Standardized approach to extract candidate outcomes from literature for a standard outcome set: a case- and simulation study.

AIMS: Standard outcome sets enable the value-based evaluation of health care delivery. Whereas the attainment of expert opinion has been structured using methods such as the modified-Delphi process, standardized guidelines for extraction of candidate outcomes from literature are lacking. As such, we aimed to describe an approach to obtain a comprehensive list of candidate outcomes for potential inclusion in standard outcome sets. METHODS: This study describes an iterative saturation approach, using randomly selected batches from a systematic literature search to develop a long list of candidate outcomes to evaluate healthcare. This approach can be preceded with an optional benchmark review of relevant registries and Clinical Practice Guidelines and data visualization techniques (e.g. as a WordCloud) to potentially decrease the number of iterations. The development of the International Consortium of Health Outcome Measures Heart valve disease set is used to illustrate the approach. Batch cutoff choices of the iterative saturation approach were validated using data of 1000 simulated cases. RESULTS: Simulation showed that on average 98% (range 92-100%) saturation is reached using a 100-article batch initially, with 25 articles in the subsequent batches. On average 4.7 repeating rounds (range 1-9) of 25 new articles were necessary to achieve saturation if no outcomes are first identified from a benchmark review or a data visualization. CONCLUSION: In this paper a standardized approach is proposed to identify relevant candidate outcomes for a standard outcome set. This approach creates a balance between comprehensiveness and feasibility in conducting literature reviews for the identification of candidate outcomes.

Extracorporeal photopheresis for treatment of adults and children with acute GVHD: UK consensus statement and review of published literature.

Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) has been used for over 20 years to treat acute GVHD (aGVHD) and chronic GVHD. Evidence on the efficacy of response in aGVHD has continued to accrue and data suggest that there is a good response and prolonged survival in both children and adults with grade II-IV aGVHD. Unlike chronic GVHD where treatment schedules are typically one or two times monthly for 12-18 months, patients with aGVHD respond rapidly to an intense weekly treatment schedule for 8 weeks, typically allowing steroids to be discontinued without flare-ups of aGVHD. Maintenance ECP therapy is generally not required. Many centres across Europe and United States treat aGVHD with ECP as second-line therapy and responses are excellent in a subset of patients. Unlike other second-line therapies, ECP is not immunosuppressive and has no reported drug interactions. Importantly, ECP does not have a negative impact on the graft-versus-malignancy effect of the transplant. This statement aims to select those patients most likely to respond to treatment and summarises treatment and monitoring schedules for the management of aGVHD in adult and paediatric patients to ensure the correct patients are treated with the optimal protocol for efficacy.

NSAID use and risk of leukaemia: a population-based case-control study.

PURPOSE: The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a reduced risk of developing colorectal and lung cancer. Studies suggesting similar associations in leukaemia have been small and underpowered. We have conducted a large population-based case-control study to determine whether the use of NSAIDs is associated with a reduced risk of acute and chronic leukaemias, and whether their use has any impact on survival in these patients. METHODS: We identified all the incident cases of leukaemia in 'The Health Improvement Network' (THIN) general practice dataset, along with at least four matched controls per case. We used conditional logistic regression to determine odds ratios for NSAID prescription rates and the risk of developing several leukaemia sub-types. We then used Cox regression to determine the association between NSAID prescription rate and risk of death in leukaemia. Hazard ratios were adjusted for gender, age at diagnosis, smoking status and Townsend Score. RESULTS: The risk of leukaemia overall appears to increase marginally with increased use of NSAIDs prior to diagnosis. This is not seen when individual leukaemia sub-types are examined, however, except perhaps in CLL where patients who had received 2-5 prescriptions/year are 34% more likely to be diagnosed with CLL than those who had not had any NSAID prescriptions (O.R. 1.34, p = 0.03, 95% C.I. 1.02-1.74). There was no statistically significant association between exposure to NSAIDs prior to leukaemia diagnosis and survival. CONCLUSION: The use of NSAIDs does not reduce the risk of developing leukaemia, nor do they improve survival.

Are Indians and females less tolerant to pain? An observational study using a laboratory pain model.

In Malaysia, it is a common belief among health care workers that females and Indians have lower pain threshold. This experience, although based on anecdotal experience in the healthcare setting, does not allow differentiation between pain tolerance, and pain expression. To determine whether there is a difference in the tolerance to pain between the three main ethnic groups, namely the Malays, Chinese and Indians as well as between males and females. This was a prospective study, using a laboratory pain model (ischaemic pain tolerance) to determine the pain tolerance of 152 IMU medical students. The mean age of the students was 21.8 years (range 18-29 years). All of them were unmarried. The median of ischaemic pain tolerance for Malays, Chinese and Indians were 639s, 695s and 613s respectively (p = 0.779). However, statistically significant difference in ischaemic pain tolerance for males and females Indian students were observed. Possible ethnic difference in pain tolerance in casual observation is not verified by this laboratory pain model. Difference in pain tolerance between genders is shown only for Indians.

High dose melphalan or intermediate dose melphalan can be well tolerated and result in good response rates in selected elderly patients with myeloma.

We have used two strategies for treating myeloma patients aged 65-75 years. Those fit enough underwent Cyclophosphamide mobilisation and PBSCT using melphalan 200mg/m(2) (HDM) (n=15, median 67 years). Those less fit were mobilised with G-CSF and received melphalan 70mg/m(2) (IDM) (n=15, median 69 years). Where possible sufficient PBSC were collected so that patients not in CR after their first IDM, underwent a second IDM procedure (n=6). The treatment was well tolerated with zero day+100 TRM. Median cell dose was 4.85x10(6)CD34+cells/kg and 2.7x10(6) in the HDM and IDM groups, respectively. Neutrophil engraftment was faster in the HDM group but despite this there was a trend to earlier discharge in the IDM group (13 days versus 15 days) and lower antibiotic and anti-fungal usage, suggesting better tolerability. Response rates were similar with CRs achieved in 7/15 patients receiving HDM and 9/15 receiving IDM (6 after the first and 3 after the second procedure). Three patients did not undergo a second IDM due to insufficient cells. In the IDM group 11/15 remain alive at a median follow up of 14 months with 5 in CR, whilst in the HDM group 12/15 are alive with 5 in CR at a median follow up of 15.5m. We conclude both approaches have comparable efficacy but that IDM may be better tolerated in an older age group.

Low dose erythropoietin is effective in reducing transfusion requirements following allogeneic HSCT.

Blood transfusions are frequently required for several weeks after allogeneic transplantation due to inadequate erythropoiesis and defective erythropoietin production. Because red cell transfusion is not without complications in this setting, we sought to avoid them using recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) therapy. We treated 53 patients following allogeneic transplantation for haematological malignancy, using rhEpo at a dose of 10 000 units subcutaneously twice weekly. The median time of commencement of rhEpo was 61 days post-transplant (range 19-465 days), and the median haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was 9.4 g dL(-1) (range 7.0-10.7 g dL(-1)). Thirty patients responded to rhEpo and required no further transfusion with a median rise in Hb after 2 weeks of therapy of 1.5 g (0.7-4.1 g dL(-1)). Erythropoietin (Epo) was discontinued at a median of 5 weeks (range 2-36), when the median Hb concentration was 12.3 g dL(-1) (range 10.0-14.3 g dL(-1)). Those patients who failed to respond to rhEpo frequently had additional reasons for anaemia including cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and treatment, major ABO incompatibility, disease relapse, graft rejection or other transplant-related complications. We conclude that a short course of rhEpo is an effective treatment for anaemia arising following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, and can avoid the need for transfusion in this setting.

Donor lymphocyte infusions can result in sustained remissions in patients with residual or relapsed lymphoid malignancy following allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation.

We treated 17 patients with refractory (n = 7) or relapsed lymphoid malignancy (n = 10) following allogeneic HSCT with donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI). Patients with low-grade disease received DLI alone (n = 7) or following radiotherapy (n = 1). Patients with aggressive disease (n = 9) received prior chemotherapy. Nine out of 15 patients receiving DLI from sibling donors responded after one (n = 6), two (n = 2) and three (n = 1) infusions. Both MUD recipients achieved CR after two and three DLI. In all, 10/17 patients achieved CR including 3/4 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), 4/4 with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), 3/4 with follicular NHL but 0/5 with aggressive NHL/Richters. The median CD3 cell dose to achieve CR for siblings was 2 x 10(7)/kg. One patient with CLL had a second transplant following DLI-induced aplasia and is in CR at 14 months giving a final CR rate of 64%. Grade II-IV acute GVHD developed in 45% and chronic GVHD in 8/9 evaluable patients. Of the 11 patients finally achieving CR, one patient with MCL relapsed at 18 months post-DLI but all others remain in remission with a median follow-up of 40 months (range 12-64 months). Low-grade NHL and MCL have a high response rate and sustained remissions following DLI. Aggressive disease responds poorly however, despite pre-DLI chemotherapy.

High-dose melphalan followed by radical radiotherapy for the treatment of massive plasmacytoma of the chest wall.

We report three cases of massive chest wall plasmacytoma, each greater than 10 cm in diameter, without evidence of overt myeloma, whom we treated with a combination of VAD chemotherapy consolidated by high-dose melphalan and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and radical radiotherapy. All three patients completed all components of their therapy without experiencing any major side effects and one patient has had a durable remission. The other two patients have had disease progression but at sites other than the original tumour.

Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter and its association with microsatellite instability in acute myeloid leukemia.

The hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes are involved in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. Defects in either of these genes have been associated with genetic instability in a wide variety of malignancies. A molecular mechanism involved in aberrant MMR gene expression is the epigenetic silencing of transcription by promoter methylation. The importance of MMR promoter methylation in leukemia is presently unclear and we have therefore undertaken a detailed analysis of the promoter regions of hMLH1 and hMSH2 using the technique of bisulfite genomic sequencing. DNA from 55 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) including 23 patients with therapy-related AML (t-AML) have been analyzed. Two patients with de novo AML demonstrated extensive methylation throughout the whole hMLH1 region sequenced, one of whom had previously shown widespread genetic instability, measured as microsatellite instability (MSI). However methylation of hMLH1 was not found in t-AML which has previously been associated with MSI. In addition, methylation was seen at a restricted region of the hMLH1 promoter in both AML patients and healthy controls. The significance of this methylated region of the hMLH1 promoter is uncertain, however, our results confirm that in some patients with AML extensive methylation of hMLH1, but not of hMSH2 may occur, and as is the case in solid tumors this can be associated with the presence of a defective DNA mismatch repair pathway resulting in MSI.

Microsatellite instability occurs in defined subsets of patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia.

Using a sensitive fluorescent-polymerase chain reaction technique we looked for microsatellite instability (MSI) as functional evidence of mismatch repair defects in 71 cases of acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML). MSI was assessed at 11 loci in matched leukaemic and constitutional DNA. Nine out of 71 patients (13%) were found to have MSI. Four of these patients had therapy-related leukaemia and the remaining five were all over the age of 60 years. There was a high incidence of adverse-risk cytogenetics in the patients with MSI, including abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and/or 7. Of the nine cases of t-AML included in this study, four (44%) had MSI. MSI was also seen in five of 51 cases (10%) over the age of 60 years but not in any cases under the age of 60 years with de novo AML. Using a sensitive assay, our results suggest that MSI occurs in two subgroups of patients with AML: those with t-AML and the elderly (> 60 years), but is rare in younger patients.

DNA repair mechanisms and acute myeloblastic leukemia.

DNA repair mechanisms play a vital role in maintaining genomic integrity. With the wealth of knowledge gained recently on these processes it is becoming clear that defects in repair proteins and proteins associated with the regulation of repair are connected to many different human diseases including cancer. This paper has aimed to review the four major DNA repair processes and in particular concentrate on their association with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML).

Induction of remission after donor leucocyte infusion for the treatment of relapsed chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis following allogeneic transplantation: evidence for a 'graft vs. myelofibrosis' effect.

A 54-year-old man showed evidence of disease progression and a reduction in donor chimaerism by molecular microsatellite analysis 6 months after an allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant for chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. He was treated with a single infusion of donor leucocyte infusions (DLI), which led to the development of mild acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and the rapid restoration of full donor haemopoiesis. This subsequently led to a progressive reduction in marrow fibrosis from grade IV to grade I over the following 6 months. We believe that this is the first report to provide clear evidence for the efficacy of DLI in this setting, which also provides evidence for the existence of a T-cell-mediated 'graft vs. myelofibrosis' effect similar to that seen against other haematological malignancies.

Allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma or plasma cell leukaemia using fractionated total body radiation and high-dose melphalan conditioning.

We have evaluated the outcome of allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma using a conditioning regimen comprising fractionated total body irradiation and high-dose melphalan (110 mg/m2). The study comprised 25 patients (median age 49 years) who had been transplanted by either bone marrow (n = 13) or G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (n = 12). Overall transplant-related mortality was 30% but was lower for patients < 50 years of age at transplant (21%). The main cause of treatment-related mortality was viral infection. Of the 19 patients evaluable post-transplant, 17 have so far achieved complete remissions. Currently, with a median follow-up of 3.4 years, 18 out of 25 patients are alive, of whom 15 are in continuing complete remission (CR) and 2 in second remission after suffering localized relapses, which were treated with radiotherapy and donor leucocyte infusions. Patients transplanted after 1 line of previous therapy, < 50 years of age and receiving peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) rather than bone marrow (BM) had a superior outcome, although there was no statistically significant factor. We conclude that allogeneic transplantation should be considered as a potentially curative option for younger patients with myeloma and that the regimen using fractionated total body irradiation and melphalan has a high CR rate and a relatively low risk of treatment-related mortality, particularly in younger patients.