Comparative analysis of hospitalizations among patients treated with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in European pediatric nephrology centers: results from a prospective EPDWG/ESPN Dialysis Working Group study.

Background and hypothesis: Hospital admissions in pediatric dialysis patients need to be better studied, and most existing studies are retrospective and based on registry data. This study aimed to analyse and compare hospital admission rates, causes, length of stay (LOS), and outcomes in children treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD). Methods: Data from 236 maintenance PD and 138 HD patients across 16 European dialysis centers were collected between 1 July 2017 and 30 June 2018. A total of 178 hospitalized patients (103 PD, 75 HD) were included for further analyses. Results: There were 465 hospitalization events (268 PD, 197 HD) with a rate of 0.39 admissions per 100 patient-days at risk (PDAR) and 2.4 hospital days per 100 PDAR. The admission rates were not significantly different between HD and PD patients. The most common causes of hospitalization were access-related infections (ARI) (17%), non-infectious complications of access (NIAC) (14%), and infections unrelated to access (12%). ARI was the leading cause in PD patients (24%), while NIAC was more common in HD patients (19%). PD patients had more ARIs, diagnostic procedures, and treatment adjustments (P < .05), while HD patients had more NIACs, infections unrelated to access, access placement procedures, and interventional/surgical procedures (P < .001). LOS was longer with acute admissions than non-acute admissions (P < .001). Overall LOS and LOS in the intensive care unit were similar between HD and PD patients. High serum uric acid and low albumin levels were significant predictors of longer LOS (P = .022 and P = .045, respectively). Young age, more significant height deficit, and older age at the start of dialysis were predictors of longer cumulative hospital days (P = .002, P = .001, and P = .031, respectively). Conclusion: Access-related complications are the main drivers of hospitalization in pediatric dialysis patients, and growth and nutrition parameters are significant predictors of more extended hospital stays.

The effects of hospital and dialysis unit characteristics on hospitalizations for access-related complications among children on maintenance dialysis: a European, multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies investigating hospitalizations in dialysis patients have focused primarily on patient-centered factors. We analyzed the impact of hospital and dialysis unit characteristics on pediatric dialysis patients' hospitalizations for access-related complications (ARCs). METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 102 hemodialysis (HD) and 163 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Data between July 2017 and July 2018 were analyzed. RESULTS: Children's hospitals (CHs) had more pediatric nephrologists and longer PD experience (years) than general hospitals (GHs) (p = 0.026 and p = 0.023, respectively). A total of 53% of automated PD (APD) and 6% of continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) patients were in CHs (p < 0.001). Ninety-three percent of APD and 69% of CAPD patients were treated in pediatric-specific PD units (p = 0.001). CHs had a higher prevalence in providing hemodiafiltration (HDF) than GHs (83% vs. 30%). Ninety-seven percent of HDF vs. 66% for conventional HD (cHD) patients, and 94% of patients with arteriovenous fistula (AVF) vs. 70% of those with central venous catheters (CVC), were dialyzed in pediatric-specific HD units (p = 0.001 and p = 0.016, respectively). Eighty patients (51 PD and 29 HD) had 135 (84 PD, 51 HD) hospitalizations. CAPD was an independent risk factor for hospitalizations for infectious ARCs (I-ARCs) (p = 0.009), and a health center's PD experience negatively correlated with CAPD patient hospitalizations for I-ARCs (p = 0.041). cHD and dialyzing in combined HD units significantly increased hospitalization risk for non-infectious (NI-)ARCs (p = 0.044 and p = 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: CHs and pediatric-specific dialysis units have higher prevalence of APD and HDF use. Hospitalizations for I-ARCs in CAPD are lower in centers with longer PD experience, and pediatric HD units are associated with fewer hospitalizations due to NI-ARCs. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Naturally occurring stable calcium isotope ratios are a novel biomarker of bone calcium balance in chronic kidney disease.

Dysregulated calcium homeostasis is common in chronic kidney disease and causally associated with disorders of bone mineralization. However, radiological measures and biomarkers do not allow accurate evaluation of bone calcium balance. Non-radioactive calcium isotopes, 42Ca and 44Ca, are present in our diet and sequestered into body compartments following principles of kinetic isotope fractionation. Isotopically light 42Ca is preferentially incorporated into bone, while heavier 44Ca is excreted. The ratio (44/42Caserum) increases when bone formation exceeds resorption and vice versa, reflecting bone calcium balance. We measured these calcium isotopes by inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry in blood, urine and feces of 42 children with chronic kidney disease and 92 receiving dialysis therapy. We compared the isotope ratios with bone biomarkers and determined total bone mineral content by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative CT expressed as age-adjusted z-scores. The 44/42Caserum ratio positively correlated with serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and alkaline phosphatases and inversely with serum parathyroid hormone and other bone resorption markers. The 44/42Caserum ratio positively correlated with age-adjusted z-scores of tibial trabecular bone mineral density and total bone mineral content measured by peripheral quantitative CT, and hip bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Significant and independent predictors of total bone mineral content, measured by, were the 44/42Caserum ratio and parathyroid hormone. The 44/42Caserum ratio, repeated after four weeks, highly correlated with baseline values. When adjusted for calcium-containing medications and kidney impairment, the 44/42Caserum ratio in patients receiving dialysis was 157% lower than that of age-matched children and 29% lower than levels in elderly women with osteoporosis, implying significantly lower bone mineral content. Thus, calcium isotope ratios may provide a novel, sensitive and non-invasive method of assessing bone calcium balance in chronic kidney disease.

Naturally Occurring Stable Calcium Isotope Ratios in Body Compartments Provide a Novel Biomarker of Bone Mineral Balance in Children and Young Adults.

Serum calcium (Ca), bone biomarkers, and radiological imaging do not allow accurate evaluation of bone mineral balance (BMB), a key determinant of bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. We studied naturally occurring stable (non-radioactive) Ca isotopes in different body pools as a potential biomarker of BMB. 42 Ca and 44 Ca are absorbed from our diet and sequestered into different body compartments following kinetic principles of isotope fractionation; isotopically light 42 Ca is preferentially incorporated into bone, whereas heavier 44 Ca preferentially remains in blood and is excreted in urine and feces. Their ratio (δ44/42 Ca) in serum and urine increases during bone formation and decreases with bone resorption. In 117 healthy participants, we measured Ca isotopes, biomarkers, and BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and tibial peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT). 44 Ca and 42 Ca were measured by multi-collector ionization-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry in serum, urine, and feces. The relationship between bone Ca gain and loss was calculated using a compartment model. δ44/42 Caserum and δ44/42 Caurine were higher in children (n = 66, median age 13 years) compared with adults (n = 51, median age 28 years; p < 0.0001 and p = 0.008, respectively). δ44/42 Caserum increased with height in boys (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.65) and was greatest at Tanner stage 4. δ44/42 Caserum correlated positively with biomarkers of bone formation (25-hydroxyvitaminD [p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.37] and alkaline phosphatase [p = 0.009, R2 = 0.18]) and negatively with bone resorption marker parathyroid hormone (PTH; p = 0.03, R2 = 0.13). δ44/42 Caserum strongly positively correlated with tibial cortical BMD Z-score (n = 62; p < 0.001, R2 = 0.39) but not DXA. Independent predictors of tibial cortical BMD Z-score were δ44/42 Caserum (p = 0.004, ß = 0.37), 25-hydroxyvitaminD (p = 0.04, ß = 0.19) and PTH (p = 0.03, ß = -0.13), together predicting 76% of variability. In conclusion, naturally occurring Ca isotope ratios in different body compartments may provide a novel, non-invasive method of assessing bone mineralization. Defining an accurate biomarker of BMB could form the basis of future studies investigating Ca dynamics in disease states and the impact of treatments that affect bone homeostasis. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).