ABSTRACT
Resumen El coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) detona el padecimiento la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), poniendo en riesgo de muerte a la población vulnerable. El laboratorio clínico enfrenta un reto para el diagnóstico, seguimiento, pronóstico y evaluación de los tratamientos, que se ofrecen a los enfermos de COVID-19. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar al lector un resumen de los principales cambios en los parámetros que se estudian en los laboratorios clínicos. Material y métodos: Se hizo una búsqueda bibliográfica cruzando los términos COVID-19 y laboratorio clínico. Se analizaron las publicaciones relevantes por los miembros del Comité de Trombosis y Hemostasia-AMEH A.C. y se plasmaron las pruebas que a criterio de los participantes destacan por la relación entre la información que proporcionan respecto al seguimiento, pronóstico y evaluación al tratamiento. Resultados: Se recomienda solicitar una citometría hemática (recuento de células blancas, relación neutrófilo:linfocito), química sanguínea (transaminasas, bilirrubinas, albúmina, urea, creatinina, glucosa, lactato deshidrogenasa), pruebas de coagulación (tiempo de protrombina, tiempo de tromboplastina parcial activado, fibrinógeno y dímeros D) y pruebas especiales (proteína C reactiva, ferritina, procalcitonina, troponina).
Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggers the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), putting the vulnerable population at risk of death. The clinical laboratory faces a challenge for the diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis and evaluation of therapy with low molecular weight heparin. Our objective in this article is to offer a brief discuss of the main changes in the clinical parameters, studied on behalf of COVID-19 patients by a clinical laboratory. Material and methods: A bibliographic search was made crossing the terms COVID-19 and clinical laboratory. Relevant publications were analyzed by the members of the Committee for Thrombosis and Hemostasis-AMEH A.C. The relevant articles were discussed, and the clinical tests discussed in the article are those, that meet the criteria of providing information referring to the follow-up, prognosis and evaluation of treatment against the lower cost. Results: It is recommended to request a blood count (white cell count, neutrophyl/ lymphocytes ratio), clinical chemistry (transaminases, bilirubin, albumin, urea, creatinine, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase), coagulation tests (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, DD dimers) and special tests (C-reactive protein, ferritin, procalcitonin, troponins).
ABSTRACT
Dengue is a major public health problem worldwide with distinct clinical manifestations: an acute presentation (dengue fever, DF) similar to other febrile illnesses (OFI) and a more severe, life-threatening form (severe dengue, SD). Due to nonspecific clinical presentation during the early phase of dengue infection, differentiating DF from OFI has remained a challenge, and current methods to determine severity of dengue remain poor early predictors. We present a prospective clinical cohort study conducted in Caracas, Venezuela from 2001-2005, designed to determine whether clinical and hematological parameters could distinguish DF from OFI, and identify early prognostic biomarkers of SD. From 204 enrolled suspected dengue patients, there were 111 confirmed dengue cases. Piecewise mixed effects regression and nonparametric statistics were used to analyze longitudinal records. Decreased serum albumin and fibrinogen along with increased D-dimer, thrombin-antithrombin complex, activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time were prognostic of SD on the day of defervescence. In the febrile phase, the day-to-day rates of change in serum albumin and fibrinogen concentration, along with platelet counts, were significantly decreased in dengue patients compared to OFI, while the day-to-day rates of change of lymphocytes (%) and thrombin time were increased. In dengue patients, the absolute lymphocytes to neutrophils ratio showed specific temporal increase, enabling classification of dengue patients entering the critical phase with an area under the ROC curve of 0.79. Secondary dengue patients had elongation of Thrombin time compared to primary cases while the D-dimer formation (fibrinolysis marker) remained always lower for secondary compared to primary cases. Based on partial analysis of 31 viral complete genomes, a high frequency of C-to-T transitions located at the third codon position was observed, suggesting deamination events with five major hot spots of amino acid polymorphic sites outside in non-structural proteins. No association of severe outcome was statistically significant for any of the five major polymorphic sites found. This study offers an improved understanding of dengue hemostasis and a novel way of approaching dengue diagnosis and disease prognosis using piecewise mixed effect regression modeling. It also suggests that a better discrimination of the day of disease can improve the diagnostic and prognostic classification power of clinical variables using ROC curve analysis. The piecewise mixed effect regression model corroborated key early clinical determinants of disease, and offers a time-series approach for future vaccine and pathogenesis clinical studies.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers/blood , Dengue/diagnosis , Dengue/pathology , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Biostatistics , Blood Chemical Analysis , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , ROC Curve , Venezuela , Young AdultABSTRACT
Para la realización de investigaciones científicas en seres humanos es fundamental el cumplimiento de la Declaración de Helsinki, cuya última actualización se publicó en el 2013. Para los países de América Latina esta declaración se adaptó como las Pautas CIOMS, por lo que también fue necesario actualizar y su publicación ocurrió en el 2016. Como parte de la evaluación de la asignatura Bioética e Investigación, se solicitó a los estudiantes de la VI Cohorte de la Maestría en Bioética de la Facultad de Medicina, UCV, que realizarán un análisis comparativo de éstas con las pautas contempladas en la edición anterior del 2002 a fin de proporcionar a los investigadores un aporte en su formación y una rápida adaptación a la nueva propuesta. Para el desarrollo de estos trabajos se agruparon las pautas en grandes temas afines y se presentan en tres entregas(AU)
To carry out scientific research on human beings, compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, whose last update was published in 2013, is essential. For Latin American countries, this statement was adopted as the CIOMS Guidelines, which were last updated and published in 2016. As part of the evaluation of the subject Bioethics and Research, students of the VI Cohort of the Master in Bioethics of the Faculty of Medicine, UCV, were asked to perform a comparative analysis of these with the guidelines contemplated in the previous edition of 2002 to provide researchers with a contribution in their training and a rapid adaptation to the new proposal. For the development of these works, the guidelines were grouped into large related topics and presented in three installments(AU)