[Application and prospects of hyperspectral remote sensing in monitoring plant diversity in grassland]. / é«˜å ‰è°±é¥æ„Ÿåœ¨è‰åŽŸæ¤ç‰©å¤šæ ·æ€§ç›‘æµ‹ä¸­çš„åº”ç”¨ä¸Žå±•æœ›.

The biodiversity of grasslands is important for ecosystem function and health. The protection and mana-gement of grassland biodiversity requires the collection of the information on plant diversity. Hyperspectral remote sensing, with its unique advantages of extensive coverage and high spectral resolution, offers a new solution for long-term monitoring of plant diversity. We first reviewed the development history of hyperspectral remote sensing technology, emphasized its advantages in monitoring grassland plant diversity, and further analyzed its specific applications in this field. Finally, we discussed the challenges faced by hyperspectral remote sensing technology in its applications, such as the complexity of data processing, accuracy of algorithms, and integration with ground-based remote sensing data, and proposes prospects for future research directions. With the advancement of remote sensing technology and the integrated application of multi-source data, hyperspectral remote sensing would play an increasingly important role in grassland ecological monitoring and biodiversity conservation, which could provide scientific basis and technical support for global ecological protection and sustainable development.

Pollution characteristics, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of PM10 and PM2.5 in rooftop and kerbside environment of Lanzhou, NW China.

To investigate air pollution in the kerbside environment and its associated human health risks, a study was conducted in Lanzhou during December 2018, as well as in April, June, and September 2019. The research aimed to characterize the composition of PM10 and PM2.5, including elements, ions, and carbonaceous components, at both rooftop and kerbside locations. Additionally, source apportionment and health risk assessment were conducted. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM10 on the rooftop were 176.01 ± 83.23 µg/m3, and for PM2.5, it was 94.07 ± 64.89 µg/m3. The PM10 and PM2.5 levels at the kerbside are 2.21 times and 1.79 times, respectively, greater than those on the rooftop. Moreover, the concentrations of elements, ions, and carbonaceous components in kerbside PM were higher than those at the rooftop location. Chemical mass closure analysis identified various sources, including organic matter, mineral dust, secondary ions, other ions, elements, and other components. In comparison to rooftop particulate matter (PM), mineral dust makes a more substantial contribution to kerbside PM. Secondary ions show an opposite trend, making a greater contribution to rooftop PM. The contribution of organic components within PM of the same particle size remains relatively consistent. The outcome of the health risk assessment indicates that Co, Cd, and As in PM within the kerbside and rooftop environments do not pose a notable carcinogenic risk. However, Al and Mn do present specific non-carcinogenic risks, particularly in the kerbside environment. Furthermore, children experience elevated non-carcinogenic risk compared to adults. These findings can serve as a scientific foundation for formulating policies within the local health department.

Impact of treatment interval between neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy and surgery in lung squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The optimal timing for surgery following neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy for lung squamous cell carcinoma appears to be a topic of limited data. Many clinical studies lack stringent guidelines regarding this timing. The objective of this study is to explore the effect of the interval between neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy and surgery on survival outcomes in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: This study conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy between January 2019 and October 2022 at The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Patients were divided into two groups based on the treatment interval: ≤33 days and > 33 days. The primary observational endpoints of the study were Disease-Free Survival (DFS) and Overall Survival (OS). Secondary observational endpoints included Objective response rate (ORR), Major Pathological Response (MPR), and Pathological Complete Remission (pCR). RESULTS: Using the Kaplan-Meier methods, the ≤ 33d group demonstrated a superior DFS curve compared to the > 33d group (p = 0.0015). The median DFS for the two groups was 952 days and 590 days, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the OS curves between the groups (p = 0.66), and the median OS was not reached for either group. The treatment interval did not influence the pathologic response of the tumor or lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: The study observed that shorter treatment intervals were associated with improved DFS, without influencing OS, pathologic response, or surgical safety. Patients should avoid having a prolonged treatment interval between neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy and surgery.

A machine learning-based model for "In-time" prediction of periprosthetic joint infection.

Background: Previous criteria had limited value in early diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Here, we constructed a novel machine learning (ML)-derived, "in-time" diagnostic system for PJI and proved its validity. Methods: We filtered "in-time" diagnostic indicators reported in the literature based on our continuous retrospective cohort of PJI and aseptic prosthetic loosening patients. With the indicators, we developed a two-level ML model with six base learners including Elastic Net, Linear Support Vector Machine, Kernel Support Vector Machine, Extra Trees, Light Gradient Boosting Machine and Multilayer Perceptron), and one meta-learner, Ensemble Learning of Weighted Voting. The prediction performance of this model was compared with those of previous diagnostic criteria (International Consensus Meeting in 2018 (ICM 2018), etc.). Another prospective cohort was used for internal validation. Based on our ML model, a user-friendly web tool was developed for swift PJI diagnosis in clinical practice. Results: A total of 254 patients (199 for development and 55 for validation cohort) were included in this study with 38.2% of them diagnosed as PJI. We included 21 widely accessible features including imaging indicators (X-ray and CT) in the model. The sensitivity and accuracy of our ML model were significantly higher than ICM 2018 in development cohort (90.6% vs. 76.1%, P = 0.032; 94.5% vs. 86.7%, P = 0.020), which was supported by internal validation cohort (84.2% vs. 78.6%; 94.6% vs. 81.8%). Conclusions: Our novel ML-derived PJI "in-time" diagnostic system demonstrated significantly improved diagnostic potency for surgical decision-making compared with the commonly used criteria. Moreover, our web-based tool greatly assisted surgeons in distinguishing PJI patients comprehensively. Level of evidence: Diagnostic Level III.

Carbon Nanotubes as a Solid-State Electron Mediator for Visible-Light-Driven Z-Scheme Overall Water Splitting.

So-called Z-scheme systems, which typically comprise an H2 evolution photocatalyst (HEP), an O2 evolution photocatalyst (OEP), and an electron mediator, represent a promising approach to solar hydrogen production via photocatalytic overall water splitting (OWS). The electron mediator transferring photogenerated charges between the HEP and OEP governs the performance of such systems. However, existing electron mediators suffer from low stability, corrosiveness to the photocatalysts, and parasitic light absorption. In the present work, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were shown to function as an effective solid-state electron mediator in a Z-scheme OWS system. Based on the high stability and good charge transfer characteristics of CNTs, this system exhibited superior OWS performance compared with other systems using more common electron mediators. The as-constructed system evolved stoichiometric amounts of H2 and O2 at near-ambient pressure with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of 0.15%. The OWS reaction was also promoted in the case that this CNT-based Z-scheme system was immobilized on a substrate. Hence, CNTs are a viable electron mediator material for large-scale Z-scheme OWS systems.

Photocatalytic aerobic α-oxygenation of amides to imides using a highly durable decatungstate tetraphenylphosphonium salt.

Decatungstate is a potent photocatalyst for hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) but faces degradation issues when using a typical tetra-n-butylammonium salt. Herein, we employed tetraphenylphosphonium as a countercation to yield a highly durable and efficient HAT photocatalyst, enabling α-oxygenation of amides to their corresponding imides using O2 as an oxidant.

Does the time interval from neoadjuvant camrelizumab combined with chemotherapy to surgery affect outcomes for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?

BACKGROUND: There is currently no consensus on the optimal interval time between neoadjuvant therapy and surgery, and whether prolonged time interval from neoadjuvant therapy to surgery results in bad outcomes for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study, we aim to evaluate outcomes of time intervals ≤ 8 weeks and > 8 weeks in locally advanced ESCC. METHODS: This retrospective study consecutively included ESCC patients who received esophagectomy after neoadjuvant camrelizumab combined with chemotherapy at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The primary endpoints were disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), while the secondary endpoints were pathological response, surgical outcomes, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: From 2019 to 2021, a total of 80 patients were included in our study and were divided into two groups according to the time interval from neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy to surgery: ≤ 8 weeks group (n = 44) and > 8 weeks group (n = 36). The rate of MPR in the ≤ 8 weeks group was 25.0% and 27.8% in the > 8 weeks group (P = 0.779). The rate of pCR in the ≤ 8 weeks group was 11.4%, with 16.7% in the > 8 weeks group (P = 0.493). The incidence of postoperative complications in the ≤ 8 weeks group was 27.3% and 19.4% in the > 8 weeks group (P = 0.413). The median DFS in the two groups had not yet reached (hazard ratio [HR], 3.153; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.383 to 6.851; P = 0.004). The median OS of ≤ 8 weeks group was not achieved (HR, 3.703; 95% CI 1.584 to 8.657; P = 0.0012), with the > 8 weeks group 31.6 months (95% CI 21.1 to 42.1). In multivariable analysis, inferior DFS and OS were observed in patients with interval time > 8 weeks (HR, 2.992; 95% CI 1.306 to 6.851; and HR, 3.478; 95% CI 1.481 to 8.170, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Locally advanced ESCC patients with time interval from neoadjuvant camrelizumab combined with chemotherapy to surgery > 8 weeks were associated with worse long-term survival.

Inoculation fermentation with Lactobacillus fermentum L28 and Staphylococcus epidermidis S24 for improving the protein degradation of air-dried goose.

The inoculation fermentation technology was applied to the processing of dried cured goose to investigate the protein degradation. Lactobacillus fermentum (L), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S) and mixed strains (L + S) were individually inoculated into the whole goose before drying. We studied the degradation of protein in the air-dried period of goose. The results showed that compared with natural fermentation, inoculation fermentation significantly increased the content of non-protein nitrogen (14.85 mg/g NPN), proteolysis index (8.98% PI), myofibril fragmentation index (89.35 MFI) and total amount of free amino acids (1332.6 mg/g FAA) of dried cured goose. Electrophoresis revealed that the inoculation fermentation accelerated the degradation of macromolecular proteins and the accumulation of small molecular proteins. The degree of protein degradation in four groups of goose was in an order of L + S group > S group > L group > CK group. It suggested that inoculation fermentation could promote the degradation of myofibrillar proteins.

Geographical distribution and species variation of gut microbiota in small rodents from the agro-pastoral transition ecotone in northern China.

The gut microbiota of rodents is essential for survival and adaptation and is susceptible to various factors, ranging from environmental conditions to genetic predispositions. Nevertheless, few comparative studies have considered the contribution of species identity and geographic spatial distance to variations in the gut microbiota. In this study, a random sampling survey encompassing four rodent species (Apodemus agrarius, Cricetulus barabensis, Tscherskia triton and Rattus norvegicus) was conducted at five sites in northern China's farming-pastoral ecotone. Through a cross-factorial comparison, we aimed to discern whether belonging to the same species or sharing the same capture site predominantly influences the composition of gut microbiota. Notably, the observed variations in microbiome composition among these four rodent species match the host phylogeny at the family level but not at the species level. The gut microbiota of these four rodent species exhibited typical mammalian characteristics, predominantly characterized by the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla. As the geographic distance between populations increased, the number of shared microbial taxa among conspecific populations decreased. We observed that within a relatively small geographical range, even different species exhibited convergent α-diversity due to their inhabitation within the same environmental microbial pool. In contrast, the composition and structure of the intestinal microbiota in the allopatric populations of A. agrarius demonstrated marked differences, similar to those of C. barabensis. Additionally, geographical environmental elements exhibited significant correlations with diversity indices. Conversely, host-related factors had minimal influence on microbial abundance. Our findings indicated that the similarity of the microbial compositions was not determined primarily by the host species, and the location of the sampling explained a greater amount of variation in the microbial composition, indicating that the local environment played a crucial role in shaping the microbial composition.

Efficacy of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy and survival surrogate analysis of neoadjuvant treatment in IB-IIIB lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Until now, there are still few comparisons between neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy and chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with stage IB-IIIB lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). In addition, the ability of pathologic response to predict long-term survival has still not been established. In this retrospective, controlled clinical trial, we ultimately enrolled 231 patients with stage IB to IIIB LUSC who received 2-4 cycles perioperative immunochemotherapy or chemotherapy alone, followed by resection. The primary endpoint of this study was pathological response. Secondary endpoints were disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), surgical resection rate and adverse events (AEs). The rates of major pathologic response (MPR) and pathologic complete response (pCR) in the immunochemotherapy group were 66.7% and 41.9%, respectively, which were both higher than that in the other group (MPR: 25.0%, pCR: 20.8%) (P < 0.001). The median DFS in the chemotherapy group was 33.1 months (95% CI 8.4 to 57.8) and not reached in the immunochemotherapy group (hazard ratio [HR] for disease progression, disease recurrence, or death, 0.543; 95% CI 0.303 to 0.974; P = 0.038). The median OS of the immunochemotherapy group was not achieved (HR for death, 0.747; 95% CI 0.373 to 1.495; P = 0.41), with the chemotherapy group 64.8 months (95% CI not reached to not reached). The objective response rate (ORR) of immunochemotherapy regimen was higher than that of the chemotherapy regimen (immunochemotherapy: 74.5%, chemotherapy: 42.3%, P < 0.001). About 60.8% in the immunochemotherapy group and 61.5% in the chemotherapy group eventually underwent surgery. The incidence of grade3 and 4 adverse events was 18.3% in the immunochemotherapy group and 2.6% in the chemotherapy group. MPR was significantly associated with DFS and OS (HR, 0.325; 95% CI 0.127 to 0.833; P = 0.019; and HR, 0. 906; 95% CI 0.092 to 1.008; P = 0.051, respectively). The C-index of MPR (0.730 for DFS, 0.722 for OS) was higher than the C-index of cPR (0.672 for DFS, 0.659 for OS) and clinical response (0.426 for DFS, 0.542 for OS). Therapeutic regimen (P < 0.001; OR = 7.406; 95% CI 3.054 to 17.960) was significantly correlated with MPR. In patients with stage IB to IIIB LUSC, neoadjuvant treatment with immunochemotherapy can produce a higher percentage of patients with a MPR and longer survival than chemotherapy alone. MPR may serve as a surrogate endpoint of survival to evaluate neoadjuvant therapy.

Research on the multidimensional brain remodeling mechanisms at the level of brain regions, circuits, and networks in patients with chronic lower back pain caused by lumbar disk herniation.

Introduction: Chronic lower back pain (cLBP), frequently attributed to lumbar disk herniation (LDH), imposes substantial limitations on daily activities. Despite its prevalence, the neural mechanisms underlying lower back pain remain incompletely elucidated. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) emerges as a non-invasive modality extensively employed for investigating neuroplastic changes in neuroscience. In this study, task-based and resting-state fMRI methodologies are employed to probe the central mechanisms of lower back pain. Methods: The study included 71 chronic lower back pain patients (cLBP group) due to LDH and 80 age, gender, and education-matched healthy volunteers (HC group). The subjects are mainly middle-aged and elderly individuals. Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Japanese Orthopedic Association Scores (JOA) were recorded. Resting-state and task-based fMRI data were collected. Results/discussion: No significant differences were observed in age, gender, and education level between the two groups. In the cLBP group during task execution, there was diffuse and reduced activation observed in the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area. Additionally, during resting states, notable changes were detected in brain regions, particularly in the frontal lobe, primary sensory area, primary motor cortex, precuneus, and caudate nucleus, accompanied by alterations in Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuation, Regional Homogeneity, Degree Centrality, and functional connectivity. These findings suggest that chronic lower back pain may entail reduced excitability in sensory-motor areas during tasks and heightened activity in the sensory-motor network during resting states, along with modified functional connectivity in various brain regions.

Multi-stimuli-responsive polymer degradation by polyoxometalate photocatalysis and chloride ions.

Photocatalytic polymer degradation based on harnessing the abundant light energy present in the environment is one of the promising approaches to address the issue of plastic waste. In this study, we developed a multi-stimuli-responsive photocatalytic polymer degradation system facilitated by the photocatalysis of a polyoxometalate [γ-PV2W10O40]5- in conjunction with chloride ions (Cl-) as harmless and abundant stimuli. The degradation of various polymers was significantly accelerated in the presence of Cl-, which was attributed to the oxidation of Cl- by the polyoxometalate photocatalysis into a highly reactive chlorine radical that can efficiently generate a carbon-centered radical for subsequent polymer degradation. Although organic and organometallic photocatalysts decomposed under the conditions for photocatalytic polymer degradation in the presence of Cl-, [γ-PV2W10O40]5- retained its structure even under these highly oxidative conditions.

[Role of macrophage polarization in hypertension and traditional Chinese medicine intervention: a review].

Hypertension is known to be a chronic inflammatory state and a key risk factor for heart failure, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Macrophages in the circulatory system are the main cell group that constitutes the immune system and participates in the inflammatory response. Depending on the local microenvironment, macrophages can be polarized into pro-inflammatory(M1) and anti-inflammatory(M2) phenotypes. When blood pressure is elevated, M1 macrophages can release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to generate an immune response. However, an excessive immune response can lead to tissue damage, and M2 macrophages release anti-inflammatory cytokines to promote the repair of wounds and tissue damage. It is clear that the dynamic balance between M1 and M2 macrophages resembles the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory of Yin and Yang. That is, when Yin and Yang are imbalanced, the human body will exhibit pathological states, e.g., altered blood pressure rhythms. Studies have confirmed that TCM can produce positive therapeutic effects on hypertension by regulating macrophage polarization. Therefore, this study reviews the studies about the TCM regulation of macrophage polarization and summarized the mechanisms of TCM intervention in hypertension, with the aim of providing evidence for clinical treatment and ideas for scientific research design.

Mechanism of simulated lunar dust-induced lung injury in rats based on transcriptomics.

Lunar dust particles are an environmental threat to lunar astronauts, and inhalation of lunar dust can cause lung damage. The current study explored the mechanism of lunar dust simulant (CLDS-i) inducing inflammatory pulmonary injury. Wistar rats were exposed to CLDS-i for 4 h/d and 7d/week for 4 weeks. Pathological results showed that a large number of inflammatory cells gathered and infiltrated in the lung tissues of the simulated lunar dust group, and the alveolar structures were destroyed. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that CLDS-i was mainly involved in the regulation of activation and differentiation of immune inflammatory cells, activated signaling pathways related to inflammatory diseases, and promoted the occurrence and development of inflammatory injury in the lung. Combined with metabolomics analysis, the results of joint analysis of omics were found that the genes Kmo, Kynu, Nos3, Arg1 and Adh7 were involved in the regulation of amino acid metabolism in rat lung tissues, and these genes might be the key targets for the treatment of amino acid metabolic diseases. In addition, the imbalance of amino acid metabolism might be related to the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot further confirmed that CLDS-i may promote the occurrence and development of lung inflammation and lead to abnormal amino acid metabolism by activating the B cell activation factor (BAFF)/ B cell activation factor receptor (BAFFR)-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway.

Integrated physiological, transcriptome, and metabolome analyses of the hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei under cold stress.

Temperature is a limiting factor in the growth of aquatic organisms and can directly affect many chemical and biological processes, including metabolic enzyme activity, aerobic respiration, and signal transduction. In this study, physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses were performed to characterize the response of Litopenaeus vannamei to cold stress. We subjected L. vannamei to gradually decreasing temperatures (24 °C, 20 °C, 18 °C, 14 °C, and 12 °C) and studied the changes in the hepatopancreas. The results showed that extreme cold stress (12 °C) caused structural damage to the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei. However, shrimp exhibited response mechanisms to enhance cold tolerance, through regulating changes in key genes and metabolites in amino acid, lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism, including (a) increased level of methylation in cells to enhance cold tolerance; (b) increased content of critical amino acids, such as proline, alanine, glutamic acid and taurine, to ameliorate energy metabolism, protect cells from cold-induced osmotic imbalance, and promote ion transport and DNA repair; (c) accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids to improve cell membrane fluidity; and (d) regulation of the metabolic pattern shift to rely on anaerobic metabolism with a gradual decrease in aerobic metabolism and enhance glycolysis to produce enough ATP to maintain energy metabolic balance. When the temperature dropped further, cold stress impaired antioxidant and immune defense responses in shrimp. This study provides an integrated analysis of the physiology, transcriptome, and metabolome of L. vannamei in response to cold stress.

Efficient and stable visible-light-driven Z-scheme overall water splitting using an oxysulfide H2 evolution photocatalyst.

So-called Z-scheme systems permit overall water splitting using narrow-bandgap photocatalysts. To boost the performance of such systems, it is necessary to enhance the intrinsic activities of the hydrogen evolution photocatalyst and oxygen evolution photocatalyst, promote electron transfer from the oxygen evolution photocatalyst to the hydrogen evolution photocatalyst, and suppress back reactions. The present work develop a high-performance oxysulfide photocatalyst, Sm2Ti2O5S2, as an hydrogen evolution photocatalyst for use in a Z-scheme overall water splitting system in combination with BiVO4 as the oxygen evolution photocatalyst and reduced graphene oxide as the solid-state electron mediator. After surface modifications of the photocatalysts to promote charge separation and redox reactions, this system is able to split water into hydrogen and oxygen for more than 100 hours with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of 0.22%. In contrast to many existing photocatalytic systems, the water splitting activity of the present system is only minimally reduced by increasing the background pressure to 90 kPa. These results suggest characteristics suitable for applications under practical operating conditions.

Exploring the mechanism of lung injury induced by lunar dust simulant in rats based on metabolomic analysis.

Inflammatory response and oxidative stress are considered to be important mechanisms of lung injury induced by lunar dust. However, the pulmonary toxicological mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, Wistar rats were exposed to CLDS-i 7 days/week, 4 h/day, for 4 weeks in the mouth and nose. Lung tissue samples were collected for histopathological analysis and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Enzyme activities and expression levels of key metabolic enzymes were detected by biochemical analysis and real-time PCR. The pathological features of lung tissue showed that CLDS-i caused congestion and inflammation in the lungs, and the lung structure was severely damaged. Metabolomics analysis showed that 141 metabolites were significantly changed in the lung tissue of the CLDS-i group compared with the control group. Combined with Kegg pathway analysis, it was found that the changes of amino acid metabolites were involved in these pathways, indicating that the simulated lunar dust exposure had the most obvious effect on amino acid metabolism in the lung tissue of rats. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of six key enzymes related to amino acid metabolism was changed, and the enzyme activities of these key enzymes were also changed, which were consistent with the results of qPCR. These results suggest that changes in amino acid metabolism may be closely related to the pathogenesis of lung injury induced by lunar dust, and amino acid metabolism may be a potential biomarker of lung diseases related to lunar dust exposure.

Empathy and cooperation vary with gender in Chinese junior high school adolescents.

Previous research on the relationship between empathy and subcategories of prosocial behavior, specifically cooperation, has shown inconsistent findings. It has also paid limited attention to gender differences in the impact of empathy. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between empathy and cooperation in Chinese junior high school adolescents, and the gender differences, through three studies. In Study 1, 448 eighth-grade adolescents (age = 12-15 years, 55.1% males) completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Cooperative Propensity Rating Scale; the results showed that adolescent empathy was positively associated with cooperative propensity, and this association was significantly higher for males than for females. Study 2 used longitudinal data from 246 eighth-grade adolescents (age = 12-15 years, 54.5% males) to further support the positive association between empathy and cooperation propensity and the gender differences found in Study 1. Study 3 employed the public goods dilemma to examine the effects of empathic states on the cooperative behavior of 157 eighth-grade adolescents (age = 13-16 years, 48% males) by evoking empathy. Using different research methods, this study revealed a facilitative relationship between empathy and cooperation and demonstrated that empathy was more predictive of cooperation among male than among female adolescents.