Process and Outcome Evaluation of a Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Intervention for Cisgender and Transgender African American Women Living with HIV/AIDS.

There is a need for evidence-based contextualized mental health interventions for persons living with HIV/AIDS. In the current study, the primary researcher conducted open trials with African American women living with HIV/AIDS (AAWLWHA) to examine the acceptability and feasibility of Project UPLIFT, a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention that has demonstrated effectiveness in persons living with epilepsy. Women were recruited for a tele-delivered phone intervention group separated by gender identity, as well as participated in pre- and post-test assessments. Additionally, data on acceptability was collected. Both cis- and transgender women were highly satisfied with the intervention and demonstrated improvement in depressive and stress symptoms. The intervention seemed to be particularly feasible for cisgender women, though more qualitative mental health research may be warranted with transgender women. The current research has implications for the utility of mindfulness-based interventions such as UPLIFT, with AAWLWHA.

Hyperaldosteronism: the internist's hypertensive disease.

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a disorder typically characterized by resistant hypertension, hypokalemia, alkalosis and suppressed plasma renin activity, and excessive aldosterone production. A true estimate of the prevalence of the disorder is difficult to estimate because its detection is dependent on the awareness of the healthcare provider to the disorder, but it has generally been felt to be a rare occurrence. Its frequency of detection began to change when Hiramatsu suggested calculating the ratio of plasma aldosterone/plasma renin activity as a screening tool for the disorder. He found a ratio greater than 75 as a sensitive indicator for aldosterone-producing adenomas. Using the ratio, several investigators have found prevalence ranging from 3 to 9%. Two major classifications of PA exist: aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma (APA) and zona glomerulosa hyperplasia (IHA). Distinguishing between these 2 entities is important clinically, because removal of a unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma may result in correction of elevated blood pressure and hypokalemia. Thus, when evaluating hypertensive patients, PA should be suspected in those with moderate to severe hypertension or with hypertension refractory to standard treatment or in hypertensive patients with disease onset at an early age. The aldosterone-to-renin ratio is an easy, inexpensive, and rapid means of screening for the disorder. The ratio is the screening test of choice, but further confirmatory testing is required to clinch the diagnosis. Frequently employed confirmatory tests include urinary aldosterone excretion on a high-salt diet, aldosterone suppression after a saline infusion, and the fludrocortisone suppression test, which is considered the most sensitive confirmatory maneuver. Both high-resolution CT and MRI scans appear to have similar ability to differentiate between APA and IHA. As with essential hypertension, the goal of treatment is to prevent the long-term sequela of hypertension. The underlying pathology resulting in PA dictates the treatment strategy. The drug of choice is spironolactone. Surgical intervention should be entertained in those patients with PA in whom imaging studies suggest an adenoma.

Rotavirus and central nervous system symptoms: cause or contaminant? Case reports and review.

Rotavirus is a common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children. In 2 patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis who developed encephalopathy, rotavirus RNA was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; in 1 patient, rotavirus RNA was detected on 2 occasions 3 weeks apart. There are increasing reports of cases in which patients who have seizures after an episode of rotavirus diarrhea have evidence of rotavirus in their CSF. A search of 2 large hospital discharge databases suggested that seizures are noted as part of the discharge diagnosis in the records of, at most, <4% of patients with rotavirus diarrhea versus 7% of patients with bacterial diarrhea. Although evidence suggesting that rotavirus is a cause of central nervous system sequelae remains inconclusive, the 2 case reports presented in this study further illustrate a possible association. Further study is required to determine whether detection of rotavirus in CSF represents a true pathogen, CSF contamination that occurs at the time of lumbar puncture or in the laboratory, or carriage of rotavirus RNA in trafficking lymphocytes.

Development of lentiviral vectors for antiangiogenic gene delivery.

Growth and metastasis of malignant tumors requires angiogenesis. Inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis may represent an effective cytostatic strategy. We have constructed recombinant self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing angiostatin and endostatin, and have tested their antiangiogenic activities. As VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors showed low relative transduction titers on bovine aortic and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, it was difficult to achieve significant inhibition of endothelial cell growth by lentivirus-mediated antiangiogenic gene transfer directly to endothelial cells without concomitant vector-associated cytotoxicity. However, lentivirus vectors could efficiently and stably transduce T24 human bladder cancer cells that are relatively resistant to adenovirus infection due to loss of coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor expression. Long-term expression and secretion of angiostatin and endostatin from lentivirus-transduced T24 cells resulted in significant inhibition of cellular proliferation on coculture with endothelial cells. This report represents the first use of lentivirus-based vectors to deliver the antiangiogenic factors, angiostatin and endostatin, and suggests the potential utility of antiangiogenic gene therapy with lentiviral vectors for the treatment of cancer.

The effect of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl-methoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC) on bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) infection and reactivation in cattle.

A reproducible pattern of respiratory disease was produced in calves inoculated intranasally with a pathogenic strain of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1). A latent infection was established which could be reactivated by means of corticosteroid administration. Groups of calves were given a single dose of 20 mg/kg of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl-methoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC) either the day before or the day following virus inoculation. The drug markedly reduced clinical signs and virus replication; the therapeutic dose appeared to be more effective than the dose given one day before virus inoculation. The establishment of latency was not prevented and a single dose of HPMPC, the day before a course of dexamethasone (6 weeks after the acute infection), did not prevent virus shedding.

The pathogenesis of wild type and drug resistant mutant strains of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) in the natural host.

An experimental infection with bovine herpesvirus-1 was established in calves by means of intranasal inoculation. Three calves were infected with the parental strain BHV-1 w/t, three with the TK-defective strain, B 1 and four with the HPMPA-resistant strain, 3 A. Inoculation with w/t virus resulted in a reproducible clinical disease characterised by respiratory distress, fever and the presence of virus in nasal mucus. Following the acute infection, w/t-inoculated animals became seropositive for BHV-1 specific antibody. The TK-defective mutant (BHV-1 B 1) produced an acute infection similar to the parental virus in all three calves inoculated. The HPMPA-resistant mutant (BHV-1 3 A), however, showed a reduced pattern of infection and virus of lower titre was isolated from three of four calves; the antibody responses were generally lower, and one calf remained seronegative until reactivation. Following stimulation with dexamethasone 72 days after the primary inoculation, virus was re-isolated from all wild type-inoculated calves. In contrast, no evidence of reactivation was obtained from the three B 1-inoculated animals. However, all four animals inoculated with the mutant 3 A showed virus reactivation including the calf which had remained seronegative following primary virus inoculation. Previous studies have suggested that drug-resistance mutations in herpesviruses frequently are associated with reduced pathogenicity on the basis of experiments in laboratory models. The importance of the present study is the demonstration that two different drug-resistant variants of an alpha herpesvirus both have altered pathogenicity in the natural host for that infection. These results also have implications for the design and use of attenuated vaccine strains.