Examination of the vessel's shape, resistive force and volumetric-aqueous efficiencies to optimize the vessels' foil under noise propagation.

There are several parameters in designing undersurface vessel forms, the most important of which is the hull's total strength, which includes the strength of the hull and its attachments. According to studies, 70 % of the total strength of the vessels is related to their hull only without attachments. The hull has three major parts: nose, cylinder, and heel. The advanced vessels' architecture has a parallel shape (cylinder shape). This cylindrical part is important in examining the used volume by pilots and vessel equipment. This paper uses the CFD method to examine the vessel's shape, and the resistive force and volumetric-aqueous efficiencies are extracted. An optimum profile is extracted by the values of resistive force and volumetric-aqueous efficiencies. The results indicate the significant effect of the hull form on the hydro-acoustic noise of the hull. In other words, by optimizing the hydrodynamic form of the hull, the noise propagation can be reduced as much as possible. Also, the linear slope of the optimized hull is not optimized more than the hull. This means that the turbulence caused by the optimized hull has a higher damping potential.

Using feed-forward perceptron Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to determine the rolling force, power and slip of the tandem cold rolling.

In this paper, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to investigate the influence of rolling parameters such as thickness reduction, inter-strand tension, rolling speed and friction on the rolling force, rolling power, and slip of tandem cold rolling. For this reason, the rolling power was derived for 195 various experiments through a series of observation tests. The network is trained and tested using real data collected from a practical tandem rolling line. The best topology of the ANN is determined by Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) training algorithm and error, and nine neurons in the hidden layer had the best performance. The average of the training, testing, and validating correlation coefficients data sets are mentioned 0.947, 0.924, and 0.943, respectively. The obtained results show MSE value 4.2 × 10-4 for predicting slip. In addition, the effect of friction and angular velocity condition on the cold rolling critical slip phenomena are investigated. The results show that ANNs can accurately predict the cold rolling parameters considered in this study.

Pareto multi-objective optimization of tandem cold rolling settings for reductions and inter stand tensions using NSGA-II.

In this paper, multi-objective optimization of tandem cold rolling settings for reductions and inter-stand tensions using NSGA-II and Pareto-optimal front are investigated. In this multi-objective optimization, the total power consumption and uniform power distribution are suggested as objective functions, and reduction thicknesses in each stand and inter stand tensions were selected as problem decision variables. Analytical formulations are introduced to determine the rolling forces and power based on the Stone approach. Then, the main variables of the optimization problem, objective functions, linear and nonlinear constraints, are defined. Moreover, some empirical constraints are introduced regarding the practical limitations of cold rolling equipment and the mechanical properties of the material. At first, considering the conditions of a practical tandem rolling line, single-objective optimization is performed separately, and finally, NSGA-II was used for multi-objective optimization. Compared to the initial setting of the rolling line, the obtained single objective schedules have better performance. Moreover, the multi-objective results based on the Pareto-optimal front are investigated, and an optimized setting for rolling schedule has been suggested. Using this proposed schedule the total power consumption is reduced by more than 11% comparing to the initial setting and more uniform power distribution has been obtained in rolling stands. The normalized reductions calculated from this investigation are compared with numerical and experimental results found in the literature and the similarity was observed in the pattern of thickness reduction distribution.

A well-trained artificial neural network for predicting the rheological behavior of MWCNT-Al2O3 (30-70%)/oil SAE40 hybrid nanofluid.

In this study, the influence of different volume fractions ([Formula: see text]) of nanoparticles and temperatures on the dynamic viscosity ([Formula: see text]) of MWCNT-Al2O3 (30-70%)/oil SAE40 hybrid nanofluid was examined by ANN. For this reason, the [Formula: see text] was derived for 203 various experiments through a series of experimental tests, including a combination of 7 different [Formula: see text], 6 various temperatures, and 5 shear rates. These data were then used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) to generalize results in the predefined ranges for two input parameters. For this reason, a feed-forward perceptron ANN with two inputs (T and [Formula: see text]) and one output ([Formula: see text]) was used. The best topology of the ANN was determined by trial and error, and a two-layer with 10 neurons in the hidden layer with the tansig function had the best performance. A well-trained ANN is created using the trainbr algorithm and showed an MSE value of 4.3e-3 along 0.999 as a correlation coefficient for predicting [Formula: see text]. The results show that an increase [Formula: see text] has a significant effect on [Formula: see text] value. As [Formula: see text] increases, the viscosity of this nanofluid increases at all temperatures. On the other hand, with increasing temperature, the viscosity of this nanofluid decreases. Based on all of the diagrams presented for the trained ANNs, we can conclude that a well-trained ANN can be used as an approximating function for predicting the [Formula: see text].

Investigation of vibrational manner of carbon nanotubes in the vicinity of ultrasonic argon flow using molecular dynamics simulation.

Among various types of nanostructures, carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the most important nanostructures. These nanostructures have been considered due to their mechanical, thermal, and vibrational properties. In this research, this nanostructure's vibrational behavior in the vicinity of argon flow in the vicinity of ultrasonic velocity was investigated. The effect of factors such as the stability of atomic structures, the atomic manner of carbon nanotubes in the presence of ultrasonic fluid, the influence of carbon nanotubes' length, and the chirality of carbon nanotubes on vibrational behavior was studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The MD simulations display an enhance in amplitude and a decrease in the oscillation frequency. Physically, these simulations' results indicated the appropriate mechanical strength of carbon nanotubes in the presence of argon fluid. Numerically, the simulated carbon nanotubes' minimum oscillation amplitude and frequency were equal to 2.02 nm and 10.14 ps-1. On the other hand, the maximum physical quantities were expressed as 4.03 nm and 13.01 ps-1.

Early alterations in a mouse model of Rett syndrome: the GABA developmental shift is abolished at birth.

Genetic mutations of the Methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (MECP2) gene underlie Rett syndrome (RTT). Developmental processes are often considered to be irrelevant in RTT pathogenesis but neuronal activity at birth has not been recorded. We report that the GABA developmental shift at birth is abolished in CA3 pyramidal neurons of Mecp2-/y mice and the glutamatergic/GABAergic postsynaptic currents (PSCs) ratio is increased. Two weeks later, GABA exerts strong excitatory actions, the glutamatergic/GABAergic PSCs ratio is enhanced, hyper-synchronized activity is present and metabotropic long-term depression (LTD) is impacted. One day before delivery, maternal administration of the NKCC1 chloride importer antagonist bumetanide restored these parameters but not respiratory or weight deficits, nor the onset of mortality. Results suggest that birth is a critical period in RTT with important alterations that can be attenuated by bumetanide raising the possibility of early treatment of the disorder.

Pyramidal neuron growth and increased hippocampal volume during labor and birth in autism.

We report that the apical dendrites of CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neurons are increased during labor and birth in the valproate model of autism but not in control animals. Using the iDISCO clearing method, we show that hippocampal, especially CA3 region, and neocortical volumes are increased and that the cerebral volume distribution shifts from normal to lognormal in valproate-treated animals. Maternal administration during labor and birth of the NKCC1 chloride transporter antagonist bumetanide, which reduces [Cl-]i levels and attenuates the severity of autism, abolished the neocortical and hippocampal volume changes and reduced the whole-brain volume in valproate-treated animals. These results suggest that the abolition of the oxytocin-mediated excitatory-to-inhibitory shift of GABA actions during labor and birth contributes to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders by stimulating growth during a vulnerable period.

GABAergic inhibition in dual-transmission cholinergic and GABAergic striatal interneurons is abolished in Parkinson disease.

We report that half striatal cholinergic interneurons are dual transmitter cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons (CGINs) expressing ChAT, GAD65, Lhx7, and Lhx6 mRNAs, labeled with GAD and VGAT, generating monosynaptic dual cholinergic/GABAergic currents and an inhibitory pause response. Dopamine deprivation increases CGINs ongoing activity and abolishes GABAergic inhibition including the cortico-striatal pause because of high [Cl-]i levels. Dopamine deprivation also dramatically increases CGINs dendritic arbors and monosynaptic interconnections probability, suggesting the formation of a dense CGINs network. The NKCC1 chloride importer antagonist bumetanide, which reduces [Cl-]i levels, restores GABAergic inhibition, the cortico-striatal pause-rebound response, and attenuates motor effects of dopamine deprivation. Therefore, most of the striatal cholinergic excitatory drive is balanced by a concomitant powerful GABAergic inhibition that is impaired by dopamine deprivation. The attenuation by bumetanide of cardinal features of Parkinson's disease paves the way to a novel therapeutic strategy based on a restoration of low [Cl-]i levels and GABAergic inhibition.

Relapse Prevention in Major Depressive Disorder After Successful Acute Electroconvulsive Treatment: a 6-month Double-blind Comparison of Three Fixed Dosages of Escitalopram and a Fixed Dose of Nortriptyline - Lessons from a Failed Randomised Trial of the Danish University Antidepressant Group (DUAG-7).

INTRODUCTION: Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) is an effective treatment for severe depression but carries a risk of relapse in the following months. METHODS: Major depressive disorder patients in a current episode attaining remission from ECT (17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17) score≤9) received randomly escitalopram 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg or nortriptyline 100 mg as monotherapies and were followed for 6 months in a multicentre double-blind set-up. Primary endpoint was relapse (HAM-D17≥16). RESULTS: As inclusion rate was low the study was prematurely stopped with only 47 patients randomised (20% of the planned sample size). No statistically significant between-group differences could be detected. When all patients receiving escitalopram were compared with those receiving nortriptyline, a marginal superiority of nortriptyline was found (p=0.08). One third of patients relapsed during the study period, and one third completed. DISCUSSION: Due to small sample size, no valid efficacy inferences could be made. The outcome was poor, probably due to tapering off of non-study psychotropic drugs after randomisation; this has implications for future study designs. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00660062.

Characterization of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist telcagepant (MK-0974) in human isolated coronary arteries.

The sensory neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a role in primary headaches, and CGRP receptor antagonists are effective in migraine treatment. CGRP is a potent vasodilator, raising the possibility that antagonism of its receptor could have cardiovascular effects. We therefore investigated the effects of the antimigraine CGRP receptor antagonist telcagepant (MK-0974) [N-[(3R,6S)-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)azepan-3-yl]-4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide] on human isolated coronary arteries. Arteries with different internal diameters were studied to assess the potential for differential effects across the coronary vascular bed. The concentration-dependent relaxation responses to human alphaCGRP were greater in distal coronary arteries (i.d. 600-1000 microm; E(max) = 83 +/- 7%) than proximal coronary arteries (i.d. 2-3 mm; E(max) = 23 +/- 9%), coronary arteries from explanted hearts (i.d. 3-5 mm; E(max) = 11 +/- 3%), and coronary arterioles (i.d. 200-300 microm; E(max) = 15 +/- 7%). Telcagepant alone did not induce contraction or relaxation of these coronary blood vessels. Pretreatment with telcagepant (10 nM to 1 microM) antagonized alphaCGRP-induced relaxation competitively in distal coronary arteries (pA(2) = 8.43 +/- 0.24) and proximal coronary arteries and coronary arterioles (1 microM telcagepant, giving pK(B) = 7.89 +/- 0.13 and 7.78 +/- 0.16, respectively). alphaCGRP significantly increased cAMP levels in distal, but not proximal, coronary arteries, and this was abolished by pretreatment with telcagepant. Immunohistochemistry revealed the expression and colocalization of the CGRP receptor elements calcitonin-like receptor and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 in the smooth muscle cells in the media layer of human coronary arteries. These findings in vitro support the cardiovascular safety of CGRP receptor antagonists and suggest that telcagepant is unlikely to induce coronary side effects under normal cardiovascular conditions.

Differential distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor components in the human trigeminal ganglion.

Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) has a key role in migraine and recently CGRP receptor antagonists have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of migraine. However, it remains unclear where the CGRP receptors are located within the CGRP signaling pathway in the human trigeminal system and hence the potential antagonist sites of action remain unknown. Therefore we designed a study to evaluate the localization of CGRP and its receptor components calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) 1 in the human trigeminal ganglion using immunohistochemistry and compare with that of rat. Antibodies against purified CLR and RAMP1 proteins were produced and characterized for this study. Trigeminal ganglia were obtained at autopsy from adult subjects and sections from rat trigeminal ganglia were used to compare the immunostaining pattern. The number of cells expressing CGRP, CLR and RAMP1, respectively, were counted. In addition, the glial cells of trigeminal ganglion, particularly the satellite glial cell, were studied to understand a possible relation. We observed immunoreactivity for CGRP, CLR and RAMP1, in the human trigeminal ganglion: 49% of the neurons expressed CGRP, 37% CLR and 36% RAMP1. Co-localization of CGRP and the receptor components was rarely found. There were no CGRP immunoreactions in the glial cells; however some of the glial cells displayed CLR and RAMP1 immunoreactivity. Similar results were observed in rat trigeminal ganglia. We report that human and rat trigeminal neurons store CGRP, CLR and RAMP1; however, CGRP and CLR/RAMP1 do not co-localize regularly but are found in separate neurons. Glial cells also contain the CGRP receptor components but not CGRP. Our results indicate, for the first time, the possibility of CGRP signaling in the human trigeminal ganglion involving both neurons and satellite glial cells. This suggests a possible site of action for the novel CGRP receptor antagonists in migraine therapy.

Application of AlMCM-41 for competitive adsorption of methylene blue and rhodamine B: Thermodynamic and kinetic studies.

AlMCM-41 was applied for adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB) in single and binary component systems. In the single component systems, AlMCM-41 represents higher adsorption capacity for MB than RB with the maximal adsorption capacity of 2.08x10(-4) and 8.74x10(-5)mol/g at 25 degrees C for MB and RB, respectively. In the binary component system, MB and RB exhibit competitive adsorption onto the adsorbent. The adsorption is approximately reduced to 94 and 79% of single component adsorption systems for MB and RB (initial concentration of 8x10(-6)M) at 25 degrees C. In single and binary component systems, kinetic and adsorption isotherm studies demonstrate that the data are following pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. Effect of solution pH on the adsorption in single and binary component systems was studied and the results were described by electrostatic interactions.