ABSTRACT
To assess the evolution in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension for over 10 years in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil, two cross-sectional studies were conducted based on random samples of households in urban and rural areas, in 2006 and 2015/2016, involving adults aged 20 years or older. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of at least 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 90mmHg as well as the reported use of antihypertensive medication. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the influence of the social, behavioral and anthropometric determinants on hypertension. Although social and behavioral factors improved in this 10-year period, overweight and abdominal obesity increased. Approximately one third of the adult population of Pernambuco had hypertension in 2006 and this prevalence was maintained in 2015/2016. In rural areas, awareness concerning hypertension rose from 44.8% in 2006 to 67.3% in 2015/2016, and control from 5.3% to 27.1%, so that awareness and control were similar in urban and rural areas in 2015/2016. After an adjustment for potential confounding factors, the likelihood of having hypertension more than doubled among men (OR = 2.03; p < 0.001), middle (OR = 4.41; p < 0.001) and old-age subjects (OR = 14.44; p < 0.001), and those who had abdominal obesity (OR = 2.04; p < 0.001) in urban areas and among middle-aged (OR = 2.56; p < 0.001), less educated individuals (OR = 2.21; p = 0.006) and those who were overweight (OR = 2.23; p < 0.001) in rural areas. Despite the favorable evolution in the management of hypertension in Pernambuco, public health measures focused in vulnerable populations are still required, mainly in rural areas, to improve primary prevention and decrease the disease rate.
Subject(s)
Hypertension/epidemiology , Adult , Blood Pressure , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Rural Population , Urban Population , Young AdultABSTRACT
Abstract: To assess the evolution in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension for over 10 years in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil, two cross-sectional studies were conducted based on random samples of households in urban and rural areas, in 2006 and 2015/2016, involving adults aged 20 years or older. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of at least 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 90mmHg as well as the reported use of antihypertensive medication. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the influence of the social, behavioral and anthropometric determinants on hypertension. Although social and behavioral factors improved in this 10-year period, overweight and abdominal obesity increased. Approximately one third of the adult population of Pernambuco had hypertension in 2006 and this prevalence was maintained in 2015/2016. In rural areas, awareness concerning hypertension rose from 44.8% in 2006 to 67.3% in 2015/2016, and control from 5.3% to 27.1%, so that awareness and control were similar in urban and rural areas in 2015/2016. After an adjustment for potential confounding factors, the likelihood of having hypertension more than doubled among men (OR = 2.03; p < 0.001), middle (OR = 4.41; p < 0.001) and old-age subjects (OR = 14.44; p < 0.001), and those who had abdominal obesity (OR = 2.04; p < 0.001) in urban areas and among middle-aged (OR = 2.56; p < 0.001), less educated individuals (OR = 2.21; p = 0.006) and those who were overweight (OR = 2.23; p < 0.001) in rural areas. Despite the favorable evolution in the management of hypertension in Pernambuco, public health measures focused in vulnerable populations are still required, mainly in rural areas, to improve primary prevention and decrease the disease rate.
Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a evolução da prevalência, conhecimento e controle da hipertensão arterial ao longo de 10 anos no Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram realizados dois estudos transversais em amostras aleatórias em domicílios em áreas urbanas e rurais, em 2006 e 2015/2016, incluindo adultos com 20 anos ou mais. A hipertensão arterial foi definida como pressão sistólica de pelo menos 140mmHg ou pressão diastólica de pelo menos 90mmHg ou o uso referido de medicação anti-hipertensiva. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística para estimar a influência dos determinantes sociais, comportamentais e antropométricos sobre a hipertensão. Os fatores sociais e comportamentais melhoraram ao longo da década em questão, mas as taxas de sobrepeso e de obesidade abdominal aumentaram. Aproximadamente um terço da população adulta de Pernambuco apresentava hipertensão em 2006, e essa prevalência foi mantida em 2015/2016. Nas áreas rurais, o conhecimento da hipertensão aumentou de 44,8% em 2006 para 67,3% em 2015/2016, e o controle aumentou de 5,3% para 27,1%, de maneira que o conhecimento e o controle foram muito semelhantes entre áreas urbanas e rurais em 2015/2016. Após ajustar para potenciais fatores de confusão, a probabilidade de apresentar hipertensão mais do que dobrou entre homens (OR = 2,03; p < 0,001), adultos jovens (OR = 4,41; p < 0,001) e idosos (OR = 14,44; p < 0,001), e entre aqueles com obesidade abdominal (OR = 2,04; p < 0,001) nas áreas urbanas e adultos jovens (OR = 2,56; p < 0,001), pessoas com menor escolaridade (OR = 2,21; p = 0,006) e pessoas com sobrepeso (OR = 2,23; p < 0,001) nas áreas rurais. Apesar da evolução favorável no manejo da hipertensão no Estado de Pernambuco, são necessárias medidas de saúde pública focadas nas populações mais vulneráveis, principalmente nas áreas rurais, para melhorar a prevenção primária e impedir o aumento da hipertensão.
Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la evolución de la prevalencia, concienciación y control de la hipertensión durante 10 años en el Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste brasileño. Se llevaron a cabo dos estudios transversales, basados en muestras aleatorias de hogares ubicados en áreas urbanas y rurales, en 2006 y 2015/2016, implicando a adultos con 20 años y más edad. La hipertensión fue definida como presión arterial sistólica de al menos 140mmHg, presión arterial diastólica de al menos 90mmHg, o el consumo informado de medicación antihipertensiva. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística para estimar la influencia de los determinantes sociales, comportamentales y antropométricos en la hipertensión. Los factores sociales y comportamentales mejoraron durante este período de 10 años, a pesar de que sobrepeso y la obesidad abdominal aumentaron. Aproximadamente un tercio de la población adulta de Pernambuco sufría hipertensión en 2006 y esta prevalencia se mantuvo en 2015/2016. En las áreas rurales, la concienciación sobre la hipertensión aumentó de un 44,8% en 2006, a un 67,3% en 2015/2016, y el control de un 5,3% a un 27,1%, así pues la concienciación y control fueron similares en áreas urbanas y rurales en 2015/2016. Tras el ajuste para los factores potenciales de confusión, la probabilidad de sufrir hipertensión es más del doble entre hombres (OR = 2,03; p < 0,001) de mediana edad (OR = 4,41; p < 0,001) e individuos de edad avanzada (OR = 14,44; p < 0,001), y aquellos que sufrieron obesidad abdominal (OR = 2,04; p < 0,001) en áreas urbanas, y entre los de mediana edad (OR = 2,56; p < 0,001), individuos menos educados (OR = 2,21; p = 0,006) y quienes sufrían sobrepeso (OR = 2,23; p < 0,001) en áreas rurales. A pesar de la evolución favorable en la gestión de la hipertensión en Pernambuco, se necesitan medidas de salud pública que se centren en las poblaciones vulnerables, principalmente en las áreas rurales, para mejorar la prevención primaria y frenar el incremento de la enfermedad.