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1.
Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can ; 44(5): 208-217, 2024 May.
Article En, Fr | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38748478

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this analysis is to describe patient demographics, the context, characteristics and outcomes of a substance-related poisoning, and the recorded mental disorder of people with housing and those experiencing homelessness. METHODS: Hospitalization data for Canada (except Quebec) from 1 April 2019 to 31 March 2020 were retrieved from the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) Discharge Abstract Database using ICD-10-CA codes for up to 25 diagnoses for substance-related poisonings, homelessness status and other characteristics relevant to the patient's hospitalization. We compared the characteristics of people experiencing homelessness with those of people who were housed, and their substance-related poisoning hospitalizations, using chi-square, t tests and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: There was a higher proportion of males, younger individuals and people with recorded mental disorders among people experiencing homelessness hospitalized for a substance-related poisoning than among their housed counterparts. Substance-related poisonings among people experiencing homelessness were more likely to be accidental, involve opioids and stimulants (most frequently fentanyl and its analogues and heroin), result in lengthier hospitalizations and end with leaving the hospital against medical advice. CONCLUSION: These findings can be used to strengthen strategies and interventions to reduce substance-related harms in priority populations, particularly those experiencing homelessness.


Hospitalization , Ill-Housed Persons , Mental Disorders , Substance-Related Disorders , Humans , Ill-Housed Persons/statistics & numerical data , Male , Female , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Middle Aged , Canada/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Young Adult , Adolescent , Aged , Poisoning/epidemiology , Age Factors , Sex Factors
2.
Can J Public Health ; 114(2): 277-286, 2023 04.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36482143

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to describe the trend of newborn hospitalizations with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in Canada, between 2010 and 2020, and to examine severity indicators for these hospitalizations. METHODS: National hospitalization data (excluding Quebec) from the Canadian Institute for Health Information's Discharge Abstract Database, from January 2010 to March 2021, and Statistics Canada's Vital Statistics Birth Database were used. Analyses were performed to examine NAS hospitalizations by year and quarter, and by severity indicators of length of stay, Special Care Unit admission and status upon discharge. Severity indicators were further stratified by gestational age at birth. RESULTS: An increasing number and rate of NAS hospitalizations in Canada between 2010 (n = 1013, 3.5 per 1000 live births) and 2020 (n = 1755, 6.3 per 1000 live births) were identified. A seasonal pattern was observed, where rates of NAS were lowest from April to June and highest from October to March. Mean length of stay in acute inpatient care was approximately 15 days and 71% of NAS hospitalizations were admitted to the Special Care Unit. Hospitalizations for pre-term births with NAS had longer durations and greater rates of Special Care Unit admissions compared to term births with NAS. CONCLUSION: The number and rate of NAS hospitalizations in Canada increased during the study, and some infants required a significant amount of specialized healthcare. Additional research is required to determine what supports and education for pregnant people can reduce the incidence of NAS hospitalizations.


RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Le présent article a pour but de décrire la tendance des hospitalisations de nouveau-nés atteints du syndrome d'abstinence néonatale (SAN) au Canada, entre 2010 et 2020, et d'examiner les indicateurs de gravité de ces hospitalisations. MéTHODE: Les données nationales sur les hospitalisations (à l'exclusion du Québec) provenant de la base de données sur les congés des patients de l'Institut canadien d'information sur la santé, de janvier 2010 à mars 2021, ainsi que la base de données sur les naissances des statistiques de l'état civil de Statistique Canada ont été utilisées. Des analyses ont été réalisées pour examiner les hospitalisations liées au SAN par année et par trimestre, et par indicateurs de gravité de la durée du séjour, de l'admission dans une unité de soins spéciaux et de l'état à la sortie de l'hôpital. Les indicateurs de gravité ont en outre été stratifiés en fonction de l'âge gestationnel à la naissance. RéSULTATS: Un nombre et un taux croissants d'hospitalisations liées au SAN au Canada entre 2010 (n=1 013, 3,5 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes) et 2020 (n=1 755, 6,3 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes) ont été identifiés. Une tendance saisonnière a été observée, où les taux de SAN étaient les plus bas d'avril à juin et les plus élevés d'octobre à mars. La durée moyenne du séjour en soins de courte durée était d'environ 15 jours et 71 % des hospitalisations liées au SAN ont été admises à l'unité de soins spéciaux. Les hospitalisations pour les accouchements prématurés de nouveau-nés atteints du SAN avaient des durées plus longues et des taux plus élevés d'admissions dans des unités de soins spéciaux par rapport aux naissances à terme de nouveau-nés atteints du SAN. CONCLUSION: Le nombre et le taux d'hospitalisations liées au SAN au Canada ont augmenté au cours de l'étude, et certains nourrissons nécessitent une quantité importante de soins spécialisés. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer quels soutiens et quelle éducation pour les personnes enceintes peuvent réduire l'incidence des hospitalisations liées au SAN.


Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome , Opioid-Related Disorders , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Pregnancy , Female , Humans , Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome/epidemiology , Canada/epidemiology , Hospitalization , Incidence , Time Factors , Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology
3.
J Obstet Gynaecol Can ; 43(3): 329-336, 2021 Mar.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33229280

OBJECTIVE: This study of Canadian women estimates the prevalence of opioid and cannabis use during pregnancy and cannabis use during the breastfeeding period and explores the sociodemographic and mental health characteristics associated with use. METHODS: A total of 13 000 women who gave birth between January and June 2018 were invited to participate in the Survey on Maternal Health by Statistics Canada; 7111 women participated for a response rate of 54.7%. Participants were asked about their mental health, supports during pregnancy, and substance use. Multivariable logistic regression was used to describe the relationship between sociodemographic and mental health characteristics and substance use during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported opioid use during pregnancy was 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1%-1.8%). A higher proportion of women reported using cannabis during pregnancy and while breastfeeding, at 3.1% (95% CI 2.5%-3.6%) and 2.6% (95% CI 2.1%-3.1%), respectively. Younger age, not being in a relationship, lower level of education, and thoughts of self-harm were significantly associated with cannabis use during pregnancy. Lower level of education and thoughts of self-harm were also significantly associated with cannabis use while breastfeeding, as were symptoms of postpartum depression and/or generalized anxiety. Lower level of education and symptoms of postpartum depression and/or generalized anxiety were also significantly associated with opioid use during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: The results of this survey show relatively low levels of opioid and cannabis use during pregnancy and cannabis use while breastfeeding in Canada. Different sociodemographic and mental health characteristics are associated with the use of these substances, and public health interventions and policies should take into account these factors.


Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Breast Feeding/psychology , Cannabis/adverse effects , Mothers/psychology , Postpartum Period/psychology , Adult , Canada/epidemiology , Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology , Depression, Postpartum/psychology , Female , Health Status , Humans , Pregnancy , Prevalence , Socioeconomic Factors
4.
Can J Public Health ; 112(2): 244-252, 2021 04.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33079328

OBJECTIVE: This study presents national estimates on symptoms consistent with postpartum anxiety (PPA) and postpartum depression (PPD) and the association between these conditions and possible risk and protective factors in women who gave birth in Canada. METHODS: Data were collected through the Survey on Maternal Health, a cross-sectional survey administered in Canada's ten provinces between November 2018 and February 2019 among women who gave birth between January 1 and June 30, 2018. A total of 6558 respondents were included. Weighted prevalence estimates were calculated, and logistic regression was used to model the relationship between symptoms consistent with PPA, PPD, and potential risk factors. RESULTS: Overall, 13.8% of women had symptoms consistent with PPA, while the prevalence of having symptoms consistent with PPD was 17.9%. Results of the logistic regression models indicated that women who had a history of depression were 3.4 times (95% CI 2.7-4.2) more likely to experience symptoms consistent with PPA and 2.6 times more likely to experience symptoms consistent with PPD (95% CI 2.2-3.2) compared with those who did not. Women who reported good, fair, or poor physical health were 2.4 times more likely to experience symptoms consistent with PPD (95% CI 2.0-2.9) and 2.0 times more likely to experience symptoms consistent with PPA (95% CI 1.7-2.4) compared with those who reported very good or excellent health. Maternal marital status, other postpartum maternal support, and sense of community belonging were also significant. CONCLUSION: This study highlights that a history of depression and good, fair, or poor physical health are associated with an increased odds of symptoms consistent with PPA and PPD, while other maternal support and sense of community belonging are associated with a decreased odds of these conditions.


RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: La présente étude présente des estimations nationales sur les symptômes correspondant à de l'anxiété post-partum (APP) et à une dépression post-partum (DPP) et sur l'association entre ces affections et les éventuels facteurs de risque et de protection chez les femmes ayant accouché au Canada. MéTHODOLOGIE: Les données ont été recueillies dans le cadre de l'Enquête sur la santé maternelle, une enquête transversale menée dans les dix provinces canadiennes entre novembre 2018 et février 2019 auprès des femmes ayant accouché entre le 1er janvier et le 30 juin 2018. Au total, 6 558 personnes ont répondu à l'enquête. Des estimations de la prévalence pondérée ont été calculées, et une régression logistique a été utilisée pour modéliser la relation entre les symptômes correspondant à de l'APP, à une DPP et aux facteurs de risque possibles. RéSULTATS: Dans l'ensemble, 13,8 % des femmes présentaient des symptômes compatibles avec de l'APP, tandis que la prévalence des symptômes compatibles avec une DPP était de 17,9 %. Les résultats des modèles de régression logistique ont indiqué que les femmes ayant des antécédents de dépression étaient 3,4 fois (IC à 95 % : 2,7 à 4,2) plus susceptibles de présenter des symptômes compatibles avec de l'APP et 2,6 fois plus susceptibles de présenter des symptômes compatibles avec une DPP (IC à 95 % : 2,2 à 3,2) par rapport à celles qui n'en avaient pas. Les femmes qui ont déclaré être en bonne, moyenne ou mauvaise santé physique étaient 2,4 fois plus susceptibles d'éprouver des symptômes correspondant à une DPP (IC à 95 % : 2,0 à 2,9) et 2,0 fois plus susceptibles d'éprouver des symptômes correspondant à de l'APP (IC à 95 % : 1,7 à 2,4) par rapport à celles qui ont déclaré être en très bonne ou en excellente santé. L'état matrimonial de la mère, les autres formes de soutien maternel post-partum et le sentiment d'appartenance à la collectivité étaient également significatifs. CONCLUSION: Cette étude souligne que des antécédents de dépression et une bonne, moyenne ou mauvaise santé physique sont associés à une augmentation de la probabilité de symptômes correspondant à de l'APP et à une DPP, tandis que d'autres formes de soutien maternel et le sentiment d'appartenance à la collectivité sont associés à une diminution de la probabilité de ces affections.


Anxiety , Depression, Postpartum , Postpartum Period , Anxiety/epidemiology , Canada/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Postpartum Period/psychology , Prevalence , Risk Factors
5.
Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can ; 40(11-12): 342-349, 2020 12 09.
Article En, Fr | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32936071

As the effects of COVID-19 have been unfolding, growing attention has been paid to the intersection of COVID-19 and substance use and the related harms. However, there are few theories and little empirical evidence to guide investigations in this area. To advance this emerging area of inquiry, we present a conceptual model that synthesizes evidence, information and knowledge on substance use and related harms in the context of the pandemic. The conceptual model offers a visual representation of the connections between the pandemic and substance use and related harms, and can be used to identify areas for future research.


As of June 2020, substance use and related harms in the context of a pandemic remained largely uninvestigated. The COVID-19 pandemic may impact how Canadians use substances and may present specific challenges and harms among people who use substances. The conceptual model in this paper offers a synthesis of evidence, information and knowledge of the concepts and associations relevant to substance use and harms in the context of the pandemic. Relevant concepts were synthesized into five interrelated domains that can be used to identify areas for future research into substance use and related harms in the context of COVID-19: substance use as a means of coping; changes in social support and networks; availability and accessibility of services; increased risk of COVID-19 transmission among people who use substances; and increased risk of severe outcomes.


En juin 2020, la consommation de substances et les méfaits connexes dans le contexte de la pandémie restaient largement inexplorés. La pandémie de COVID-19 peut avoir une incidence sur la façon dont les Canadiens consomment des substances, ce qui pourrait entraîner des défis et des méfaits particuliers chez ces personnes. Le modèle conceptuel présenté dans le présent document offre une synthèse des données probantes, de l'information et des connaissances sur les concepts et les associations relatifs à la consommation de substances et aux méfaits dans le contexte de la pandémie. Les concepts pertinents ont été synthétisés en cinq domaines interreliés qui peuvent être utilisés pour déterminer les futurs domaines de recherche sur la consommation de substances et les méfaits connexes dans le contexte de la COVID-19, soit la consommation de substances comme stratégie d'adaptation, les changements relatifs au soutien social et aux réseaux; la disponibilité et l'accessibilité des services; le risque accru de transmission de la COVID-19 chez les personnes qui consomment des substances; et le risque accru de conséquences graves.


COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/psychology , Models, Theoretical , Pandemics , Substance-Related Disorders/complications , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Adaptation, Psychological , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/transmission , Health Services Accessibility , Humans , Mental Health , Mental Health Services , Risk Factors , SARS-CoV-2 , Social Stigma , Social Support , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Substance-Related Disorders/therapy
6.
Healthc Q ; 22(1): 11-13, 2019 Apr.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31244462

The opioid crisis in Canada is a complex issue with devastating consequences for individuals, families and communities. Pan-Canadian data that provide a better understanding of the crisis are a high priority to help guide efforts for reducing opioid-related harms. The objective of this study is to summarize recent trends of opioid-related harms and opioid prescribing across Canada. Opioid-related harms examined in this study include opioid poisonings, opioid use disorders, adverse reactions to opioids and infants born with neonatal withdrawal symptoms. Data are reported at the pan-Canadian, provincial and community levels.


Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Opioid-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/trends , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Canada/epidemiology , Emergency Service, Hospital/trends , Hospitalization/trends , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome/epidemiology
7.
Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can ; 38(6): 244-247, 2018 Jun.
Article En, Fr | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29911820

The rise in opioid-related harms is an issue of increasing public health importance in Canada. This analysis used data from the Hospital Morbidity Database and the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System to determine the number of opioid poisoning hospitalizations and emergency department visits in Canada. Opioid poisoning hospitalizations have increased over the past 10 years, reaching 15.6 per 100 000 population in 2016/17. Emergency department visits due to opioid poisoning have also increased in Alberta and Ontario, the two provinces that collect emergency department data at the level of detail required for this analysis. These findings highlight the importance of pan- Canadian surveillance of opioid-related harms, as well as the need for evidence-based policies to help reduce these harms.


RÉSUMÉ: L'augmentation des méfaits attribuables aux opioïdes constitue un problème de plus en plus préoccupant en santé publique au Canada. Cette analyse a utilisé les données de la Base de données sur la morbidité des hôpitaux et du Système national de rapports sur les soins ambulatoires pour déterminer le nombre d'hospitalisations et de visites aux services d'urgence en raison d'un empoisonnement aux opioïdes au Canada. Le nombre d'hospitalisations pour empoisonnement aux opioïdes a augmenté au cours des 10 dernières années, atteignant 15,6 par tranche de 100 000 habitants en 2016-2017, et celui des visites aux services d'urgence en raison d'un empoisonnement aux opioïdes a également augmenté en Alberta et en Ontario, les deux provinces qui ont recueilli des données des services d'urgence assez détaillées pour être analysées. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance de la surveillance pancanadienne des méfaits attribuables aux opioïdes, ainsi que la nécessité de politiques fondées sur des données probantes pour aider à les réduire.


Analgesics, Opioid/poisoning , Drug Overdose/epidemiology , Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Canada/epidemiology , Emergency Service, Hospital/trends , Female , Hospitalization/trends , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Distribution , Young Adult
8.
Healthc Q ; 20(4): 10-12, 2018 Jan.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29595421

The rise in harms associated with opioids is an issue of increasing public health importance in Canada. The Government of Canada recently reported 2,816 apparent opioid-related deaths across the country in 2016. Recent 2017 data show that deaths involving fentanyl-related opioids have doubled from January to March as compared to the same time period in 2016 (Government of Canada 2017). Additional measures that provide a better understanding of opioid-related harms, such as hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits, are a high priority. The objective of this study is to present pan-Canadian data on hospitalizations and ED visits because of opioid poisoning.


Analgesics, Opioid/poisoning , Drug Overdose/epidemiology , Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Canada/epidemiology , Fentanyl/poisoning , Heroin/poisoning , Humans , Middle Aged , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data
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