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1.
J Vasc Interv Radiol ; 10(9): 1207-18, 1999 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10527198

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Studies were conducted in rabbits to evaluate two new liquid polymeric compounds developed for selective arterial embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The compounds consisted of cellulose acetate NF (Embolyx C) or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (Embolyx E) dissolved in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) containing 30% tantalum powder. Acute renal embolization was performed to determine an optimal method of administration and level of embolization. Kidneys were embolized with and without flow around the catheter. DMSO was also injected in the same manner. Tissue sections were examined radiographically and microscopically. Tumor embolization was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the polymers and compare their embolic effects with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles and gelatin sponge (Gelfoam) powder. An embolic agent, saline, or DMSO was injected into the deep femoral artery feeding an intramuscular VX2 carcinoma. Animals were followed up for 3 weeks. RESULTS: Viscosity and administration technique affected polymer distribution and depth of penetration. Embolization with the test polymers was quicker and more easily achieved than with PVA or Gelfoam, and no recanalization occurred. Both polymers were as effective as PVA particles for tumor ablation, but DMSO caused some vascular damage. CONCLUSION: Although use of DMSO has some drawbacks, the results of this study warrant further investigation of the Embolyx polymers for tumor embolization.


Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials/chemistry , Cellulose/analogs & derivatives , Embolization, Therapeutic/instrumentation , Polyvinyls/chemistry , Angiography , Animals , Cellulose/chemistry , Dimethyl Sulfoxide/chemistry , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable/chemistry , Hemostatics/chemistry , Kidney/blood supply , Kidney/diagnostic imaging , Materials Testing , Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply , Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy , Polyvinyl Alcohol/chemistry , Rabbits , Solvents/chemistry
2.
Neurosurgery ; 43(5): 1164-75, 1998 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9802860

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess acute and chronic histopathological changes observed in a swine arteriovenous malformation model after endovascular delivery of Embolyx E (Micro Therapeutics Inc., San Clemente, CA) and its organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). To develop standard endovascular delivery techniques of Embolyx through microcatheters into swine rete mirabile (RMB). METHODS: Forty RMBs in 22 swine were used to analyze acute and chronic angiographic and histological changes after superselective delivery of Embolyx E and/or its organic solvent (DMSO). Four RMBs (two for DMSO and two for Embolyx E study) were used as control specimens. Angiographic and histological evaluations were obtained 18 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the procedure. Particular attention was paid to the presence of focal or diffuse angionecrosis, arterial revascularization, and perivascular inflammatory response. RESULTS: Staged and/or continuous delivery of Embolyx E were performed through the DMSO-compatible microcatheters without untoward catheter "gluing." All subacute/chronic specimens embolized with Embolyx E showed no evidence of angiographic recanalization. Twelve RMBs were used in acute studies, and all specimens showed no evidence of angionecrosis or aggressive inflammatory reaction. Subacute and chronic (total, n = 14) histological examinations of the RMBs showed mild inflammatory response manifested by monocellular infiltration and scattered foreign body giant cell reaction. In the 9 of 14 subacute and chronic specimens, focal disruption of elastica was observed along with embolic materials. Fourteen RMBs in eight swine were used to determine the safety range for DMSO injection. Two RMBs were used as control specimens. Rapid intra-arterial delivery (0.5 ml/5-15 s, n = 6) of DMSO caused angiographic vasospasm and histological endothelial necrosis. Slow injection (0.5 ml/30-120 s, n = 8) of DMSO showed minimum or no angiographic vasospasm, minimal adventitial inflammatory response, and no clinical complications. CONCLUSION: Embolyx E, an occlusive and nonadhesive embolic agent, is capable of producing permanent occlusion of swine RMB with the development of mild intra- and perivascular inflammatory changes and no clinical complications. The slow endovascular delivery of DMSO produces no untoward angiographic, pathological, or clinical changes. A fast injection of DMSO causes endothelial necrosis and severe inflammatory response in the arterial wall. This embolic material seems to have appropriate biochemical, anatomic, and histopathological characteristics to be used in the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations or vascular cranial base tumors.


Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials , Embolization, Therapeutic , Ethylenes/therapeutic use , Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations/therapy , Polyvinyls/therapeutic use , Animals , Dimethyl Sulfoxide/administration & dosage , Dimethyl Sulfoxide/toxicity , Disease Models, Animal , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/pathology , Ethylenes/toxicity , Foreign-Body Reaction/pathology , Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations/pathology , Ischemic Attack, Transient/chemically induced , Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology , Pharmaceutical Vehicles , Polyvinyls/toxicity , Swine
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