B cell-mediated regulatory mechanisms control tumor-promoting intestinal inflammation.

Mechanisms underlying tumor-promoting inflammatory processes in colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) remain largely elusive. Here, we provide genetic evidence for distinct B cell-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms that protect from chronic colitis versus CAC. We demonstrate an inherent capacity of interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing B cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin A (IgA) plasma cells (PCs) upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Our data show that B cell-derived IL-10 is essential to limit pathogenic T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17 T cell responses during chronic colitis, while IgA PCs derived from IL-10+ B cells are being implicated in restraining tumorigenesis during CAC. Formation of a tumor-protective intestinal environment was associated with clonal expansion of specific types of colonic IgA PCs and development of an altered microbiota that attenuated CAC. We thus propose that regulatory B cell-mediated immunomodulation entails temporal release of IL-10, which is superseded by the generation of specific IgA affecting the microbial community, thereby controlling chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis in a distinctive but interrelated manner.

Surface receptor Toso controls B cell-mediated regulation of T cell immunity.

The immune system is tightly controlled by regulatory processes that allow for the elimination of invading pathogens, while limiting immunopathological damage to the host. In the present study, we found that conditional deletion of the cell surface receptor Toso on B cells unexpectedly resulted in impaired proinflammatory T cell responses, which led to impaired immune protection in an acute viral infection model and was associated with reduced immunopathological tissue damage in a chronic inflammatory context. Toso exhibited its B cell-inherent immunoregulatory function by negatively controlling the pool of IL-10-competent B1 and B2 B cells, which were characterized by a high degree of self-reactivity and were shown to mediate immunosuppressive activity on inflammatory T cell responses in vivo. Our results indicate that Toso is involved in the differentiation/maintenance of regulatory B cells by fine-tuning B cell receptor activation thresholds. Furthermore, we showed that during influenza A-induced pulmonary inflammation, the application of Toso-specific antibodies selectively induced IL-10-competent B cells at the site of inflammation and resulted in decreased proinflammatory cytokine production by lung T cells. These findings suggest that Toso may serve as a novel therapeutic target to dampen pathogenic T cell responses via the modulation of IL-10-competent regulatory B cells.

Lysosomal trafficking regulator Lyst links membrane trafficking to toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses.

Subcellular compartmentalization of receptor signaling is an emerging principle in innate immunity. However, the functional integration of receptor signaling pathways into membrane trafficking routes and its physiological relevance for immune responses is still largely unclear. In this study, using Lyst-mutant beige mice, we show that lysosomal trafficking regulator Lyst links endolysosomal organization to the selective control of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)- and TLR4-mediated proinflammatory responses. Consequently, Lyst-mutant mice showed increased susceptibility to bacterial infection and were largely resistant to endotoxin-induced septic shock. Mechanistic analysis revealed that Lyst specifically controls TLR3- and TLR4-induced endosomal TRIF (TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon ß) signaling pathways. Loss of functional Lyst leads to dysregulated phagosomal maturation, resulting in a failure to form an activation-induced Rab7+ endosomal/phagosomal compartment. This specific Rab7+ compartment was further demonstrated to serve as a major site for active TRIF signaling events, thus linking phagosomal maturation to specific TLR signaling pathways. The immunoregulatory role of Lyst on TLR signaling pathways was confirmed in human cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene inactivation. As mutations in LYST cause human Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, a severe immunodeficiency, our findings also contribute to a better understanding of human disease mechanisms.

Recurrent viral infections associated with a homozygous CORO1A mutation that disrupts oligomerization and cytoskeletal association.

BACKGROUND: Coronin-1A (CORO1A) is a regulator of actin dynamics important for T-cell homeostasis. CORO1A deficiency causes T(-)B(+) natural killer-positive severe combined immunodeficiency or T-cell lymphopenia with severe viral infections. However, because all known human mutations in CORO1A abrogate protein expression, the role of the protein's functional domains in host immunity is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify the cause of the primary immunodeficiency in 2 young adult siblings with a history of disseminated varicella, cutaneous warts, and CD4(+) T-cell lymphopenia. METHODS: We performed immunologic, genetic, and biochemical studies in the patients, family members, and healthy control subjects. RESULTS: Both patients had CD4(+) T-cell lymphopenia and decreased lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens. IgG, IgM, IgA, and specific antibody responses were normal. Whole-genome sequencing identified a homozygous frameshift mutation in CORO1A disrupting the last 2 C-terminal domains by replacing 61 amino acids with a novel 91-amino-acid sequence. The CORO1A(S401fs) mutant was expressed in the patients' lymphocytes at a level comparable with that of wild-type CORO1A in normal lymphocytes but did not oligomerize and had impaired cytoskeletal association. CORO1A(S401fs) was associated with increased filamentous actin accumulation in T cells, severely defective thymic output, and impaired T-cell survival but normal calcium flux and cytotoxicity, demonstrating the importance of CORO1A oligomerization and subcellular localization in T-cell homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a truncating mutation in CORO1A that permits protein expression and survival into young adulthood. Our studies demonstrate the importance of intact CORO1A C-terminal domains in thymic egress and T-cell survival, as well as in defense against viral pathogens.

Altered T-cell entry and egress in the absence of Coronin 1A attenuates murine acute graft versus host disease.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is a major limitation to the use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of patients with relapsed malignant disease. Previous work using animals lacking secondary lymphoid tissue (SLT) suggested that activation of donor T cells in SLT is critically important for the pathogenesis of aGvHD. However, these studies did not determine if impaired migration into, and more importantly, out of SLT, would ameliorate aGvHD. Here, we show that T cells from mice lacking Coronin 1A (Coro 1A(-/-)), an actin-associated protein shown to be important for thymocyte egress, do not mediate acute GvHD. The attenuation of aGvHD was associated with decreased expression of the critical trafficking proteins C-C chemokines receptor type 7 (CCR7) and sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor on donor T cells. This was mediated in part by impaired activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway in the absence of Coro 1A. As a result of these alterations, donor T cells from Coro 1A(-/-) mice were not able to initially traffic to SLT or exit SLT after BM transplantation. However, this alteration did not abrogate the graft-versus-leukemia response. Our data suggest that blocking T-cell migration into and out of SLT is a valid approach to prevent aGvHD.

Differential regulation of mast cell degranulation versus cytokine secretion by the actin regulatory proteins Coronin1a and Coronin1b.

Mast cell (MC) activation via aggregation of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) causes degranulation and release of proinflammatory mediators in a process that involves the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. However, the regulatory pathways and the molecular links between cytoskeletal changes and MC function are incompletely understood. In this study, we provide genetic evidence for a critical role of the actin-regulatory proteins Coronin1a (Coro1a) and Coro1b on exocytic pathways in MCs: Coro1a(-/-) bone marrow-derived MCs exhibit increased FcεRI-mediated degranulation of secretory lysosomes but significantly reduced secretion of cytokines. Hyperdegranulation of Coro1a(-/-) MCs is further augmented by the additional loss of Coro1b. In vivo, Coro1a(-/-)Coro1b(-/-) mice displayed enhanced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Functional reconstitution assays revealed that the inhibitory effect of Coro1a on MC degranulation strictly correlates with cortical localization of Coro1a, requires its filamentous actin-binding activity, and is regulated by phosphorylation of Ser2 of Coro1a. Thus, coronin proteins, and in turn the actin cytoskeleton, exhibit a functional dichotomy as differential regulators of degranulation versus cytokine secretion in MC biology.

Toso regulates the balance between apoptotic and nonapoptotic death receptor signaling by facilitating RIP1 ubiquitination.

The regulation of cellular survival and apoptosis is of critical importance for the immune system to maintain immune homeostasis and to establish tolerance. Here, we demonstrate that the immune specific cell surface molecule Toso exhibits antiapoptotic effects on death receptor signaling by a novel regulatory mechanism involving the adaptor kinase RIP1. The antiapoptotic function of Toso depends on RIP1 ubiquitination and involves the recruitment of the death adaptor FADD to a Toso/RIP1 protein complex. In response to CD95L and TNFα, Toso promotes the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Because of this relative augmentation of survival versus apoptotic signals, Toso raises the threshold for death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Our analysis of Toso-deficient mice revealed that Toso is essential for TNFα-mediated liver damage. Furthermore, the antiapoptotic function of Toso could be blocked by a Toso-specific monoclonal antibody, opening up new therapeutic prospects for the treatment of immune disorders and hematologic malignancies.

I787 provides signals for c-Kit receptor internalization and functionality that control mast cell survival and development.

Mast cell (MC) differentiation, survival, and activation are controlled by the membrane tyrosine kinase c-Kit upon interaction with stem cell factor (SCF). Here we describe a single point mutation induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea (ENU) mutagenesis in C57BL/6J mice-an A to T transversion at position 2388 (exon 17) of the c-Kit gene, resulting in the isoleucine 787 substitution by phenylalanine (787F), and analyze the consequences of this mutation for ligand binding, signaling, and MC development. The Kit(787F/787F) mice carrying the single amino acid exchange of c-Kit lacks both mucosal and connective tissue-type MCs. In bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), the 787F mutation does not affect SCF binding and c-Kit receptor shedding, but strongly impairs SCF-induced cytokine production, degranulation enhancement, and apoptosis rescue. Interestingly, c-Kit downstream signaling in 787F BMMCs is normally initiated (Erk1/2 and p38 activation as well as c-Kit autophosphorylation) but fails to be sustained thereafter. In addition, 787F c-Kit does not efficiently mediate Cbl activation, leading to the absence of subsequent receptor ubiquitination and impaired c-Kit internalization. Thus, I787 provides nonredundant signals for c-Kit internalization and functionality.

Subcellular compartmentalization of FADD as a new level of regulation in death receptor signaling.

Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) is an essential adaptor protein in death receptor-mediated signal transduction. During apoptotic signaling, FADD functions in the cytoplasm, where it couples activated receptors with initiator caspase-8. However, in resting cells, FADD is predominantly stored in the nucleus. In this study, we examined the modalities of FADD intracellular trafficking. We demonstrate that, upon CD95 activation, FADD redistributes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This inducible nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation of FADD is independent of CD95 internalization, formation of the death-inducing signaling complex, and caspase-8 activation. In contrast to nuclear export of FADD, its subsequent recruitment and accumulation at endosomes containing internalized CD95 requires a caspase-8-dependent feedback loop. These data indicate the existence of differential pathways directing FADD nuclear export and cytoplasmic trafficking, and identify subcellular compartmentalization of FADD as a novel regulatory mechanism in death receptor signaling.

The actin regulator coronin 1A is mutant in a thymic egress-deficient mouse strain and in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency.

Mice carrying the recessive locus for peripheral T cell deficiency (Ptcd) have a block in thymic egress, but the mechanism responsible is undefined. Here we found that Ptcd T cells had an intrinsic migration defect, impaired lymphoid tissue trafficking and irregularly shaped protrusions. Characterization of the Ptcd locus showed a point substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 26 in the actin regulator coronin 1A that enhanced its inhibition of the actin regulator Arp2/3 and resulted in its mislocalization from the leading edge of migrating T cells. The discovery of another coronin 1A mutant during an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-mutagenesis screen for T cell-lymphopenic mice prompted us to evaluate a T cell-deficient, B cell-sufficient and natural killer cell-sufficient patient with severe combined immunodeficiency, whom we found had mutations in both CORO1A alleles. Our findings establish a function for coronin 1A in T cell egress, identify a surface of coronin involved in Arp2/3 regulation and demonstrate that actin regulation is a biological process defective in human and mouse severe combined immunodeficiency.

Requirement for coronin 1 in T lymphocyte trafficking and cellular homeostasis.

The evolutionarily conserved actin-related protein (Arp2/3) complex is a key component of actin filament networks that is dynamically regulated by nucleation-promoting and inhibitory factors. Although much is known about actin assembly, the physiologic functions of inhibitory proteins are unclear. We generated coronin 1-/- mice and found that coronin 1 exerted an inhibitory effect on cellular steady-state F-actin formation via an Arp2/3-dependent mechanism. Whereas coronin 1 was required for chemokine-mediated migration, it was dispensable for T cell antigen receptor functions in T cells. Moreover, actin dynamics, through a mitochondrial pathway, was linked to lymphocyte homeostasis.