Modulating tumoral exosomes and fibroblast phenotype using nanoliposomes augments cancer immunotherapy.

Cancer cells program fibroblasts into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in a two-step manner. First, cancer cells secrete exosomes to program quiescent fibroblasts into activated CAFs. Second, cancer cells maintain the CAF phenotype via activation of signal transduction pathways. We rationalized that inhibiting this two-step process can normalize CAFs into quiescent fibroblasts and augment the efficacy of immunotherapy. We show that cancer cell-targeted nanoliposomes that inhibit sequential steps of exosome biogenesis and release from lung cancer cells block the differentiation of lung fibroblasts into CAFs. In parallel, we demonstrate that CAF-targeted nanoliposomes that block two distinct nodes in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway can reverse activate CAFs into quiescent fibroblasts. Co-administration of both nanoliposomes significantly improves the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells and enhances the antitumor efficacy of αPD-L1 in immunocompetent lung cancer-bearing mice. Simultaneously blocking the tumoral exosome-mediated activation of fibroblasts and FGFR-Wnt/ß-catenin signaling constitutes a promising approach to augment immunotherapy.

Development of Verapamil Hydrochloride-loaded Biopolymer-based Composite Electrospun Nanofibrous Mats: In vivo Evaluation of Enhanced Burn Wound Healing without Scar Formation.

Introduction: Researchers aim for new heights in wound healing to produce wound dressings with unique features. Natural, synthetic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymers especially in the nanoscale are being employed to support and provide efficient wound management. Economical and environmentally friendly sustainable wound management alternatives are becoming an urgent issue to meet future needs. Nanofibrous mats possess unique properties for ideal wound healing. They mimic the physical structure of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), promote hemostasis, and gas permeation. Their interconnected nanoporosity prevents wound dehydration and microbial infiltration. Purpose: To prepare and evaluate a novel verapamil HCl-loaded environmentally friendly composite, with biopolymer-based electrospun nanofibers suitable for application as wound dressings providing adequate wound healing with no scar formation. Methods: Composite nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning of a blend of the natural biocompatible polymers, sodium alginate (SA) or zein (Z) together with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Composite nanofibers were characterized in terms of morphology, diameter, drug entrapment efficiency, and release. In vivo study of the therapeutic efficacy of verapamil HCl-loaded nanofibers on a Sprague Dawley rat model with dermal burn wound was investigated in terms of percent wound closure, and presence of scars. Results: Combining PVA with SA or Z improved the electrospinnability and properties of the developed nanofibers. Verapamil HCl-loaded composite nanofibers showed good pharmaceutical attributes favorable for wound healing including, fiber diameter ∼150 nm, high entrapment efficiency (∼80-100%) and biphasic controlled drug release for 24 h. In vivo study demonstrated promising potentials for wound healing without scaring. Conclusion: The developed nanofibrous mats combined the beneficial properties of the biopolymers and verapamil HCl to provide an increased functionality by exploiting the unique advantages of nanofibers in wound healing at a small dose proved to be insufficient in case of the conventional dosage form.

Human Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis on a Chip.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a rapidly growing and global health problem compounded by the current absence of specific treatments. A major limiting factor in the development of new NASH therapies is the absence of models that capture the unique cellular structure of the liver microenvironment and recapitulate the complexities of NAFLD progression to NASH. Organ-on-a-chip platforms have emerged as a powerful approach to dynamically model diseases and test drugs. Herein, we describe a NASH-on-a-chip platform. Four main types of human primary liver cells (hepatocytes [HCs], Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells [HSCs]) were cocultured under microfluidic dynamics. Our chip-based model successfully recapitulated a functional liver cellular microenvironment with stable albumin and urea secretion for at least 2 weeks. Exposing liver chips to a lipotoxic environment led to gradual development of NASH phenotypic characteristics, including intracellular lipid accumulation, hepatocellular ballooning, HSC activation, and elevation of inflammatory and profibrotic markers. Further, exposure of the chip to elafibranor, a drug under study for the therapy of NASH, inhibited the development of NASH-specific hallmarks, causing an ~8-fold decrease in intracellular lipids, a 3-fold reduction in number of ballooned HCs, a significant reduction in HSC activation, and a significant decrease in the levels of inflammatory and profibrotic markers compared with controls. Conclusion: We have successfully developed a microfluidic NASH-on-a-chip platform that recapitulates the main NASH histologic endpoints in a single chip and that can emerge as a powerful noninvasive, human-relevant, in vitro platform to study disease pathogenesis and develop novel anti-NASH drugs.

Inhalable Lactoferrin/Chondroitin-Functionalized Monoolein Nanocomposites for Localized Lung Cancer Targeting.

Localized drug delivery to lung cancer can overcome the limitations of systemic nanocarriers including low drug amounts reaching lung tissues and severe off-target toxicity. The current work presented novel inhalable nanocomposites as noninvasive platforms for lung cancer therapy. Nanoparticulate liquid crystals (LCNPs) based on monoolein were developed for synergistic co-encapsulation of the cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drug, pemetrexed, and the phytoherbal drug, resveratrol (PEM-RES-LCNPs). For active tumor targeting, lactoferrin (LF) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), natural polymers with intrinsic tumor-targeting capabilities, were exploited to functionalize the surface of LCNPs using a layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly approach. To maximize their deep lung deposition, LF/CS-coated PEM-RES-LCNPs were then microencapsulated within various carriers to obtain inhalable nanocomposites via spray-drying techniques. The inhalable dry powder nanocomposites prepared using a mannitol-inulin-leucine (1:1:1 wt) mixture displayed superior in vitro aerosolization performance (2.72 µm of MMAD and 61.6% FPF), which ensured deep lung deposition. In lung cancer-bearing mice using urethane as a chemical carcinogen, the inhalable LF/CS-coated PEM-RES-LCNP nanocomposites showed superior antitumor activity as revealed by a considerable decrease of the average lung weight, reduced number and diameter of cancerous lung foci, decreased expression of VEGF-1, and increased expression of active caspase-3 as well as reduced Ki-67 expression compared to the spray-dried free PEM/RES powder mixture and positive control. Moreover, the in vivo fluorescence imaging confirmed successful lung deposition of the inhalable nanocomposites. Conclusively, the inhalable liquid crystalline nanocomposites elaborated in the current work could open new avenues for noninvasive lung cancer treatment.

Liquid crystalline nanoreservoir releasing a highly skin-penetrating berberine oleate complex for psoriasis management.

AIM: The current work highlighted preparation of highly penetrating liquid crystalline nanoparticulates (LCNPs) reservoir of a solubility modified berberine oleate (Brb-OL) complex for effective psoriasis management. Materials & methods: Brb-OL-loaded LCNPs (Brb-OL-LCNPs) were prepared using hydrotrope method. RESULTS: The proposed Brb-OL-LCNPs showed a particle size of 137 ± 3.7 nm and negative ζ-potential (-38 ± -5.85 mV). Brb-OL-LCNPs showed a threefold increase in the drug accumulated within rat skin and around tenfold increase in the drug permeation compared with crude Brb. In vivo studies revealed that topical application of Brb-OL-LCNPs hydrogel significantly alleviated psoriasis symptoms and reduced the levels of psoriatic inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION: Formulating Brb-OL in the LCNPs controlled the release, retention and permeation of the drug across skin layers, which are of prime importance for psoriasis management.

Liquid crystalline assembly for potential combinatorial chemo-herbal drug delivery to lung cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of total deaths worldwide. Its classified into two major types including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) based on the origin of abnormal lung cells as well as the smoking status of the patient. NSCLC is the most common and aggressive type of lung cancer representing 80%-85% of all cases. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to present lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) as promising carriers for co-delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent, pemetrexed (PMX) and the herbal drug, resveratrol (RSV) for effective lung cancer management. METHODS: The proposed PMX-RSV-LCNPs were prepared by hydrotrope method. Hydrophobic ion pairing with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was implemented to increase the encapsulation efficiency of the hydrophilic PMX up to 95%±3.01%. RESULTS: The tailored PMX-RSV-LCNPs exhibited a particle size of 173±0.26 nm and biphasic release pattern with a relatively initial burst release within first 3-4 hour followed by sustained release up to 24 hours. Moreover, PMX-RSV-LCNPs manifested superior concentration and time dependent cytotoxicity profile against A549 lung cancer cells with IC50 4.0628 µg/mL. Besides, the enhanced cellular uptake profile based on bioadhesive properties of glyceryl monoolein (GMO) as well as energy independent (cholesterol dependent) pattern. In-vivo evaluations against urethane induced lung cancer bearing mice demonstrated the potentiality of PMX-RSV-LCNPs in tumor growth inhibition via inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis. The results were supported by histopathological analysis and immunohistochemical Ki67 staining. Moreover, PMX-RSV-LCNPs displayed a promising safety profile via attenuating nephro- and hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION: PMX-RSV-LCNPs elaborated in the current study hold a great promise for lung cancer treatment.

Protein-polysaccharide nanohybrids: Hybridization techniques and drug delivery applications.

Complex nanosystems fabricated by hybridization of different types of materials such as lipids, proteins, or polysaccharides are usually superior to simple ones in terms of features and applications. Proteins and polysaccharides hold great potential for development of nanocarriers for drug delivery purposes based on their unique biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of functionalization, improved biodistribution and minimal toxicity profiles. Protein-polysaccharide nanohybrids have gained a lot of attention in the past few years particularly for drug delivery applications. In this review, different hybridization techniques utilized in the fabrication of such nanohybrids including electrostatic complexation, Maillard conjugation, chemical coupling and electrospinning were thoroughly reviewed. Moreover, various formulation factors affecting the characteristics of the formed nanohybrids were discussed. We also reviewed in depth the outcomes of such hybridization ranging from stability enhancement, to toxicity reduction, improved biocompatibility, and drug release modulation. We also gave an insight on their limitations and what hinders their clinical translation and market introduction.

Novel skin penetrating berberine oleate complex capitalizing on hydrophobic ion pairing approach.

Berberine hydrochloride (Brb) is a well-known herbal drug that holds a great promise in the recent years thanks to its various pharmacological actions. Currently, Brb is extensively researched as a natural surrogate with evidenced potentiality against numerous types of skin diseases including skin cancer. However, Brb's high aqueous solubility and limited permeability hinder its clinical topical application. In the current work, to enhance Brb's dermal availability, hydrophobic ion pairing approach was implemented combining the privileges of altering the solubility characteristics of Brb and the nanometric size that is usually gained during the ion pairing precipitation process. Sodium oleate (SO) was selected as the complexing agent due to its low toxicity and skin penetrating characteristics. Ion paired berberine oleate complex (Brb-OL) was prepared by simple precipitation technique. Brb-OL complex formation was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and saturation solubility studies. It was found that Brb-OL complex formed at stoichiometric binding between oleate and Brb had an average particle size of 195.9 nm and zeta potential of -53.6 mV. The proposed Brb-OL showed 251-fold increase in saturation solubility in n-octanol which confirmed the augmented lipid solubility of the complex compared with free drug. Comparative in-vitro release study showed that Brb-OL complex had much slow and sustained release profile compared to that of free Brb. Furthermore, ex-vivo permeation study using rat skin revealed the enhanced skin permeation of ion-paired Brb-OL complex compared with free Brb. In-vivo study on healthy rats confirmed that topical application of hydrogels enriched with Brb-OL had superior skin penetration and deposition than free Brb as revealed by confocal microscope. Conclusively, ion pair formation between Brb and oleate lead to the formation of more lipophilic Brb-OL complex with nanometric particle size which is expected to be a major progressive step towards the development of a topical berberine formulation.

Exploiting polymer blending approach for fabrication of buccal chitosan-based composite sponges with augmented mucoadhesive characteristics.

In the course of application and modernization of buccal dosage forms, lyophilized sponges for transmucosal drug delivery symbolize one of the most attractive approaches. Chitosan (CS) has been extensively investigated as a forming material of different buccal dosage forms including sponges. However, CS-based buccal delivery systems suffer from many limitations like weak adhesion strength and poor tensile properties. So, for the first time, the current study focused on the polymer blending approach to enhance the mucoadhesive properties of buccal CS-based composite sponges. Composite sponges were prepared using lyophilization technique. Thorough in-vitro characterization of the proposed sponges was performed including mechanical strength determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR), surface pH, % moisture content, water uptake capacity, viscosity and % porosity assessments. Furthermore, the surface topology of selected sponges was viewed using scanning electron microscope. The mucoadhesive properties of sponges were tested both ex-vivo and in-vivo. Among all fabricated sponges, sponges fabricated of CS:HPMC (1:1) showed the best physicochemical characteristics suitable for buccal applications. Incorporation of HPMC into CS-sponges significantly enhanced the mucoadhesion time to 6 h, while CS-sponges lost contact after around 10 min. Preliminary stability study showed CS:HPMC sponges stored in low humidity conditions maintain their soft texture and mucoadhesive properties for one month.

Laminated chitosan-based composite sponges for transmucosal delivery of novel protamine-decorated tripterine phytosomes: Ex-vivo mucopenetration and in-vivo pharmacokinetic assessments.

In the current study, laminated chitosan (CS):hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) composite sponges were exploited as solid matrices for buccal delivery of tripterine phytosomes functionalized with novel mucopenetrating protamine layer (PRT-TRI-PHY). Tripterine (TRI) is a herbal drug widely investigated as a potential anticancer candidate against various types of cancers. However, clinical use of TRI is handicapped by its low oral bioavailability. To surmount TRI pharmaceutical obstacles, TRI phytosomes (TRI-PHY) were prepared using solvent evaporation technique then coated with a protamine layer via electrostatic assembly process. The developed PRT-TRI-PHY showed a nano-metric size of 250 nm and positive zeta potential (+21.6 mV). Sponges loaded with PRT-TRI-PHY demonstrated a sustained release profile with superior mucoadhesion characteristics compared with the counterparts loaded with uncoated TRI-PHY. The ex-vivo permeation study via chicken pouch mucosa revealed that sponges loaded with PRT-TRI-PHY demonstrated 2.3-folds higher flux value compared with sponges loaded with uncoated TRI-PHY. Additionally, in-vivo pharmacokinetic study in healthy rabbits revealed the significantly higher bioavailability of PRT-TRI-PHY compared with TRI-PHY with relative bioavailability of 244%. Conclusively, mucoadhesive CS-HPMC sponges loaded with a novel mucopenetrating nanocarrier, PRT-TRI-PHY, could significantly improve the absorption of tripterine via buccal mucosa which would be of prime importance for its clinical utility.

Inhalable particulate drug delivery systems for lung cancer therapy: Nanoparticles, microparticles, nanocomposites and nanoaggregates.

There is progressive evolution in the use of inhalable drug delivery systems (DDSs) for lung cancer therapy. The inhalation route offers many advantages, being non-invasive method of drug administration as well as localized delivery of anti-cancer drugs to tumor tissue. This article reviews various inhalable colloidal systems studied for tumor-targeted drug delivery including polymeric, lipid, hybrid and inorganic nanocarriers. The active targeting approaches for enhanced delivery of nanocarriers to lung cancer cells were illustrated. This article also reviews the recent advances of inhalable microparticle-based drug delivery systems for lung cancer therapy including bioresponsive, large porous, solid lipid and drug-complex microparticles. The possible strategies to improve the aerosolization behavior and maintain the critical physicochemical parameters for efficient delivery of drugs deep into lungs were also discussed. Therefore, a strong emphasis is placed on the approaches which combine the merits of both nanocarriers and microparticles including inhalable nanocomposites and nanoaggregates and on the optimization of such formulations using the proper techniques and carriers. Finally, the toxicological behavior and market potential of the inhalable anti-cancer drug delivery systems are discussed.

Protein-inorganic Nanohybrids: A Potential Symbiosis in Tissue Engineering.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a great interest has been paid to the development of hybrid proteininorganic nanoparticles (NPs) for tissue engineering applications to combine the merits of both inorganic and protein nanocarriers. OBJECTIVE: This short review primarily discusses the most important advances in the application of the hybrids of proteins (gelatin, zein, silk fibroin,….etc) with inorganic NPs (calcium phosphate NPs, cadmium QDs, carbon nanotubes,…etc) in tissue engineering. RESULTS: Various strategies that have been utilized for the preparation of protein-functionalized inorganic NPs are discussed. Nanocomposite films, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds, nanostructured colloidal composite gels and nanocomposite lyophilized sponges are among the most common platforms of protein-inorganic nanohybrid formulations used in regenerative medicine. CONCLUSION: protein-inorganic nanohybrids could serve as promising platforms for different biomedical applications including bone and cartilage tissue regeneration, imaging of engineered tissues, development of antithrombogenic implant biomaterials and anti-bacterial wound dressing as well.

Self-assembled phospholipid-based phytosomal nanocarriers as promising platforms for improving oral bioavailability of the anticancer celastrol.

Celastrol (CST) is a promising natural drug of herbal origin that gained a great interest in the recent years by virtue of its wide variety of pharmacological actions. Nowadays, CST is extensively studied as a natural anticancer surrogate with a potential activity against various types of cancers. However, CST suffers from many limitations that handicapped its clinical utility such as limited aqueous solubility and poor gastrointestinal absorption which resulted into its low oral bioavailability. This work spotlights, for the first time, development of self-assembled phytosomal nanocarriers (CST-PHY) for improving CST solubility and oral bioavailability. First CST-phospholipid complex was prepared by a simple solvent evaporation technique. Formation of CST-phospholipid complex was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and partition coefficient determination. After dispersion into deionized water, CST-phospholipid complex was self-assembled to form CST-PHY. The optimized CST-PHY demonstrated a nanometric particle size of 178.4±7.07nm and a negative zeta potential of -38.7±3.61mV. Comparative in-vitro release study showed the ability of phytosomes to significantly enhance CST release compared with crude drug and physical mixture. Pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits revealed significant improvement in CST-PHY oral bioavailability compared with crude CST evidenced by 4-fold increase in AUC0-8 and 5-fold increase in Cmax of CST-PHY compared with crude CST. Conclusively, the results confirmed the potential of phytosomal nanocarriers to improve CST oral delivery paving the way for its use for oral cancer therapy.

Hyaluronate-Lipid Nanohybrids: Fruitful Harmony in Cancer Targeting.

Significant research efforts have been concerned over the past few years to design carrier systems that could specifically deliver active agents to the tumor sites, with the purposes of maximizing the therapeutic benefits and minimizing the toxic side-effects. Hyaluronic acid is a type of polysaccharide that has been extensively studied as a selective targeting ligand to cancerous cells that overexpress its specific receptor CD44. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of HA in cancer, focusing on the recent advances of HA-functionalized lipid nanoparticles towards cancer therapy and imaging.

Layer-by-layer-coated lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles for active tumor targeting of rapamycin.

AIM: This work spotlights on fabrication of CD44-tropic, layer-by-layer (LbL) coated, liquid crystalline nanoparticles of rapamycin (Rap-LbL-LCNPs) to enhance its water solubility and enable its anticancer use. METHODS: Rap-LCNPs were fabricated using hydrotrope method and then coated using LbL self-assembly technique. RESULTS: LbL coating strategy successfully reduced monoolein-induced hemolysis and increased LCNPs serum stability. Lyophilized Rap-LbL-LCNPs were successfully sterilized using γ-radiations. In CD44-overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells, Rap-LbL-LCNPs demonstrated superior cytotoxicity compared with the nontargeted formulation. Rap-LbL-LCNPs showed 3.35-fold increase in bioavailability compared with free drug. Rap-LbL-LCNPs significantly inhibited tumor growth, enhanced animal survival and reduced nephrotoxic and hyperglycemic effects of Rap. CONCLUSION: LbL coating strategy of Rap-LCNPs could serve as a promising approach that facilitates Rap use in cancer therapy.

Hybrid protein-inorganic nanoparticles: From tumor-targeted drug delivery to cancer imaging.

Recently, a great interest has been paid to the development of hybrid protein-inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) for drug delivery and cancer diagnostics in order to combine the merits of both inorganic and protein nanocarriers. This review primarily discusses the most outstanding advances in the applications of the hybrids of naturally-occurring proteins with iron oxide, gadolinium, gold, silica, calcium phosphate NPs, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots in drug delivery and cancer imaging. Various strategies that have been utilized for the preparation of protein-functionalized inorganic NPs and the mechanisms involved in the drug loading process are discussed. How can the protein functionalization overcome the limitations of colloidal stability, poor dispersibility and toxicity associated with inorganic NPs is also investigated. Moreover, issues relating to the influence of protein hybridization on the cellular uptake, tumor targeting efficiency, systemic circulation, mucosal penetration and skin permeation of inorganic NPs are highlighted. A special emphasis is devoted to the novel approaches utilizing the protein-inorganic nanohybrids in combined cancer therapy, tumor imaging, and theranostic applications as well as stimuli-responsive drug release from the nanohybrids.

Stealth, biocompatible monoolein-based lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles for enhanced aloe-emodin delivery to breast cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo studies.

Recently, research has progressively highlighted on clues from conventional use of herbal medicines to introduce new anticancer drugs. Aloe-emodin (AE) is a herbal drug with promising anticancer activity. Nevertheless, its clinical utility is handicapped by its low solubility. For the first time, this study aims to the fabrication of surface-functionalized polyethylene glycol liquid crystalline nanoparticles (PEG-LCNPs) of AE to enhance its water solubility and enable its anticancer use. Developed AE-PEG-LCNPs were optimized via particle size and zeta potential measurements. Phase behavior, solid state characteristics, hemocompatibility, and serum stability of LCNPs were assessed. Sterile formulations were developed using various sterilization technologies. Furthermore, the potential of the formulations was investigated using cell culture, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity studies. AE-PEG-LCNPs showed particle size of 190 nm and zeta potential of -49.9, and PEGylation approach reduced the monoolein hemolytic tendency to 3% and increased the serum stability of the nanoparticles. Sterilization of liquid and lyophilized AE-PEG-LCNPs via autoclaving and γ-radiations, respectively, insignificantly affected the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. Half maximal inhibitory concentration of AE-PEG-LCNPs was 3.6-fold lower than free AE after 48 hours and their cellular uptake was threefold higher than free AE after 24-hour incubation. AE-PEG-LCNPs presented 5.4-fold increase in t1/2 compared with free AE. Biodistribution and toxicity studies showed reduced AE-PEG-LCNP uptake by reticuloendothelial system organs and good safety profile. PEGylated LCNPs could serve as a promising nanocarrier for efficient delivery of AE to cancerous cells.

Development of novel polymer-stabilized diosmin nanosuspensions: in vitro appraisal and ex vivo permeation.

Scanty solubility and permeability of diosmin (DSN) are perpetrators for its poor oral absorption and high inter-subject variation. This article investigated the potential of novel DSN nanosuspensions to improve drug delivery characteristics. Bottom-up nanoprecipitation technique has been employed for nanosuspension development. Variables optimized encompassed polymeric stabilizer type, DSN: stabilizer ratio, excess stabilizer removal, spray drying, and mannitol incorporation. In vitro characterization included particle size (PS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dissolution profile. Ex vivo permeation was assessed in rats using non-everted sac technique and HPLC. Optimal DSN nanosuspension (DSN:hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose HPMC 2:1) was prepared with acid base neutralization technique. The formula exhibited the lowest PS (336 nm) with 99.9% drug loading and enhanced reconstitution properties after mannitol incorporation. SEM and TEM revealed discrete, oval drug nanocrystals with higher surface coverage with HPMC compared to MC. DSN nanosuspension demonstrated a significant enhancement in DSN dissolution (100% dissolved) compared to crude drug (51%). Permeation studies revealed 89% DSN permeated from the nanosuspension after 120 min compared to non-detected amounts from drug suspension. Conclusively, novel DSN nanosuspension could successful improve its dissolution and permeation characteristics with promising consequences of better drug delivery.