CONCLUSION: In this study, we reported that a subset of patients with ROS1-rearranged NSCLC may benefit from treatment with TKIs beyond progression and that sequential treatment with crizotinib followed by lorlatinib is associated with improved OS in patients with ROS1-rearranged NSCLC.

Association Between Response to Nivolumab Treatment and Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Immune checkpoint blockade represents a major breakthrough in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy. However, success is limited to a subset of patients and there is a critical need to identify robust biomarkers associated with clinical response. In this study, we assessed whether pre-existing immunological characteristics, as well as immune parameters measured during treatment, might provide such clinical guidance. We studied blood samples collected at baseline and during treatment in a cohort of advanced NSCLC patients (n = 74) treated with nivolumab. Several lymphocyte subsets and biomarkers were then correlated with overall survival (OS) as well as clinical response, assessed using RECIST criteria. We found that patients characterized by longer OS had higher levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells but lower levels of NK cells at baseline. Moreover, that they displayed a statistically significant lower expression of PD-1 on both CD3+ and CD8+ T cells (p = 0.013 and p = 0.033, respectively). The pre-treatment level of exhausted T cells (CD8+PD1+Eomes+) was significantly lower in patients with controlled disease (CD), defined as partial response (PR), and stable disease (SD), compared to those with progressive disease (PD) (p = 0.046). In CD patients, the frequency of exhausted CD8+ T cells further decreased during treatment cycles (p = <0.0001, p = 0.0032, and p = 0.0239, respectively). In conclusion, our results suggest that the distribution of lymphocyte subsets and expression of PD-1 on T cells before treatment may help predict the outcome of anti-PD-1 treatment in NSCLC patients. In addition, assessing the initial levels of exhausted T cells as well as their decrease upon treatment may also predict response and clinical outcome.

ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors for treating non-small cell lung cancer: new additions to the pharmacotherapeutic armamentarium.

INTRODUCTION: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are already part of the armamentarium of drugs available against ovarian and breast cancer. There is less data available on the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). AREAS COVERED: The authors have analyzed the preclinical studies that justified the use of PARPi in NSCLC. They then evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the combination of these drugs with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. EXPERT OPINION: Data from clinical trials available to date have discouraged the use of PARPi in association with chemotherapy or radiotherapy in NSCLC. The knowledge available to date opens the door to the use of PARPi in association with immunotherapy. In fact, the activity of these drugs would not be based only on direct cytotoxic action, but also on the modification of the intra-tumor microenvironment, in particular by increasing the expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells. This action might potentially enhance available treatments with a modest increase in toxicity.

Comparison Between 18F-FDG PET-Based and CT-Based Criteria in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Nivolumab.

Because of the peculiar mechanism of action of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), evaluation of the radiologic response to them in solid tumors presents many challenges. We aimed to compare evaluation of the first response to nivolumab by means of CT-based criteria with respect to 18F-FDG PET response criteria in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods: Seventy-two patients with advanced NSCLC were recruited in a single-institution ancillary trial within the expanded-access program (NCT02475382) for nivolumab. Patients underwent CT and 18F-FDG PET at baseline and after 4 cycles (the first evaluation). In cases of progressive disease, an additional evaluation was performed after 2 further cycles to confirm progression. We evaluated the treatment response on CT using RECIST 1.1 and the immune-related response criteria (irRC) and on 18F-FDG PET using PERCIST and immunotherapy-modified PERCIST. The concordance between CT- and PET-based criteria and the capability of each method to predict overall survival were evaluated. Results: Forty-eight of 72 patients were evaluable for a first response assessment with both PET- and CT-based criteria. We observed low concordance between CT- and PET-based criteria (κ-value of 0.346 and 0.355 between PERCIST and imPERCIST and RECIST, respectively. κ-value of 0.128 and 0.198 between PERCIST and imPERCIST and irRC, respectively). Regarding overall survival, irRC could more reliably distinguish responders from nonresponders. However, thanks to the prognostic value of partial metabolic response assessed by both PERCIST and immunotherapy-modified PERCIST, PET-based response maintained prognostic significance in patients classified as having progressive disease on the basis of irRC. Conclusion: Even though the present study did not support the routine use of 18F-FDG PET in the general population of NSCLC patients treated with ICIs, the findings suggest that metabolic response assessment has added prognostic value, potentially improving therapeutic decision making.

Correlation between B7-H4 and Survival of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Nivolumab.

Reliable predictors of benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are still limited. We aimed to evaluate the association between the expression of selected molecules involved in immune response and clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients receiving nivolumab. In our study, the outcomes of 46 NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab in second or subsequent lines (Nivolumab Cohort) were compared with the expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1, B7-H3, and B7-H4 assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Samples from 17 patients (37.0%) in the Nivolumab Cohort were positive for B7-H4 expression. At univariate analyses, only B7-H4 expression was associated with significantly decreased progression-free survival (PFS; 1.7 vs. 2.0 months; p = 0.026) and with a disadvantage in terms of overall survival (OS) close to statistical significance (4.4 vs. 9.8 months; p = 0.064). At multivariate analyses, B7-H4 expression was significantly associated with decreased PFS (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.28; p = 0.021) and OS (HR = 2.38; p = 0.022). Subsequently, B7-H4 expression was compared with clinical outcomes of 27 NSCLC patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy (Chemotherapy Cohort), but no significant association was observed. Our results suggest a negative predictive role of B7-H4 in a population of NSCLC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, which deserves further research.

Baseline serum levels of osteopontin predict clinical response to treatment with nivolumab in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Treatment with nivolumab improves survival and response rate in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, due to its high financial cost, identifying predictors of response to treatment has become an urgent need. Here, we focused on serum osteopontin (OPN), a pleiotropic protein overexpressed in lung cancer and involved in the immune response. A cohort of NSCLC patients (n = 72) treated with nivolumab was enrolled. Blood samples were collected at the time of first five nivolumab administrations. OPN and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assayed at each time point. The primary endpoint was to assess the predictive value of baseline serum levels of OPN towards overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included the potential association between OPN, hs-CRP and response to nivolumab. OPN and hs-CRP correlate with each other, with neutrophil count and biochemical markers of metastatic disease. At baseline, serum OPN increased with increasing Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scale of Performance Status (ECOG PS). When Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scale of Performance Status) (RECIST) criteria were considered, high baseline OPN levels were associated with a worse response to nivolumab. Cox hazard regression further confirmed baseline serum OPN as a predictor of mortality with the best predictive accuracy for serum levels above 37.7 ng/mL. Patients above the cut-off value had a higher mortality rate as compared to low serum OPN levels during follow up. Serum OPN may have a predictive role in NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab. Although larger confirmatory studies are needed, measuring serum OPN levels at baseline can be a clinically useful tool in a near future.

Serum PCSK9 levels at the second nivolumab cycle predict overall survival in elderly patients with NSCLC: a pilot study.

Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 are used for treating NSCLC. To date, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has been poorly investigated in the oncologic field. Here, we aimed at evaluating whether serum PCSK9 might represent a predictive factor for OS in older patients with advanced NSCLC under nivolumab treatment. Among 78 patients with advanced, pre-treated NSCLC previously enrolled in a prospective study at Ospedale Policlinico San Martino in Genoa (Italy), 44 patients have been included in this sub-analysis due to the availability of serum samples for the measurement of PCSK9. Before each nivolumab administration, clinical information and blood samples were collected. Median age was 71, with a prevalence of the male sex. The most represented histological type of lung cancer was adenocarcinoma. The majority of patients were former smokers (72.1%). Median PCSK9 levels were 123.59 (86.32-169.89) ng/mL and 117.17 (80.46-147.79) ng/mL at cycle 1 and 2, respectively. Based on a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, a PCSK9 value at cycle 2 of 95 ng/mL was found as the best cutoff point for OS. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients below the PCSK9 cutoff (< 95 ng/mL) experienced a better OS, as confirmed by Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. In this pilot study, circulating levels of PCSK9 < 95 ng/mL at the time of the second cycle of nivolumab treatment could independently predict a better OS in elderly patients with advanced, pre-treated NSCLC. However, further studies are warranted to validate these preliminary results.

Microtubule-targeting agents in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: insights on new combination strategies and investigational compounds.

INTRODUCTION: The management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been substantially improved in the last few years; it has been revolutionized by a patient-tailored approach, especially in the oncogene addicted disease, and by novel combinations containing immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, chemotherapy still represents a mainstay that persists over the decades with limited novelties. Tubulin inhibitors belong to different sub-classes of drugs that share the capability to interfere with mitosis by a direct action on the microtubule system. Among them, taxanes and vinca alkaloids still have a prominent role in clinical practice. AREAS COVERED: This review summarizes the mechanisms of action, current role and future directions of microtubule targeting agents; we focus on investigational agents in phase I and II clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION: Chemotherapy maintains a pivotal role in the treatment of NSCLC. New generation agents that have the potential to overcome the mechanisms of resistance to the available drugs may provide new therapeutic opportunities. Predictive biomarkers derived from combination strategies and phase III studies are necessary going forward.

Tag-based next generation sequencing: a feasible and reliable assay for EGFR T790M mutation detection in circulating tumor DNA of non small cell lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The demonstration of EGFR T790M gene mutation in plasma is crucial to assess the eligibility of Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients, who have acquired resistance to first or second generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), to receive a subsequent treatment with osimertinib. Since circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is present in very low amounts in plasma, high sensitive and specific methods are required for molecular analysis. Improving sensitivity of T790M mutation detection in plasma ctDNA enables a larger number of NSCLC patients to receive the appropriate therapy without any further invasive procedure. METHODS: A tag-based next generation sequencing (NGS) platform capable of tagging rare circulating tumor DNA alleles was employed in this study for the identification of T790M mutation in 42 post-TKI NSCLC patients. RESULTS: Compared to Real Time PCR, tag-based NGS improved the T790M detection rate (42.85% versus 21.4%, respectively), especially in those cases with a low median mutation abundance (i.e. 0.24, range 0.07-0.78). Moreover, the tag-based NGS identified EGFR activating mutations more efficiently than Real Time PCR (85.7% versus 61.9% detection rate, respectively), particularly of the L858R variant type (0.06-0.75 mutation abundance range). Patients in whom the T790M mutation was detected in plasma, achieved an objective response to osimertinib (9/14, 64.28%). CONCLUSIONS: Tag-based NGS represents an accurate and sensitive tool in a clinical setting for non-invasive assessment and monitoring of T790M variant in NSCLC patients.

Integrated Somatic and Germline Whole-Exome Sequencing Analysis in Women with Lung Cancer after a Previous Breast Cancer.

Women treated for breast cancer (BC) are at risk of developing secondary tumors, such as lung cancer (LC). Since rare germline variants have been linked to multiple cancer development, we hypothesized that BC survivors might be prone to develop LC as a result of harboring rare variants. Sixty patients with LC with previous BC (the study population; SP) and 53 women with either BC or LC and no secondary cancer (control population; CP) were enrolled. Whole exome sequencing was performed in both tumors and unaffected tissues from 28/60 SP patients, and in germline DNA from 32/53 CP. Candidate genes were validated in the remaining individuals from both populations. We found two main mutational signature profiles: S1 (C>T) in all BCs and 16/28 LCs, and S2 (C>A) which is strongly associated with smoking, in 12/28 LCs. The burden test over rare germline variants in S1-LC vs CP identified 248 genes. Validation confirmed GSN as significantly associated with LC in never-smokers. In conclusion, our data suggest two signatures involved in LC onset in women with previous BC. One of these signatures is linked to smoking. Conversely, regardless of smoking habit, in a subgroup of BC survivors genetic susceptibility may contribute to LC risk.