Self-reported glaucoma prevalence and related factors, contribution to reported visual impairment, and functional burden in a cross-sectional study in Colombia.

PURPOSE: Describe the self-reported prevalence of glaucoma in Colombian older adults, emphasizing the most important risk factors and associated daily-life functional alterations. METHODS: This a secondary analysis of the Health, Wellness, and Aging survey conducted in the year 2015. Diagnosis of glaucoma was obtained from self-report. Functional variables were assessed through activities of daily living questionnaires. A descriptive analysis followed by bivariate and multivariate regression models adjusting for confounding variables was conducted. RESULTS: Self-reported prevalence of glaucoma was 5.67%, with higher rate in women, OR 1.22 (1.13-1.40) p = .003, older age OR 1.02 (1.01-1.02) p < .001, and with higher education OR 1.38 (1.28-1.50) p < .001. Glaucoma was independently associated with diabetes OR 1.37 (1.18-1.61) p < .001 and hypertension 1.26 (1.08-1.46) p = .003. It also showed statistically significant correlations with poor SRH OR 1.15 (1.02-1.32) p < .001, self-reported visual impairment 1.73 (1.50-2.01) p < .001, and impairment in money management OR 1.59 (1.16-2.08) p = .002, grocery shopping OR 1.57 (1.26-1.96) p < .001 and preparing meals OR 1.31 (1.06-1.63) p = .013 and having had falls during the last year OR 1.14 (1.01-1.31) p = 0.041. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest the self-reported prevalence of glaucoma in older adults in Colombia to be higher than reported data. Glaucoma and visual impairment in older adults represent a public health concern, since glaucoma was associated with adverse outcomes like functional loss and risk of falling, affecting the quality of life and their participation in society.

Frontotemporal dementia presentation in patients with heterozygous p.H157Y variant of TREM2.

BACKGROUND: The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is a major regulator of neuroinflammatory processes in neurodegeneration. To date, the p.H157Y variant of TREM2 has been reported only in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report three patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) from three unrelated families with heterozygous p.H157Y variant of TREM2: two patients from Colombian families (study 1) and a third Mexican origin case from the USA (study 2). METHODS: To determine if the p.H157Y variant might be associated with a specific FTD presentation, we compared in each study the cases with age-matched, sex-matched and education-matched groups-a healthy control group (HC) and a group with FTD with neither TREM2 mutations nor family antecedents (Ng-FTD and Ng-FTD-MND). RESULTS: The two Colombian cases presented with early behavioural changes, greater impairments in general cognition and executive function compared with both HC and Ng-FTD groups. These patients also exhibited brain atrophy in areas characteristic of FTD. Furthermore, TREM2 cases showed increased atrophy compared with Ng-FTD in frontal, temporal, parietal, precuneus, basal ganglia, parahippocampal/hippocampal and cerebellar regions. The Mexican case presented with FTD and motor neuron disease (MND), showing grey matter reduction in basal ganglia and thalamus, and extensive TDP-43 type B pathology. CONCLUSION: In all TREM2 cases, multiple atrophy peaks overlapped with the maximum peaks of TREM2 gene expression in crucial brain regions including frontal, temporal, thalamic and basal ganglia areas. These results provide the first report of an FTD presentation potentially associated with the p.H157Y variant with exacerbated neurocognitive impairments.

A nutritionally focused program for community-living older adults resulted in improved health and well-being.

OBJECTIVES: Among older adults, malnutrition is common and is associated with increased risk for impaired health and functionality, conditions further associated with poorer quality of life. In this study of community-living older adults, our objective was to quantify outcome changes following identification and treatment of malnutrition or its risk. DESIGN: Our intervention was a nutritional quality improvement program (QIP). The nutritional QIP included: (i) education of participants about the importance of complete and balanced macro- and micronutrient intake plus physical exercise, (ii) nutritional intervention with dietary counseling; and (iii) provision of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) for daily intake over 60 days. Follow-up measurements took place 30 days after ONS treatment ended, i.e., 90 days after start of intervention. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We recruited 618 transitional-care, chronically ill, older adults (>60 years) with malnutrition/risk (per Mini Nutrition Assessment-Short Form, MNA-SF) from the outpatient clinic of Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: For pre-post comparisons, we examined cognition (Mini-Mental State Exam, MMSE), physical abilities (Barthel Activities of Daily Living, ADL; Short Physical Performance Battery, SPPB), affective disorder status (Global Depression Scale, GDS), and quality of life (QoL; EuroQoL-5D-3L, EQ-5D-3L; EuroQoL-Visual Analog Scale, EQ-VAS). RESULTS: Participants were mean age 74.1 ± 8.7 y, female majority (69.4%), and had an average of 2.6 comorbidities with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases predominant (28.5%). QIP-based nutritional intervention led to significant improvements in cognitive (MMSE) and physical functions (ADL and SPPB), affective disorder status (GDS), and health-related quality of life (EQ-VAS); all differences (P < 0.001). Self-reported QoL (EQ-5D-3L) also improved. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Over 90 days, the nutritional QIP led to improvements in all measured outcomes, thus highlighting the importance of addressing malnutrition or its risk among community-living older adults. From a patient's perspective, maintaining mental and physical function are important and further linked with quality of life. BRIEF SUMMARY: For older, community-living adults, nutrition care can improve health and well-being outcomes. Care includes screening for malnutrition risk, dietary and exercise counseling, and daily nutritional supplements when needed. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT04042987.

Muscular Function as an Alternative to Identify Cognitive Impairment: A Secondary Analysis From SABE Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Identification of cognitive impairment is based traditionally on the neuropsychological tests and biomarkers that are not available widely. This study aimed to establish the association between motor function (gait speed and handgrip strength) and cognitive performance in the Mini-Mental State Examination, globally and by domains. A secondary goal was calculating a cut-off point for gait speed and handgrip strength to classify older adults as cognitively impaired. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of SABE Colombia (Salud, Bienestar & Envejecimiento), a survey that was conducted in 2015 on health, wellbeing, and aging in Colombia. This study used linear regression models to search for an association between motor function and cognitive performance. The accuracy of motor function measurements in identifying cognitive impairment was assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. This study also analyzed other clinical and sociodemographical variables. RESULTS: Gait speed was associated with orientation (r 2 = 0.16), language (r 2 = 0.15), recall memory (r 2 = 0.14), and counting (r 2 = 0.08). Similarly, handgrip strength was associated with orientation (r 2 = 0.175), language (r 2 = 0.164), recall memory (r 2 = 0.137), and counting (r 2 = 0.08). To differentiate older adults with and without cognitive impairment, a gait speed cut-off point of 0.59 m/s had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.629 (0.613-0.646), and a weak handgrip (strength below 17.5 kg) had an AUC of 0.653 (0.645-0.661). The cut-off points for handgrip strength and gait speed were significantly higher in male participants. CONCLUSIONS: Gait speed and handgrip strength are similarly associated with the cognitive performance, exhibiting the most extensive association with orientation and language domains of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Gait speed and handgrip strength can easily be measured by any clinician, and they prove to be useful screening tools to detect cognitive impairment.

Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome: Prevalence and Cognitive Performance. A cross-sectional study.

Background: Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome (MCR) is a predementia stage where slow gait speed and subjective memory complaints are present. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MCR and assess its relationship with sociodemographic factors and chronic conditions. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the SABE Colombia study conducted in 2015. The analytic sample consisted of 17·577 participants. After determining MCR prevalence, logistic regression was performed to examine the correlates of MCR. Findings: The prevalence of MCR was 10·71 %. The median age was 71 years and women composed 74·63 % of the MCR group. After adjusting for confounding variables MCR was associated with increasing age (OR 1·69, CI 1·43 - 1·92), no or low education (OR 1·99, CI 1·67- 2·37), MMSE (OR 0·93, CI 0·91 - 0·95) and chronic conditions such as mental disorders (OR 1·36, CI 1·11-1·67), history of myocardial infarction (OR 1·24, CI 1·04 - 1·47), hypertension (OR 1·23, CI 1·08 - 1·40) and diabetes (OR 1.18, CI 1.01 - 1.37). Interpretation: This study found a prevalence of 10·71 % of MCR in Colombian older adults. Additionally, MCR was associated with chronic conditions and sociodemographic factors identified in prior studies. These results increase the awareness of a novel predementia stage whose identification can be performed by clinicians in the outpatient clinic, minimizing the cost of a full neuropsychologic evaluation performed in a memory clinic. Funding: Funded by the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (Colciencias) and the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia.

Analysis of Heritability Across the Clinical Phenotypes of Frontotemporal Dementia and the Frequency of the C9ORF72 in a Colombian Population.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a highly heritable condition. Up to 40% of FTD is familial and an estimated 15% to 40% is due to single-gene mutations. It has been estimated that the G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat expansions in the C9ORF72 gene can explain up to 37.5% of the familial cases of FTD, especially in populations of Caucasian origin. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate hereditary risk across the clinical phenotypes of FTD and the frequency of the G4C2 expansion in a Colombian cohort diagnosed with FTD. Methods: A total of 132 FTD patients were diagnosed according to established criteria in the behavioral variant FTD, logopenic variant PPA, non-fluent agrammatic PPA, and semantic variant PPA. Hereditary risk across the clinical phenotypes was established in four categories that indicate the pathogenic relationship of the mutation: high, medium, low, and apparently sporadic, based on those proposed by Wood and collaborators. All subjects were also examined for C9ORF72 hexanucleotide expansion (defined as >30 repetitions). Results: There were no significant differences in the demographic characteristics of the patients between the clinical phenotypes of FTD. The higher rate phenotype was bvFTD (62.12%). In accordance with the risk classification, we found that 72 (54.4%) complied with the criteria for the sporadic cases; for the familial cases, 23 (17.4%) fulfilled the high-risk criteria, 23 (17.4%) fulfilled the low risk criteria, and 14 (10.6%) fulfilled the criteria to be classified as subject to medium risk. C9ORF72 expansion frequency was 0.76% (1/132). Conclusion: The FTD heritability presented in this research was very similar to the results reported in the literature. The C9ORF72 expansion frequency was low. Colombia is a triethnic country, with a high frequency of genetic Amerindian markers; this shows consistency with the present results of a low repetition frequency. This study provides an initial report of the frequency for the hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9ORF72 in patients with FTD in a Colombian population and paves the way for further study of the possible genetic causes of FTD in Colombia.

Quality of life in early-onset Alzheimer's disease due to a PSEN1-E280A mutation.

PURPOSE: The present study aims to explore the association between the quality of life (QoL) score and the clinical and sociodemographic variables in patients with the PSEN1-E280A mutation. We also seek to evaluate the differences between the QoL reported by the patients (P-QoL) and the scores reported by the caregivers (C-QoL). METHODS: An analysis of 75 patients with the PSEN1-E280A mutation with mild cognitive impairment and dementia was performed. We used the Quality of Life in Alzheimer Disease (QoL-AD) survey to evaluate QoL as an outcome and evaluated its association with sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, and past medical history variables. RESULTS: The largest difference in the median of the QoL-AD score was in those who needed help to eat, those with moderate or severe dementia, those classified as frail or pre-frail, those with moderate social risk, and those with depression. Also, C-QoL was lower than the P-QoL, and the QoL-AD of individuals with severe dementia was lower than for milder forms of the disease. Not needing help to eat, not having a stressful situation in the past 3 months, and the years of education were positively correlated with QoL-AD in the linear model. CONCLUSION: As studies in similar populations with AD, factors with more impact on QoL are those related to loss of functionality and independence. These factors are also associated with variables related to the current literature with the burden of the disease for the caregivers.

Body mass index, performance on activities of daily living and cognition: analysis in two different populations.

BACKGROUND: With this study, we aim to determine the associations of the different categories of the body mass index (BMI) with activities of daily living (ADL) and cognitive performance in two different populations living in the community; Colombian and South Korean older adults. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of two surveys separately; The Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Colombia (SABE) (n = 23,343) and the Korean Longitudinal Study of aging (KLoSA) (n = 4556). Participants older than 50 years were selected from rural and urban areas achieving a representative sample. Here we investigated the association between BMI categories with function using zero-inflated negative binomial regressions, and with cognition using logistic regression models. RESULTS: After adjustment, in Colombia, underweight was associated with an impaired score on the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and worse performance in the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Also, being overweight was associated with a better score on the MMSE and the IADL. For both outcomes education level significantly influenced the predictions. In South Korea, there were no significant associations for cognition, IADL, or basic activities of daily living (BADL). CONCLUSIONS: In the Colombian population, underweight, was associated with reduced cognitive performance and daily functioning. Additionally, being overweight but not obese was associated with better cognition and daily functioning. In South Korea, there were no significant associations between BMI and cognition, IADL, or BADL.

Ischemic stroke in young adults in Bogota, Colombia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: There has been an increase in the incidence of ischemic stroke in young adults. It is believed that it is due to the increase in traditional cardiovascular risk factors. This change has affected the quality of life of young adults. AIMS: To describe the most common etiologies and risk factors in patients aged ≤ 50 who had ischemic stroke between 2011 and 2018. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study of patients under 50 years who had ischemic stroke between 2011 and 2018 who were evaluated at a comprehensive center in Bogotá, Colombia. We carried out a descriptive analysis of comorbidities, the Trial of Org for Acute Stroke (TOAST), the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). RESULTS: A total of 152 patients were included, out of which 50.66% were men. The most frequent traditional risk factors were smoking history (19%), history of high blood pressure (18%), presence of cardiovascular disease (17%), and history of migraine (15%). The most common etiological subgroups were those classified as "other determined etiologies" (33.5%) and "undetermined etiology" (33.5%), while the most common etiology was carotid or vertebral artery dissection (23%). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the need to make a deep evaluation of the past medical history, laboratory tests, and new risk factors in young adults. On the other hand, modifiable cardiovascular risk factors top the list, showing the need to implement health promotion strategies for young adults.

Delirium prevalence in a Colombian hospital, association with geriatric syndromes and complications during hospitalization.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper is to describe the prevalence of Delirium and the factors associated with its presentation and complications identified in a geriatric unit in Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study that included all patients admitted consecutively for two years in a geriatric unit of a hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. We assessed delirium prevalence with the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). The independent variables were age, sex, functional impairment (Barthel<90), malnutrition (MNA<12), pressure ulcers at admission, state of the social support network, number of comorbidities, polypharmacy (5 or more drugs), complications such as ICU requirement, hospital stay, in-hospital functional impairment and mortality were also evaluated. As an exclusion criterion: not having CAM registered in the medical record, all the patients had this information. RESULTS: We studied 1599 subjects with a mean age of 86 years (IQR 9). Delirium prevalence was 51.03%. Delirium was associated with a higher rate of: pressure ulcers on admission [OR 3.76 (CI 2.60-5.43 p<0.001)], functional impairment [OR 2.38 (CI 1.79-3.16 p<0.001)], malnutrition [OR 2.06 (CI 1.56-2.73 p<0.001)], and infection [OR 1.46 (CI 1.17-1.82 p<0.001)]. Moreover delirium has a higher association with mortality [OR 2.80 (1.03-7.54 p=0.042)], in-hospital functional decline [OR 1.82 (1.41-2.36 p<0.001)], and longer hospital stay [OR 1.04 (1.04-1.09 p=0.006)]; independently of age, sex, pressure ulcers on admission, functional impairment, malnutrition, dementia, infection and limited social network. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that infectious diseases and geriatric syndromes such as, functional dependence, pressure ulcers, malnutrition or major cognitive impairment are independently associated with the presence of delirium on admission. Additionally, the presence of delirium is independently associated during hospitalization with complications, longer hospital stay, functional impairment and mortality.

Socioeconomic Disparities and Gender Inequalities in Dementia: a Community-Dwelling Population Study from a Middle-Income Country.

The proportion of the world's older adults and of its dementia cases is increasing in low and middle-income countries. This is particularly true in Colombia. There, the number of individuals with dementia may increase five-fold by 2050. Yet research is lacking on dementia in such settings. This work estimates the prevalence of dementia in a community-dwelling population in Colombia. It also assesses how gender-based differences in cardiovascular conditions and socioeconomic disparities affect dementia. This work analyzes data on 2000 respondents at least 60 years of age in the Health, Well-Being, And Aging (SABE) study in Bogota. Respondents with dementia are those who have cognitive impairment and at least two limitations in instrumental activities of daily living. The SABE study finds 8.4% of respondents have dementia. Age, cardiovascular risks, and socioeconomic disparities contributed to higher odds of dementia. The contributors to dementia can differ for men and women. For example, socioeconomic disparities were a larger contributor to dementia for women than men. The findings support the cognitive reserve hypothesis on dementia. This holds that pre-existing cognitive processes and compensatory mechanisms influence dementia. Women in Latin America are more likely to suffer from socioeconomic disparities that limit their cognitive reserve. This research points to several policy implications that can help offset these disparities and reduce the prevalence of dementia.

The Role of Gait Speed in Dementia: A Secondary Analysis from the SABE Colombia Study.

INTRODUCTION: Gait speed (GS) is a predictor of negative outcomes in older adults and in those in risk to develop cognitive impairment; as such, it has been associated with dementia. Studies in Latin-American older adults showing this association are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between GS and dementia in a representative sample of Colombian older adults. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis from the Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging, SABE (from initials in Spanish: Salud, Bienestar & Envejecimiento) Colombia's survey conducted in 2015 with a sample of 23,694 elderly adults aged 60 years or older. RESULTS: A total of 19,470 participants from the SABE Colombia survey were available for analysis. The multivariate analysis shows that dementia was associated with slow GS (PR 2.39; CI 1.91-3.01) independently to the other variables (p < 0.001). Similarly, GS as a continuous variable shows a statistically significant association with dementia in the adjusted analysis (OR 0.06; CI 0.04-0.09; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Dementia was associated with slow GS. This finding provides evidence to include GS as a complementary parameter in the assessment of Colombian elderly adults.

Association between physical activity and cognition in Mexican and Korean older adults.

INTRODUCTION: As the world's population ages, the prevalence of cognitive impairment associated with age increases. This increase is particularly pronounced in Asia and South-America. The objective of this study was to investigate separately the longitudinal association of physical activity and cognitive function in; older adults in Mexico and South Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of two surveys, The Mexican Health and aging Study (MHAS) (n = 5853) and Korean Longitudinal Study of aging (KLoSA) (n = 5188), designed to study the aging process of older adults living in Mexico and South Korea. Participants older than 50 years were selected from rural and urban areas achieving a representative sample. Physical activity was assessed using self-report. Cognition was assessed using Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (CCCE) and Minimental state examination (MMSE) in Mexico and South Korea respectively. Here we investigate the longitudinal association between physical activity and cognition during 3 years for MHAS and 4 years for KLoSA using multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS: The prevalence of physical activity was 40.68 % in MHAS and 35.57 % in KLoSA. In the adjusted longitudinal multivariate analysis, an independent association was found between physical activity and MMSE score OR 0.0866 (CI 0.0266-0.1467 p-value 0.0047) in the Korean older adults, while there was no significant association in MHAS. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity could have a protective effect on the cognitive decline associated with aging in the Korean population.

Caracterización de pacientes con demencia avanzada hospitalizados por el servicio de geriatría en un hospital de alta complejidad / Characterization of patients with advanced dementia hospitalized in the geriatric unit in a high complexity hospital

RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Describir y analizar las características clínicas, funcionales, nutricionales y sociales de pacientes con demencia avanzada (DA), hospitalizados a cargo del servicio de geriatría del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI) y su relación con desenlaces hospitalarios, comparando con demencia no avanzada. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo en pacientes ancianos hospitalizados por el servicio de geriatría del HUSI, con revisión retrospectiva de historias clínicas en el perioro de tiempo entre enero del 2016 y diciembre del 2017. La variable dependiente fue DA. Se realizó análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado. RESULTADOS: De 1091 pacientes con demencia, 606 tenían diagnóstico de DA. La mediana de edad fue de 86 años y la prevalencia de mujeres fue mayor (57,3 %). En los sujetos con DA, comparados con el grupo de demencia, se encontró mayor porcentaje de malnutrición (91,1 %), úlceras por presión (26,2 %), delirium (67,2 %%), polifarmacia (68,3 %%), estancia hospitalaria (5 días), complicaciones (10,6 %%) y mortalidad (16,9 %%). Se encontró una mayor asociación de malnutrición con DA (OR = 2,80, IC = 1,94-4,06, p < 0,00), así mismo con polifarmacia (OR = 1,41, IC = 1,07-1,86, p = 0,012), delirium (OR = 2,24, IC = 1,72-2,92, p < 0,00), úlceras por presión (OR = 3,75, IC = 2,45-5,73, p < 0,00) y mortalidad (OR = 2,21, IC = 1,42-3,44, p < 0,00). DISCUSIÓN: La avanzada edad de nuestros pacientes puede ser determinante en el alto porcentaje de demencia encontrada. La DA condiciona a mayor compromiso en el curso de diferentes desenlaces hospitalarios como malnutrición, polifarmacia, delirium, úlceras y mortalidad. Lo anterior hace necesaria una valoración geriátrica integral del paciente anciano con demencia para mejorar el curso clínico de la hospitalización.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the clinical characteristics, functionality, nutritional, and social aspects in patients with Advance Dementia (AD), and to hospitalized in the geriatric unit in the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI) and it how it is related with hospital outcomes, compare with no advanced dementia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conduct, in patient hospitalized in the geriatric unit in the HUSI, with a retrospective review of electronic medical charts from January of 2016 to December 2017. The dependent variable was AD, a univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis was made. RESULTS: 1091 patients had dementia, 606 with AD, the median age was 86 years and the women prevalence were (57.3 %) higher than men. In the AD group, compared with those with dementia, had high percentage of malnutrition (91.1 %%), pressure ulcers (26.2 %%), delirium (67.2 %%), polypharmacy (68.3 %%), longer hospital admission (median of 5 days vs 4 days), medical complication (10.6 %%), and mortality (16.9 %%). We found a higher association with malnutrition with AD (OR = 2.80, CI = 1.94-4.06, p < 0.00), polypharmacy (OR = 1.41, CI = 1.07-1.86, p = 0.012), delirium (OR = 2.24, CI = 1.72-2.92, p < 0.00), pressure ulcers (OR = 3.75, CI = 2.455.73, p < 0.00) and mortality (OR = 2.21,CI = 1.42-3.44, p < 0.00). DISCUSSION: The advance aged in our patients, might be a determinant in the high percentage of dementia that we found. AD is an entity that predispose to higher clinical outcomes as malnutrition, polypharmacy, delirium, pressure ulcers and mortality. As previously shown there is a need for a comprenhensive geriatric assessment in elderly with dementia, to improve hospital outcomes.

IMPLICACIONES DE LOS HÁBITOS TÓXICOS EN EL CÁNCER / Cancer toxic habit risks

Encabezado de página Carta Remisoria Consentimiento informado para reporte de casos Documento garantías y cesión de derechos a favor de la Academia Nacional de Medicina Formato de evaluación Revista Medicina Ver términos de licencia Open Journal Systems Ayuda de la revista USUARIO/A Nombre de usuario/a Contraseña No cerrar sesión Iniciar sesión NOTIFICACIONES Ver Suscribirse IDIOMA CONTENIDO DE LA REVISTA Buscar Buscar Examinar Por número Por autor/a Por título TAMAÑO DE FUENTE Make font size smallerMake font size defaultMake font size larger INFORMACIÓN Para los lectores/as Para los autores/as Para los bibliotecarios/as HERRAMIENTAS DEL ARTÍCULO Imprimir este artículo Metadatos de indexación Cómo citar un elemento Referencias de búsqueda Política de revisión Enviar este artículo por correo electrónico (Inicie sesión) Enviar un correo electrónico al autor/a (Inicie sesión) INICIO ACERCA DE INICIAR SESIÓN REGISTRARSE BUSCAR ACTUAL ARCHIVOS AVISOS ENVIAR-ARTICULOS DIRECTIVOS ANM PAGINA WEB ANM Inicio > Vol. 39, núm. 1 (2017) > Chavarro-Carvajal IMPLICACIONES DE LOS HÁBITOS TÓXICOS EN EL CÁNCER Diego Andrés Chavarro-Carvajal, Elkin García-Cifuentes, Mauricio Acosta RESUMEN Los hábitos nocivos pueden provocar daños a corto o largo plazo. Se clasifican en: hábitos de riesgo y hábitos tóxicos. Esta revisión se enfoca en analizar los hábitos tóxicos y cómo se relacionan con la aparición de procesos neoplásicos. En la literatura, se ha descrito ampliamente la relación que existe entre diferentes agentes químicos o físicos que se asocian con la génesis de neoplasia, enfatizando en el consumo de tabaco, el alcohol (etanol) y el café. El tabaco se produce a partir de las hojas de la Nicotiana tabacum. Su principal forma de consumo es a través de la combustión y aún hoy, 53 años después de que el Comité Asesor del Director General de Sanidad publicara su informe en 1964 advirtiendo de sus efectos nocivos, persiste su aparición como la principal causa de mortalidad prevenible por cáncer. Por otra parte, el alcohol constituye la principal droga consumida en nuestra sociedad. Actualmente, se encuentran todo tipo de bebidas con diferentes concentraciones de alcohol. Se define como consumo moderado la ingesta de una bebida por día para mujeres y dos tragos por día para los hombres; mientras que se concibe como exceso el consumo mayor a tres bebidas cualquier día o siete bebidas por semana en mujeres y más de cuatro bebidas al día o catorce bebidas a la semana en hombres. Adicionalmente, la cafeína se encuentra principalmente en el café, es una sustancia ampliamente consumida y culturalmente aceptada. Los estudios sobre el papel que desempeñan sus componentes han sido controversiales y se plantean diversos retos en su investigación.

Noxious habits can be harmful in the short and long term. They are classified into risk habits and toxic habits. We focus this review paper on toxic habits and its relation to the onset of neoplastic processes. The relationship between chemical and physical agents and the genesis of neoplasia has been widely described through literature, making emphasis on tobacco, alcohol (ethanol) and coffee. Tobacco is made out of the leaves of the Nicotiana tabacum. It is mainly consumed by the inhalation of its base after combustion, and even now a days 53 years after the Advisory Committee Director General of Health, published its 1964 report, where they warned the community about the tobacco harmful effects, it still remains the main cause of preventable cancer mortality. In addition, alcohol (ethanol) is the most consumed drug in our society; currently all kind of beverages with different concentration of alcohol levels are available. Moderate consumption is defined as no more than one drink per day for females, and two drinks for males, whereas excessive consumption is defined as more than three drinks in one day or more than 7 per week for females, and more than four in one day or more than 14 drinks for males. Furthermore, caffeine is mainly found in coffee, it is a widely consumed and culturally accepted substance. The investigations concerning the role of its components have been controversial, dealing with a variety of challenges during the research.