THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONDITION OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND THE USE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS.

Understanding the harmful effects of using tobacco products (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) or vape, IQOS, hookah, etc.) by various segments of the population is one of the important ways to improve the condition of the tissues of the oral cavity, since smoking is an important risk factor for the occurrence of chronic destructive periodontal diseases. The purpose of our work was a study of the relationship between the state of the oral cavity and the use of tobacco products in different age groups based on the conducted questionnaire. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In order to conduct this research, an anonymous survey was conducted in the form of a Google document among people divided into three age groups: younger (under 21), middle (21-40) and older (over 40) with 1113 participants. In the survey, they answered questions about their lifestyle, the type of tobacco product used, visible changes of oral cavity if they were present. RESULTS: Studies show that smoking and the use of tobacco products is a fairly common phenomenon in modern society and reflects a direct correlation between the intensity of this habit in people and the development of various pathological conditions of the mucous membranes of the mouth. A significant period of cigarette use, and the accompanying insufficiency of oral hygiene measures increase risk of oral cavity injury. More than 60% answered that they regularly brush their teeth twice a day. At the same time, at least half of all respondents answered that they use dental floss and mouthwashes irregularly, and also visit the dentist only when necessary. Among the first two age groups, it is noted that up to 52% of people consume various sweets and sweet drinks every day, which is a factor that contributes to the appearance of destructive changes in the oral cavity. Similar factors include the lack of an active lifestyle. So, from 30% to 50% in each age group don't have any physical exercise. Only up to 30% of people have up to 3 physical exercises a week or have morning exercise every day. CONCLUSIONS: The most pronounced correlative relationship for severity of changes in oral cavity was revealed between with experience of smoking (how long) - r=0.79, intensity of smoking (r=0.75) and oral hygiene practices (r=0.71). It is necessary to develop new methods of combating the consequences of long-term use of tobacco products, as well as preventing the appearance of uncompensated changes in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.

PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE IMPACT OF SMOKING ON THE HUMAN BODY BASED ON RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY INDICATORS OF MAXILLARY SINUS BONE WALLS.

The most effective process of quitting smoking can be achieved through precise and complete identification of the adverse effects on the human body. The aim was to examine the influence of smoking on the density of the walls of the paranasal sinuses. 80 individuals of the young age and both genders were included into the research. Depending on the presence of pathological changes in the sinuses and smoking habits, all participants were divided into four groups. It was found that in the group of smokers without any paranasal sinus pathology, the density is 2.66% lower than the intact group. This figure is significantly higher in patients suffering from rhinosinusitis but not smoking, where it is 45.18%. The maximum difference from the control group is observed in individuals suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis and being smokers, with a difference of 81.03%. Pedagogical aspects of the impact of smoking on the human body based on radiographic density indicators of maxillary sinus bone walls were detected. It has been observed that smoking can exacerbate the negative impact of inflammatory processes in the paranasal sinuses.

PECULIARITIES OF IMMUNE STATUS IN THE PRESENCE OF SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY OF INFECTIOUS AND NON-INFECTIOUS ORIGIN IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE.

The design of studies on the immune system does not have gender peculiarities, but the information about the higher frequency of pathology of the female reproductive system in the presence of immunodeficiency condition determines the purpose of this study, namely, to identify the features of immune status in the presence of secondary immunodeficiency of infectious (i.e., HIV infection, AIDS stage) and non-infectious origin (alcohol dependence syndrome) and their combination in women of reproductive age. The material for the study of cellular and humoral immunity was a lymphocyte suspension obtained by centrifugation of peripheral blood (taken within 12 hours after death) in women of reproductive age with HIV infection (AIDS stage), alcohol dependence syndrome and their combination. Immunological examination included the determination of quantitative indicators of cellular immunity using monoclonal antibodies: T-lymphocytes (CD3) and their main subpopulations of T-helper cells (CD4), cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8), CD4/CD8 immunoregulatory index; as well as indicators of humoral immunity: B-lymphocytes (CD19) and immunoglobulins of the main classes (IgA, IgG, IgM). Additionally, interleukins IL-6 and IL-10 were studied to determine the parameters of the cytokine profile. The study indicates that the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in the group of deceased women with alcohol dependence syndrome was 3.6±0.38x109/l and 0.82±0.35x109/l; in deceased women with HIV/AIDS, these indicators were reduced - 2.9±0.03x109/l and 0.39±0.04x109/l, respectively; and in deceased women with combined pathology (AIDS and alcohol dependence syndrome), they were reduced even more intensively - 2.7±0.04x109/l and 0.35±0.06x109/l (p<0.01). Compared to the control group - 5.22±0.4x109/l and 1.73±0.21x109/l - the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes was reduced in all study groups. In the group of deceased women with alcohol dependence syndrome, significant impairments in the proliferative activity of T-lymphocytes (CD3) and their subpopulation (CD4), as well as B lymphocytes (CD19) and natural killer cells (CD16) were found compared to the group of healthy individuals. Thus, in the control group, the percentage, and absolute values of CD3 were 60.37±4.2% and 1.04±0.05×106/l, and in women suffering from chronic alcoholism, they were statistically significantly lower - 49.1±3.1% and 0.42±0.08×106/l, respectively, p<0.01. The same tendency was found when comparing the values of T-helper cells (CD4) in the control group (44.2±2.9% and 0.76±0.13×106/l) and in deceased patients suffering from chronic alcoholism (33.7±4.6% and 0.28±0.23×106/l), p<0.01. Secondary immunodeficiencies of infectious and non-infectious origin in women (in particular, those formed in HIV/AIDS, alcohol dependence syndrome and their combination) are characterized by negative changes in the cellular and humoral components of the immune system, as evidenced by the presence of transient immunodeficiency, activation of cytolytic and auto aggressive reactions. As a result of these processes, systemic and organ pathology develops, in particular, weakening of the body's resistance to various infections and pathological changes in organs and tissues, which may be one of the links in the development of pathological processes in internal organs and tissues.

PECULIARITIES OF THE ORGANS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE WITH LIVER DYSFUNCTION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS POLLUTANTS.

The widespread use of chemicals by modern society and the prevalence of harmful habits (alcoholism, tobacco smoking, drug addiction) leads to an unnaturally high intake of exogenous pollutants in the human body, which can cause damage to internal organs, including the reproductive system. The aim of this study was to determine the peculiarities of the reproductive system of women of reproductive age with liver dysfunction under the influence of exogenous pollutants, namely, due to harmful working conditions and tobacco smoking. Estimation of activity of liver enzymes was determined by the level of activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamate transaminase. The first group (control group) included women with no changes in liver enzyme activity and no history of harmful working conditions or bad habits. The second group (comparison group) - women with no history of harmful working conditions and bad habits, but with laboratory data showing changes in liver enzyme activity. The third group included women who have been working with harmful substances for more than 10 years. The fourth group included women who have smoked for more than 10 years. Changes in objective indicators of women's reproductive system have been studied (vaginal discharge, elasticity of the vaginal wall, epithelial integrity, mucous membranes moistness, pH of the vaginal contents, cytological type, vaginal contents) for all groups. Gynecologic examination and evaluation revealed changes indicating the presence of candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis (caused by anaerobic microbiota) in women who worked in harmful working conditions and smoked, both with and without signs of inflammation. During the objective examination, changes in vaginal discharge were observed in women. Only in 20% of women with smoking habits and 10% of women with harmful working conditions there was no vaginal discharge, while in the control group, such women were the majority. In the group with signs of impaired liver function, the absence of discharge was observed in 30% of women. According to the results of cytological studies, a quarter of women who smoked and one in five women who worked in hazardous conditions had estrogen deficiency, apparently as a result of dysregulation disorders under the influence of pollutants. The inflammatory or cytolytic type of smear, which is a consequence of restructuring, was observed in most women from the smoking group. Also, in the two study groups, there was an increase in the number of cases of fungal or Gardnerella vaginal lesions. Disorders of the genital organs in women under the influence of exogenous pollutants are associated with hepatic and endocrine disorders. Obviously, the mechanisms of formation of the pathological condition cause these disorders, and since women working in harmful conditions and smoking have more developed gynecological manifestations, they have more developed symptoms. Inflammatory changes have been revealed in the cervix for up to 30% of women with the influence of xenobiotics. The relationship between the activity of liver enzymes and epithelial integrity has been revealed as the most significant correlation in study parameters (r=0.71 for alanine aminotransferase and epithelial integrity).

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ISCHEMIA FOR THE PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE MUCOSA IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.

The state of the microcirculatory bed remains one of the determining factors in course of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The presence of small foci of ischemia could realize in dystrophic-necrobiotic consequences, which can also underlie the development or strengthening of the inflammatory process. Based on above, the goal of our study was to determine the impact of the development of mucosal ischemia in the colon on the activity of proliferative processes during inflammation. The study was performed on 12 adult WAG rats with modeling IBD by oral administration of 2.5% solution Dextran Sulfate Sodium. Serial slides of the colon where made with stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Rego, immunohistochemical examination (IHC) to Ki67. Volume of ischemic area and Ki67 expression were detected. Statistical comparison was performed. Inspection microscopy in the DSS experimental group determined alterative-desquamative changes in the surface epithelium and epithelium of intestinal glands (crypt); diffuse polymorphic cellular infiltration in the mucous membrane, which in some places spread to the submucosal base, that are morphological manifestations of IBD. Foci of ischemia had been detected in that group with 13.09±0.67% volume as just microfocal changes were observed in intact animals (p < 0.05). Detection of proliferative activity depending on ischemic signs was realized in different level of Ki67 expression. So, lowest level of Ki67 was estimated in mucosa above ischemia (18.06±3.33%). Most pronounced expression of Ki67 was observed in IBD group in area which no connected with ischemia and was even 57.71±4.68% (p < 0.05). Ki67 was strongly expressed in epithelial cells of the colon both in intact tissue and in modeling IBD with significant increasing expression more than twice in inflammatory group (p < 0.05) but spreading of activity process was uneven. Collation of slides with ICH and Rego staining realized in estimation of strong negative correlation between Ki67 expression and ischemia (r=-0.819).

THE INFLUENCE OF IMMUNODEFICIENCY ON THE LEVEL OF CD34-POSITIVE CELLS IN THE CERVIX.

There are many studies on changes in cervix, however, there are no data about property of cervical tissue to keep potential for regeneration under influence of immunodeficiency, which is very important since it allows escaping severe irreversible changes in tissue. CD34 stem cells are one of significant indicator for property of tissual regeneration. So, the purpose of our study was to identify amount of CD34 stem cells in the cervix under influence of immunodeficiency of infectious and non-infectious origin. Sectional material of reproductive women was studied. All subjects were divided into 3 groups: women who were diagnosed with HIV infection; women who have identified anamnestic and postmortem signs of alcohol abuse; group of comparison. After routine testing and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to CD34, morphometric measure was performed. We evaluate presence activities of stromal cells for detection of connection and relationship between expression of CD34 and the thickness of the cervical epithelium, relative volumes of condyloma, cervical dysplasia severity, degree of infiltration of the mucosal lamina propria by immunocompetent cells. The obtained digital data were statistically processed. Morphological investigation revealed changes of thickness of the cervical stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium up to 714.23±59.21 x 10-6 m in group of HIVinfected women. Relative volumes of condylomas were 44 increased in both investigated groups with presence of pointed, flat and inverted types. Both low- and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were detected more often in investigated goups. Assessment of the degree of infiltration of the mucosal lamina propria by immunocompetent cells was changed unevenly with reducing in HIV-group and increasing in alcohol group. Results of ICH reaction CD34 realized in cytoplasmic staining with membranous accentuation in all cases of control group with strong, but reduced level in investigated groups. Most close connection was observed for cervical dysplasia severity and CD34 expression. HIV infection and alcohol abuse have pronounced pathological effects with cervical changes. The expression of CD34 is present in 96% of women with immunodeficiency mainly with strong reaction. It is statistically likely that it does not depend on such morphological indicators as thickness of the cervical epithelium, relative volumes of condyloma, degree of infiltration of the mucosal lamina propria by immunocompetent cells. The expression of CD34 has statistically close negative connection with cervical dysplasia severity (r=-0,81) and can be used for detection of early potential of tissual transformation in women with immunodeficiency.

MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN ENDOMETRIUM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM.

According to data that would have been obtained precisely as a result of studying the changes caused by alcohol abuse in the female body which can help solve many abnormal conditions developing in the female reproductive system, such as oligodysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, the purpose of this study was to identify changes in the endometrium that occur in chronic alcoholism. The study included sectional material, selected from women who, according to history data (interviews with relatives) and autopsy data (presence of alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver), had confirmed alcohol abuse. Microscopic examination of endometrium was carried out followed by morphometric examination with determining: the average diameter of the endometrial glands, the minimum diameter of the endometrial glands, the maximum diameter of the endometrial glands, gland wall thickness, the relative volume of the epithelium, and the thickness of the epithelium for the proliferative or secretory type of the endometrium. Based on the study, it can be assumed that alcohol abuse has a significantly significant effect on the female reproductive system as a whole, in particular, on the morpho-functional state of the endometrium, which is manifested by its statistically reliable thinning, hypoplasia of the glands, which was determined both in proliferative and in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Results of the morphometric study have to be interpreted as tendency to atrophy in endometrium with decreased by 13.7% the average diameter of the endometrial glands (from 51.71±2.90 x10-6 m to 44.65±2.48 x10-6 m), reduced diameter of the endometrial glands from 72.14±2.21 x10-6m to 64.13±3.90 x10-6m, abridged the relative volume of the epithelium. The study shows the importance of an individual approach in working with this cohort of patients, which may consist in proper history taking (to confirm alcohol abuse), detection of pathomorphological changes in the endometrium, which is important for the correct diagnosis and selection of the most effective treatment.

CONSEQUENCES OF MICROSEQUENCES OF MICROCIRCULATORY DISTRURBANCES OF ORAL MUCOSA IN MODELING OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by synovial hyperplasia and the destruction of cartilage and bone with unclear morphogenesis of pathological changes in oral cavity. Simultaneously microcirculatory disturbance is important link of pathogenesis in many pathological conditions in oral cavity with inflammatory consequences. The aim of this study was to determine importance of microcirculatory disturbance of oral mucosa in modeling of rheumatoid arthritis. Experimental investigation has been performed with modeling RA on laboratory white male mice according to described before method. Investigated groups were formed according to severity manifestation as ankle changes using digital calipers measuring. The specimens of soft tissues of the oral cavity were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to van Gieson, according to Rego after the routine proceeding. Morphometric studies were performed with estimation of volumes of specific vascular density in microcirculatory bed, density of connective tissue in lamina propria and area of tissue with ischemia. It was detected that disturbance of oral mucosae microvasculature is formed in rheumatoid arthritis with strong correlation relationship between specific densities of microcirculatory bed vessels and rheumatoid arthritis severity (r=0.74). Development of ischemic area indicates strong correlation relationship between ischemic area and rheumatoid arthritis severity also (r=0.72) and it could be connected with changes in microvasculature (r=0.82). Development of sclerotic changes in the lamina propria of the mucosa could is characterized by increased area of connective tissue from 21.37±2.82% to 34.97±2.26 %.

ANALYSIS OF LOCAL IMMUNITY INDICATORS OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND DEGREE OF GINGIVITIS DEPENDING ON MUTATION OF CFTR GENE IN CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS.

The aim of the work was to establish the relationship between the genotype of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the level of local immune reactivity and the degree of chronic gingivitis in children with cystic fibrosis. The study has shown significant differences in the local immunity indices of the oral mucosa and the condition of periodontal tissues in children with cystic fibrosis in comparison with the control group. The features of the course of dental pathology among sick children, depending on the type of CFTR gene mutation are determined. Disturbance of mucosal immunity of the oral cavity in children with cystic fibrosis is manifested by a decrease in lysozyme activity in mixed saliva by 1.5 times and level of secretory immunoglobulins IgA by 1.4 times. A consequence of this is an increase of the degree of dysbiosis of the oral cavity by 3.7 times. At the same time, a lesser imbalance in the microflora and lysozyme activity observed in the homozygote group of the F508del mutation, and heterozygotes of the F508del mutation have the most severe manifestations of chronic gingivitis.

INFLUENCE OF ENDOTHELIOPATHY OF SPIRAL ARTERIES ON PLACENTAL ISCHEMIA.

Recently, worldwide authors have paid particular attention to vascular endothelium in the mother-placenta-fetus system for the understanding of development of vascular network and its normal functioning, possible gestational endotheliopathy. Endothelial dysfunction is important in the development of thrombosis, neoangiogenesis and vascular remodeling, being the key to the development of obstetric and perinatal disorders. The aim of the study was to reveal morphological signs of endotheliopathy in spiral arteries in preeclampsia, which is important for understanding the development of pregnancy complications. Placentas were obtained after delivery from mothers with preeclampsia served as the material for morphological study. A comparison group included cases from women with a physiological course of pregnancy. The morphological structure was studied after proceeding of slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and according to van Gieson. Morphometry was used to determine the specific vascular density, specific density of connective tissue, thickness of the walls of the spiral arteries, cross sectional area of spiral arteries, endotheliocyte height, the diameter of the nuclei of endothelial cells, nuclear cytoplasmic relationships in endotheliocytes, relative volume of injured endothelial cells. As results, it was detected, that development of preeclampsia is associated with signs of remodelling of the spiral arteries. Placental spiral arteries in preeclampsia are characterized by a decrease of specific vascular density by 36,49% with a simultaneous increase of specific density of connective tissue by 43,60%, which is accompanied by thickening of the walls of the spiral arteries 2,82 times and reducing of cross sectional area of spiral arteries 1,57 times. The spiral arteries are also found to have proliferation of the endothelium, hypertrophy of the muscular layer, marked enlargement of the perivascular connective tissue with the formation of the so-called fibrous cuff, resulting in the narrowing of the lumen of the vessels, up to their obliteration. Gestational endotheliopathy is characterized by a decrease in the height of endotheliocytes from 6.19±0.07 x10-6 m to 4.78±0.06 x10-6 m, a decrease in the diameter of cells from 3.25±0.02 x10-6 m to 2.97±0.04 x10-6 m, an increase in the relative volume of damaged endotheliocytes from 6.16±0.23% to 47.07 ±3.61%.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF XENOBIOTICS.

Nowadays scientific achievements in various areas of lives have caused the creation of more and more «foreign body substances¼ known as xenobiotics. As it is widely accepted that human health is a product of both genetics and the environment; and premise that also holds true for the immune system with unclear morphogenetic aspect, so we selected the purpose of our work as detection of ultrastructural changes in the spleen and thymus under the influence of tryglycidyl ether of polyoxypropylenetriol (TEPPT) and propylene glycol (PP). Subacute experiment has been performed on the matured male rat's with administration of 1/10 LD50 and 1/100 LD50 of TEPPT and PP during 7 days, 15 days, 30 days and 45 days. Obtained materials of spleen and thymus have been investigated with ultramicroscopic and histological examination. Detection of cellular density has been performed. On the base of obtained results we can conclude that structure of spleen and thymus is susceptible to influence of TEPPT and PP. Ultrastructural changes in those organs of the immune system are characterized by margination of chromatin in nuclei, appearance of pronounced invaginations of karyolemma till fragmentation of nuclei; condensed, wrinkled cytoplasm, dilatation of mitochondria, vacuolization of cytoplasm. Such changes are manifestation of hydropic dystrophy and apoptosis development with resulting in reducing of cellular density in 45 days more pronounced under TEPPT influence with 1/10 LD50 dose: in mantle zone of spleen follicle from 171.1±4.1to 123.7±10.8 cells/104 µm2, in marginal zone of spleen follicle from 104.6±3.8 to 79.4±9.7, in cortical zone of thymus from 180.1±3.9 to 128.3±9.1, in medullar zone of thymus from 137.4±3.7 to 98.6±8.3.

INFLUENCE OF TRICALCIUM SILICATE ON COURSE OF TRAUMATIC PULPITIS.

The use of Tricalcium Silicate (TS) as an odontotropic preparation makes it possible to create a hermetic crown restoration with a high degree of adhesion. However, the use of TS silicate by direct pulp capping remains disputable. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of TS on course of traumatic pulpitis by detection of morpho-functional peculiarities of changes in pulp tissue. We performed experimental investigation (on rabbits, males, aging three-month) for study of the morpho-functional changes of the pulp tissues with modeling of traumatic pulpitis and direct pulp capping with TS preparation (8 animals, investigated group) and calcium hydroxide (Calasept, NORDISKA DENTAL) preparation (8 animals, comparison group). After 2nd and 6th weeks tissues of tooth were fixed in 10% formalin with performing routine proceeding after decalcification and making histological slides which were investigated. Manifestations of protective adaptive mechanisms have been revealed in the form of inflammatory process two weeks after the injury in the pulp tissue with its resolution six weeks after performing of direct pulp capping with TS with replacement of necrotic area by connective tissue with their delimitation from viable pulp tissue against a background of intensive formation of capillaries. Morphometric study proved dynamical changes of vascular number cross-sections per 1 mm2 from 69.31±4.76 (2 weeks) to 47.38±4.12 (6 weeks) with 49.2±3.47 vascular density in intact group. Cellular density of odontoblasts as changed from 3.92±1.03 x103 per 1 mm2 (2 weeks) to 7.49±1.51 x103 per 1 mm2 (6 weeks) with 8.3±1.02 x103 per 1 mm2 cellular density in intact group. Thus it can be argued that the use of TS as a material for direct pulp capping promotes more active regeneration processes.

INTERRELATION OF THE GENE 4DKN1A (RS 1801270) POLYMORPHIC STATE AND LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF CARIES IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME.

Study is devoted for rs1801270 polymorphism of CDKN1A gene due to the level of intensity of caries development in children with Down syndrome. The full development of oral cavity organs is ensured through a complex of genes whose protein products control different stages of this difficult process. Changes in gene structure, as well as disturbance of their expression may lead to abnormalities of development of teeth and periodontal tissues. Analysis of the polymorphism of CDKN1A gene Ser31Arg in children living in Kharkiv region has shown that the frequency of genotypes and alleles corresponds to the theoretically expected distribution by Hardy-Weinberg in the core (χ2=0.12) and control (χ2=1.29) groups. There is no significant differences in the frequency of alleles of CDKN1A gene in the group of healthy children and children with Down syndrome (p=0.978). There is an association of heterozygous option C/A of the studied marker Ser31Arg of CDKN1A gene with the level of intensity of caries development (by Leus) in children with Down syndrome under 10 years old.

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF THE SPLEEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LAPROXIDES.

Rapid technology growth and its implementation in all spheres of the people's lives dictates the necessity for thorough study of the influence of different chemicals on human's health. This study was undertaken to elucidate the structural changes that occur in the matured rats' spleen experimentally induced by selected xenobiotic, so, purpose of our work was detection of microscopic peculiarities of the spleen under the influence of laproxides. In subacute experiment were uncovered organometric alterations of the matured male rat's spleen after the administration of 1/10 LD50 of polyether-tryglycidyl ether of polyoxypropylene triol (TEPPT). The study was performed on 72 outbreed WAG male matured rats with the weight 200±10g. Histological slides were studied with performing morphometric and statistical methods. We revealed changes of morphologiс data in comparison to control data which shows reactivity of the spleen in response to the induced xenobiotic. The received and analyzed data demonstrate the morphological changes of the spleen, specifically changes of the linear dimensions and weight of the spleen due to the influence of the TEPPT. The spleen is very sensitive to the effects of xenobiotics, in particular, TEPPT that is even reflected in its grossly (weight and linear dimensions) and histological features (reliable changes of the of the white pulp area of the spleen from 17.87±1.04% to 27.37±1.71%, diameter of lymphatic follicles from 426.59±11.18 µm to 382.31±11.73 µm, width of the mantle zone from 45.73±1.08 µm to 37.18±2.29 µm, width of the marginal zone from 81.32±1.79 µm to 74.63±2.08 µm, width of the periarterial zone from 88.73±2.69 µm to 97.24±2.61 µm).

CERVICAL TRANSFORMATION IN ALCOHOL ABUSE PATIENTS.

Patients with alcohol consumption have unclear risk of developing cervical cancer. The purpose of our work was detection of cervical neoplastic transformation in women with alcohol abuse. We investigated 13 cases of cervical neoplastic transformation (5 cases of invasive carcinoma and 8 case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)) which where detected occasionally during autopsy of alcohol abuse women. Microscopic investigation with immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed indirect to Ki-67, p16. There are some peculiarities in development of cervical cancer in women with alcohol consumption. Level of cellular proliferation is significantly higher with positive staining Ki67 ranged from 29.1% to 89.7% in alcohol abuse group despite ranged from 27.41% to 75.3% in comparison group depend of transformation stage. Simultaneously, positive staining p16 was ranged from 26.2% to 94.8 % in alcohol abuse group despite ranged from 16.1% to 93.7% in comparison group. Diffuse staining with p16, specific gravity of cells with positive IHC reaction with this protein and high reaction intensity can be used as a specific and sensitive method for detecting CIN III and invasive carcinoma in alcohol abuse.

PECULIARITIES OF PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF CERVICAL SQUAMOUS CANCER IN HIV INFECTION.

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have a statistically significant increased risk of developing cervical cancer. The expression of the human Ki-67 protein is strictly associated with cell proliferation. The purpose of our work was detection of proliferative activity in cervical squamous cancer in women with HIV infection. We investigated 24 cases (12 patients with HIV and 12 patients without HIV infection) of cervical carcinoma, where biopsy had been performed before the treatment. According to histopathological diagnoses, well-differentiated, moderately and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (7, 13 and 4 cases respectively) was determined. Mean age of women in the group with HIV infection was 32.7 years, and 38.2 years in the group without HIV infection. Detection of protein Ki-67 expression was performed with nuclear staining in the intermediate and superficial cells. The results of this work show that proliferative activity of cervical squamous cancer in women with HIV infection is characterized by a higher level of Ki-67 with averaging level for all histological types of squamous cell carcinoma 62.5±5.6% that is one and half times higher than in group without HIV infection. Depending on a histological type, expression of Ki-67 has increased from 4.7±3.8% in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma up to 89.2±5.1% in poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma for group with HIV, and from 21.3±2.4% to 79.4±3.7 in group without HIV.

INFLUENCE OF OZONE THERAPY ON ORAL TISSUE IN MODELING OF CHRONIC RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS.

Chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis (CRAS) belongs to the group of chronic, inflammatory, ulcerative diseases of the oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ozone on the morphofunctional peculiarities of the soft tissues in modeling chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis. We performed experimental investigation for study of the morpho-functional state of tissues of the oral mucosa in CRAS with using of previously proposed and widely used modeling scheme with ovalbumin and aluminum hydroxide. Two groups of animals were formed (Dutch rabbits, males, aging three-month, weighting 2-2.4 kg). Group of 8 animals with obtained mucosal changes was our comparison group. Other group of 8 animals with obtained mucosal changes was treated by ozone therapy. Histological investigation has been performed. Microscopical examination of tissue had shown that ozone therapy reduces inflammation and edema and is useful in wound healing in soft tissue as disappearance of necrobiotic processes, epithelialization of aphthous defect, growth of akantotic bands, pronounced reducing of inflammatory cells and changing of cellular ratio (with of neutrophils part from 38.30±2.46% to 6.34±0.63%, eosinophils from 5.49±0.23% to 2.87±0.05%), restoration of the cellular layers of the epithelium, moderately pronounced sclerosis of the papillary layer of the lamina propria. Described results allow to conclude that correction of tissual changes in chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis could be obtained with ozone therapy using.

INFLUENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME ON CONDITION OF MICROCIRCULATORY BED OF ORAL CAVITY.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) can be characterized as the clustering of combination of impaired glucose regulation, metabolic disorders accompanied by abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia. Detection of changes in microcirculatory bed (MCB) of oral cavity in metabolic syndrome could be important for completion of gap for developing of adequate therapeutical measure for prevention of pathological periodontal disorder that was the purpose of our study. We performed experimental investigation with modulation of MS (on white male rats 1.5-2 months of age) during 70 days using a diet in which the oral pork fat was daily administered orally (40% of the rat weight), and 10% fructose ad libitum solution was used also instead of drinking water. Obtained specimens of soft tissues of the oral cavity were stained with histological and histochemical methods. The microscopic study with statistical analysis was performed. As result of our work it is established that metabolic syndrome is realized in significant changes in the microcirculatory bed of the periodontal, which can underlie the pathogenesis of inflammatory changes. Microcirculation disorders are characterized by significant changes in microangioarchitecture with uneven congestion, reduced specific volume of MCB vessels, thickening of vascular walls. Specific density of MCB vessels is changed from 27.40±8.31 % to 13.16±1.94 % statistically. Growth of connective tissue is developed as result of hypoxia with presence of collagen fibers in all layers of oral mucosa lamina propria. Specific density of rough connective tissue is increased from 21.47±6.38 % to 39.87±5.39 %.

PECULIARITIES OF THE CEREBELLUM NUCLEI IN AGED PERSONS.

The study of the clinical anatomy and functional features of the cortex, subcortical and conductive pathways of the cerebellum is necessary for clinicians for elaboration rational surgical approaches to these formations, for determination the localization of pathological processes associated with these formations. Cerebellar nucleus neurons are crucial to the olivo-cerebellar circuit as they provide the sole output of the entire cerebellum. The relationship between mobility and cognition in aging is well established, but the relationship between mobility and the structure and function of the aging brain is relatively unknown. In connection with the above, the purpose of our study was detection of the morphological characteristics of the cerebellum nuclei in aged persons. Study was performed on 48 specimens of the cerebellum from people (24 male and 24 female), who died at the age from 75 to 99 years due to diseases, which were not related to the central nervous system damaging. Formalin-fixed human hemispheres were dissected with the Ludwig and Klingler fiber dissection technique under x6 to x40 magnifications of binocular microscope Olympus BX41 (Japan). The morphological features of the human cerebellar nuclei were established. Namely, on the series of sections of the cerebellum in the horizontal, frontal and sagittal planes, as well as on the macro-microscopic preparations of the cerebellar nuclei location, their relative position, shape, linear dimensions, weight and volume were described. The features of macro-microscopic and histological structure of the nuclei of the cerebellum were made own classification of the gyri and teeth of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum was offered. Macro-microscopic dissection of persons died after 75 years old show no significant variability of linear dimensions of cerebellar nuclei with their specific location and options. Simultaneously, reliable reducing of cellular density was detected for Purkinje, granule and basket neurons more pronounced in male for Purkinje cells.

PECULIARITIES OF CATENIN ACTIVITY IN THE EMBRYONAL TESTICULAR CARCINOMA.

The aim of the research was to study immunohistochemical peculiarities of catenin activity in the embryonal testicular carcinoma. Material is presented by 39 cases of embryonal testicular carcinoma for the period from 1993 to 2013. Macroscopic and histological investigation has been performed according to the WHO classification (2004). Immunohistochemical examination with monoclonal antibodies to Ki-67, ß-catenin and E-cadherin were performed. Embryonal carcinoma is presented 12.38% of all testicular germ cell tumors in our observations with median age of patients 30.85±1.16 years. Embryonic cancer of testis has been characterized histologicaly with combination of different areas of the structure: solid, forming a diffuse field, and acinar, tubular and papillary structures with different developed connective tissue background. Tumor cells are characterized by well-defined cytoplasm, polymorphic hyperchromatic nuclei with distinct nucleoli. Embryonic cancer is characterized pronounced reducing of membranous ß-catenin expression (that is usual localization of that protein) with uneven level of expression from weak till strong. Simultaneously nuclear positive immunoreactivity has been appeared in embryonic cancer in isolate and grouped cells of tumor. Correlation between Ki-67 and ß-catenin expression is 0.562, between E-cadherin and ß-catenin is 0.737. It was concluded that immunohistochemical catenin activity must be interpreted accurately in case of embryonal carcinoma of the testis as there is no clear evidence on prognostic importance of neoplastic behavior as it is in some other tumors.