Performance of the SD Bioline rapid diagnostic test as a good alternative to the detection of human African trypanosomiasis in Cameroon.

Background: Case detection is essential for the management of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), which is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Prior to parasitological confirmation, routine screening using the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) is essential. Recently, individual rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for the serodiagnosis of HAT have been developed. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of SD Bioline HAT to the serological screening of human African trypanosomiasis in Cameroonian foci.Methods. Between June 2014 and January 2015, blood samples were collected during surveys in the foci of Campo, Yokadouma, and Fontem. The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of SD Bioline HAT were determined using the CATT as the gold standard for the detection of specific antibodies against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Results: A total of 88 samples were tested: 59.1% (n=52) in Campo, 31.8% (n=28) in Yokadouma, and 9.1% (n=8) in Fontem. There were 61.4% (n=54) males and 38.4% (n=34) females, and the average age was 35.4 19.0 years. In probed foci, the overall seroprevalence was 11.4% (95% confidence interval: 6.3-19.7) with the CATT method and 18.2% (95% confidence interval: 11.5-27.2%) with the SD Bioline HAT RDT method. The SD Bioline HAT's Se and Sp were 80.0% and 89.7%, respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the overall performance of the SD Bioline HAT was comparable to that of the CATT, with high specificity in the serological detection of HAT.

Dengue and Chikungunya virus circulation in Cameroon and Gabon: molecular evidence among symptomatic individuals.

We report the molecular evidence of dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in symptomatic individuals in Cameroon and Gabon, respectively. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are distributed in the tropical or subtropical regions, with DENV having the highest burden. The morbidity and mortality related to arboviral diseases raise the concern of timely and efficient surveillance and care. Our aim was to assess the circulation of arboviruses [DENV, CHIKV, Zika virus (ZIKV)] among febrile patients in Dschang (West Cameroon) and Kyé-ossi (South Cameroon, border with Gabon and Equatorial Guinea). Dried blood spots were collected from 601 consenting febrile patients, and 194 Plasmodium spp.-negative samples were tested for the molecular detection of cases of DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV infection. Overall, no case of ZIKV infection was found, whereas one case of DENV infection and one case of CHIKV infection were detected in Dschang and Kyé-ossi, respectively, with the CHIKV-infected patient being resident in Gabon. Our findings suggest the need to establish an active surveillance of arbovirus transmission in Cameroon and bordering countries.

Plasmodium vivax Infections Detected in a Large Number of Febrile Duffy-Negative Africans in Dschang, Cameroon.

The Duffy blood group is a critical receptor for Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) invasion of red blood cells, and consequently, P. vivax infections were considered rare in sub-Saharan Africa where the prevalence of Duffy-negativity is high. However, recently, P. vivax infections have been found in Duffy-negative Africans throughout the malaria transmission area of sub-Saharan Africa, raising important questions concerning the molecular composition of these P. vivax clones and the red blood cell receptors that facilitate their invasion. Here, we describe an unusually high number of P. vivax infections in febrile Duffy-negative Africans in Dschang, Cameroon (177 of 500 outpatients), as compared with Santchou (two of 400 outpatients) and Kyé-ossi (two of 101 outpatients), in other areas in Cameroon. In the discussion, we speculate on the possible reasons why Dschang might account for the unusually large numbers of P. vivax infections in Duffy-negative individuals living there.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Population Living in Rural and Semi-Rural Areas towards Covid-19 :Case of the Menoua Division, Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: The pandemic situation the world is facing caused by the new SARS-Cov-2 continues to evolve and still represent a real problem. With more than eight thousand reported cases infection, Cameroon stands as the seventh most affected country in Africa. Prevention remains the best way to fight against this zoonosis. However, the limited information available about this infection is a great barrier to stopping the propagation of the virus within the population, especially in rural and semi-rural areas, where the lack of financial and material resources is a reality. This study aimed to assessing Awareness and attitudes of the population of the Menoua Division on COVID-19 infection. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 9 to April 15 2020 amongst the populations of rural and semi-rural areas of the Menoua Division. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered face to face to each participant. The analysis was carried out using the Statistical Analysis System software (SAS version 9.4). The significance threshold was set at a P value of less than 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 434 participants of which male majority (sex ratio 1.07) were included in this study. The most represented age group was [21 - 40] years old representing 40.29% of the participants. Approximately all participants (98.57%) were aware of the world emergency state due to Coronavirus. 75.56%, 91% and 90.93% of the participants knew respectively that having close contacts, kissing and touching the face with the hands could favor the transmission of the virus. However, nearly 91.14% were not aware of the clinical symptoms of the disease. Moreover, 85.02% responded that they would not be able to comply with the confinement measures if they were applied at national level. The level of awareness varied significantly according to the occupation (p=0.038) and the educational level (p<0.001)of the participants. CONCLUSION: The average level of awareness of the population of the Menoua Division on COVID-19 infection was relatively low. Overcoming this pandemic disease means ensuring the flow of the correct information towards the population. Community outreach activities focus on clinical manifestations and what to do in case of COVID-19 infection as well as material and financial support should be help the population to protect themselves effectively against pandemic, particularly in rural areas and surrounding.

The Ebola virus disease outbreak in Tonkolili district, Sierra Leone: a retrospective analysis of the Viral Haemorrhagic Fever surveillance system, July 2014-June 2015.

In Sierra Leone, the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak occurred with substantial differences between districts with someone even not affected. To monitor the epidemic, a community event-based surveillance system was set up, collecting data into the Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF) database. We analysed the VHF database of Tonkolili district to describe the epidemiology of the EVD outbreak during July 2014-June 2015 (data availability). Multivariable analysis was used to identify risk factors for EVD, fatal EVD and barriers to healthcare access, by comparing EVD-positive vs. EVD-negative cases. Key-performance indicators for EVD response were also measured. Overall, 454 EVD-positive cases were reported. At multivariable analysis, the odds of EVD was higher among those reporting contacts with an EVD-positive/suspected case (odds ratio (OR) 2.47; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.44-2.50; P < 0.01) and those attending funeral (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.04; P < 0.01). EVD cases from Kunike chiefdom had a lower odds of death (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.08-0.44; P < 0.01) and were also more likely to be hospitalised (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.23-4.57; P < 0.05). Only 25.1% of alerts were generated within 1 day from symptom onset. EVD preparedness and response plans for Tonkolili should include social-mobilisation activities targeting Ebola/knowledge-attitudes-practice during funeral attendance, to avoid contact with suspected cases and to increase awareness on EVD symptoms, in order to reduce delays between symptom onset to alert generation and consequently improve the outbreak-response promptness.

The problem of lost to follow-up of mother-child pairs enrolled in the PMTCT program in Dschang District Hospital-Cameroon.

High rates of lost to follow-up (LTFU) in the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programs in Cameroon will only contribute in hindering the successful implementation of the program. The objective of this study was to determine the reasons of LTFU of mother-child pairs enrolled in the PMTCT program in Dschang District Hospital (DDH): Cameroon. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in HIV+ exposed children delivered in the DDH from1st Jan 2012 - 31st Dec 2014, who were greater than or equal to 18 months at the study period (1st August - 30th September 2016) and whose mothers were enrolled in the PMTCT program for at least 3 months. Children were considered LTFU if they did not return to the hospital for the establishment of their HIV status at 18 months. A complementary cross-sectional study was done whereby a structured questionnaire was administered to the LTFU group via telephone calls, in order to determine the causes of LTFU. Data was collected from hospital registers and analyses done using Epi info 7.1.3.3 software. Results: A total of 141 mother-child pairs were eligible for the study, 76 were reachable via phone calls and 36 (47.37%) met the case definition of LTFU. Out of the 36 (47.37%) children LTFU, lack of information, 19(65.52%); lack of support from male partners, 4(11.11%); Poor behavior of health personnel, 2 (5.56%); forgetfulness, negligence/time wasting, unavailability of results, fear of child being infected, and family problems were all listed at equal proportions of, 3(6.90%) as well as financial problem, 1 (2.78%) were all causes of LTFU identified in this study.

Knowledge on STIs / HIV / AIDS, Stigma-Discrimination and sexual behaviors AMONG students of the University of Dschang, in Cameroon.

This study reports the results of a survey conducted among students of the University of Dschang, on STI/HIV/AIDS, the Stigma-Discrimination pair and sexual behaviors. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted during the months of January and February 2017. We collected data by a face to face questionnaire administered to students of the University of Dschang. The codification, process and analysis have been done using the software EPI-Info 7.3.1.1, with the threshold of significance set at 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 520 individuals participated in this survey, with more than half (62.7%, n = 326/520) aged between 20-30 years, with a male/female sex ratio of 1,031. The vast majority (83%, n = 418/520) of them were in the undergraduate cycle. The main modes of transmission cited included: the combination of items such as blood transfusion / soiled objects / Mother-to-child transmission/ unprotected sex for 36.3% of respondents (n = 186/516) although 21.9 % (n = 112/516) of them admitted not knowing any modes of transmission of STIs / HIV. Also, 74.2% (n = 386/520) of respondents were sexually active, with the estimated age of sex debut being over 18 years (53.9%; 208/386) for half of them. Of the 36.2% (n = 186/514) respondents who reported knowing someone with STI / HIV and AIDS, the first feeling they had with regards to them was pity (86.6%; n = 386/446), followed by fear in 11.7% (n = 52/446) of respondents but yet 40.2% (n = 208/518) admitted they have never heard of discrimination. CONCLUSION: Stigma and discrimination in the student milieu remains a major barrier to students' development who, becoming sexually active at a very early age, are more exposed to the risk of contracting STI / HIV. Sensitization actions should be implemented within university campuses and reproductive health courses for young adults, included in the academic curriculum for a significant reduction in the number of new infections.

Molecular evidence of Plasmodium vivax infection in Duffy negative symptomatic individuals from Dschang, West Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium vivax infection is known to be rare in West/Central Africa, the most accepted explanation being the lack of expression of erythroid Duffy antigen in the local human populations. Duffy negativity prevents the parasite to exploit the entry mechanism on the red blood cell surface. However, there are a growing number of reported vivax infections in Duffy-negative individuals. Data on P. vivax circulation in Cameroon are limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate the P. vivax presence, and its association with the Duffy genotype in West Cameroon. RESULTS: Overall, 484 blood samples were collected consecutively from febrile outpatients attending the Dschang's Hospital (West Cameroon) during a 3-months period. Plasmodium vivax infection was detected by PCR in 5.6% (n = 27/484) of the cases, representing 38.6% (n = 27/70) of all Plasmodium infections detected. All P. vivax infected individuals showed a Duffy-negative genotype, and the frequency of Duffy-positive individuals in the whole tested population was 1.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirm the circulation of P. vivax in Cameroon, as well as that the lack of expression of Duffy-antigen does not confer full protection against vivax malaria acquisition.