Factores asociados a mayor sobrevida en pacientes con cáncer de páncreas tratados mediante pancreatoduodenectomía. Estudio de casos y controles

Introducción: El cáncer de páncreas (CP) tiene un pronóstico ominoso a pesar de los avances en técnica quirúrgica y en los cuidados peri/postoperatorios. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar factores asociados a mayor sobrevida en pacientes con CP tratados mediante pancreatoduodenectomía (PD). Material y Método: Estudio de casos y controles de pacientes con CP tratados mediante PD en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica entre 2002-2015. Se definió como caso al paciente con sobrevida ≥ 3 años y como control a aquel con sobrevida inferior a ese plazo. Se comparó entre casos y controles datos biodemográficos, clínicos, histopatológicos, de morbilidad y mortalidad mediante regresión logística. Resultados: Se analizaron 70 pacientes, con una edad media de 62 ± 11 años; 40 (57%) mujeres. Hubo morbilidad en 26 enfermos (37,1%); Clavien-Dindo ≥ Illa en 8 (11,4%). La mediana (rango) de días de hospitalización fue 12 (7-84). La sobrevida actuarial a 1, 3 y 5 años fue 77%, 32% y 22% respectivamente. Se identificaron 21 casos (30%) y 49 controles (70%). En el análisis univariable, la resección R0, los ganglios regionales negativos, la ausencia de infiltración perineural, los estadios más precoces (IA, IB y IIA) y la ausencia de diabetes mellitus (DM2) al momento del diagnóstico, fueron variables asociadas a sobrevida ≥ 3 años (p 100 U/mL) y los tratamientos complementarios no se asociaron a diferencias significativas en sobrevida. En el análisis multivariable, se identificó la ausencia de DM2 (OR ajustado: 12; IC95% 1,7-84,3), la ausencia de infiltración perineural (OR ajustado: 7; IC95% 1,3-36,3) y los estadios precoces IA, IB y IIA (OR ajustado: 10,3; IC95% 2,1-49,1) como los factores independientes asociados a sobrevida mayor a 3 años. Conclusión: Los pacientes no diabéticos, con etapas precoces del CP sin infiltración perineural, resecados R0 mediante PD pueden obtener una sobrevida mayor a 3 años.

Introduction: Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies, despite developments in surgical and non-surgical therapies. Significant improvements in long-term survival have not been achieved. Only radical surgical resection has obtained a moderate extension in survival. We aim to identify factors associated with longer survival in patients with PC treated by pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). Material and Method: We designed a case-control study of patients with PC treated by PD in our center between 2002-2015. We compare patients who survived ≥ 3 years (case) with those not achieving it (control). Bio-demographic, clinical, histopathological, morbidity and mortality data were compared between cases and controls using logistic regression. Results: Seventy patients were analyzed; mean age 62 ± 11 years; 40 (57%) women. Morbidity was found in 26 patients (37.1%); Clavien-Dindo ≥ Illa in 8 (11.4%). The median (range) of hospitalization days was 12 (7-84). The actuarial 1, 3, and 5 years survival was 77%, 32%, and 22%, respectively, for the entire series. Twenty-one cases (30%), and 49 controls (70%) were identified. In the univariate analysis, R0 resection, negative regional lymph nodes, the absence of perineural infiltration, the earliest stages (IA, IB, and IIA) and the absence of diabetes mellitus (DM) at time of diagnosis were variables associated with survival ≥ 3 years (p 100 U / mL), and neo/adjuvant treatments, did not significantly show differences in survival. In the multivariate analysis, no DM at diagnosis (adjusted OR: 12; 95% CI 1.7 - 84.3), no perineural infiltration (adjusted OR: 7; 95% CI 1.3 - 36.3) and early stages IA, IB, and IIA (adjusted OR: 10.3; 95% CI 2.1 - 49.1) were identified as independent factors associated with survival > 3 years. Conclusion: Nondiabetic patients with early stages PC without perineural infiltration, resected R0 by PD can achieve survival over 3 years.

Five-year airborne pollen calendar for a Sonoran Desert city and the relationships with meteorological variability.

Aerobiological studies are still scarce in northwestern Mexico where allergenic pollen have great impacts on health. Current global pollution and climate change problems are closely related to many allergic diseases, enhancing the need to continue researching these issues and improve life quality. This study provides the first Pollen Calendar for Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Airborne pollen were continuously collected for 5 years (2015-2019). The standardized methodology with a Hirst-type spore trap proposed for global aerobiological studies was used. Weather data were also taken from a station located in the city and used to explore correlations between climate and airborne pollen concentrations in different seasons. The most important pollen taxa recorded in air belongs to herbaceous pollen, such as Poaceae, Ambrosia, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, and some shrub trees typical of this arid region, such as Nyctaginaceae, Prosopis, Parkinsonia, and Fabaceae. The most critical herbaceous pollen related to allergies have a long mean pollen season throughout the years, and the most critical periods with high pollen concentration in air occur in two seasons, spring (March-April) and summer-fall (August-October). In these 5 years, the correlation analyses for these two peaks indicate that a link exists between pollen in the air and decreases in precipitation and temperatures, and an increase in relative humidity. An inter-annual variability in pollen concentrations was recorded related to different weather conditions. Although pollen calendars are location-specific, they are useful for future research on biological air quality scenarios in different cities. Using this standardized method for other regions can provide pollen calendars that have been proven clinically important in allergic disease management worldwide.

Donante vivo hepático adulto-pediátrico totalmente laparoscópico: aspectos técnicos y resultados / Fully laparoscopic adult living donor for pediatric transplantation: technical aspects and results

Resumen Introducción: La cirugía hepática laparoscópica ha presentado un desarrollo más lento debido a la complejidad que ésta posee, lo que determina una curva de aprendizaje prolongada. En relación a la hepatectomía laparoscópica para donante vivo en trasplante hepático (TH), ésta se ha retrasado aún más por las preocupaciones sobre la seguridad del donante, el resultado del injerto y la adquisición de las competencias técnicas de los cirujanos. El objetivo de este artículo, es exponer detalles técnicos de la hepatectomía izquierda laparoscópica de donantes vivos adultos para trasplante pediátrico y se presentan los resultados quirúrgicos de los casos realizados en este centro. Materiales y Método: Presentación de la técnica quirúrgica de la hepatectomía izquierda en donantes vivos para TH en receptores pediátricos, además, de realizar un estudio cohorte no concurrente de pacientes sometidos a esta cirugía en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica entre mayo de 2011 y noviembre de 2017. Resultados: La serie consta de 15 pacientes, 60% sexo femenino. Trece pacientes (86,6%) eran madre o padre del receptor. El 100% de pacientes fue sometido a hepatectomía izquierda laparoscópica sin necesidad de conversión. Morbilidad Clavien-Dindo >3,1 paciente requirió punción percutánea de bilioma. Mediana de hospitalización de 3 días (2-5). No hubo mortalidad. Conclusión: La hepatectomía izquierda por vía laparoscópica de donante vivo para TH pediátrico es un procedimiento seguro y factible de realizar en este centro, con excelentes resultados en términos de morbimortalidad y consideramos que esta técnica debe ser la vía de elección para donantes vivos adultos-pediátricos.

Introduction: Laparoscopic liver surgery has presented a slower development due to the complexity it has, which determines a prolonged learning curve. In relation to laparoscopic hepatectomy for a living donor liver transplantation (LT), this has been further delayed due to concerns about donor safety, graft results and the acquisition of the technical skills of surgeons. The objective of this article is to present technical details of the laparoscopic left hepatectomy of adult living donors for pediatric transplantation and the surgical results of the cases performed in this center. Materials and Method: Presentation of the surgical technique of left hepatectomy in living donors for LT in pediatric recipients in addition to conducting a non-concurrent cohort study of patients undergoing this surgery at the Hospital Clinico Universidad Catolica between May 2011 to November 2017. Results: The series consists of 15 patients, 60% female. Thirteen patients (86.6%) were mother or father of the recipient. 100% of patients underwent laparoscopic left hepatectomy without conversion. Clavien-Dindo Morbidity > 3, in 1 patient who required percutaneous drainage of biloma. Median hospitalization of 3 days (2-5). There was no mortality. Conclusión: Laparoscopic left hepatectomy of living donors for pediatric LT is a safe and feasible procedure to perform in this center, with excellent results in terms of morbidity and mortality and we consider that this technique should be the route of choice for adult-pediatric living donors.

Indicaciones inhabituales de trasplante hepático. resultados / Unusual indications for liver transplantation. results

Resumen Introducción: El trasplante hepático (TH), es una terapia establecida en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades del hígado agudas y crónicas terminales y del carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC). Las principales indicaciones en nuestro medio son la cirrosis de diferentes etiologías, el CHC, la atresia de vías biliares en niños y la falla hepática fulminante (FHF). Menos del 10% corresponden a indicaciones inhabituales, que incluyen pacientes con una miscelánea de enfermedades entre las cuales están la enfermedad poliquística hepática (EPH), enfermedades metabólicas (Niemann-Pick, otras), el síndrome hepato/portopulmonar, metástasis de diferentes tumores, etc. Objetivo: Describir y evaluar los resultados obtenidos con el trasplante hepático en estas indicaciones. Materiales y Método: Estudio de cohorte no concurrente que incluyó los TH por indicaciones inhabituales realizados entre marzo de 1997 y diciembre de 2016. De 295 TH realizados, 34 (11,5%) fueron por estas indicaciones. Resultados: Las causas más frecuentes fueron el síndrome porto/hepatopulmonar en 11 (40,7%) pacientes y la EPH en 9 (26,5%). Las enfermedades metabólicas representaron la tercera indicación, con 5 (14,7%) casos. Siete (20,6%) pacientes eran menores de 18 años. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron biliares y la trombosis de arteria hepática en 6 (17,6%) y 4 (11,8%) casos respectivamente; estos últimos eran portadores de una EPH masiva. Cuatro (12,5%) pacientes requirieron retrasplante. La mortalidad a 90 días fue de 2 (5,9%) enfermos. Conclusión: El TH es una opción factible en este grupo de pacientes con resultados similares a los obtenidos en las indicaciones clásicas.

Introduction: Liver transplantation (LT) is an established therapy in the treatment of several acute and chronic end-stage liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The main indications worldwide are cirrhosis of different etiologies, HCC, biliary atresia in children, and fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Less than 10% concerns unusual indications which include patients with miscellaneous diseases among which are hepatic polycystic disease (HPD), metabolic diseases (Niemann-Pick, others), portal/hepatopulmonary syndrome, metastasis of different tumors, among others. Aim: The objective of the study is to describe and asses the results obtained with liver transplantation in these indications. Materials and Method: We performed a non-concurrent cohort study that included all LT due to unusual indications between March 1997 and December 2016 in a university medical center. Of 295 TH performed, 34 (11.75%) were due to these indications. Results: The most frequent causes were the portal/hepatopulmonary syndrome in 11 (40.7%) patients and HPD in 9 (26.5%). Metabolic diseases accounted for the third indication in 5 (14.7%) cases. Seven (20.6%) patients were less than 18 years old. The most frequent complications were biliary and hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) in 6 (17.6%) and 4 (11.8%) cases, respectively. Patients complicated by a HAT suffered a massive EPH. Four (12.5%), required retransplantation. Mortality at 90 days was 2 (5.9%). Conclusión: LT is a feasible option in this group of patients with results similar to those obtained in classic indications of LT.

Adherence to treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency, small for gestational age and Turner syndrome in Mexico: results of the Easypod™ connect observational study (ECOS).

BACKGROUND: Assessing adherence to growth hormone (GH) is challenging. The Easypod™ connect device delivers pre-set doses of recombinant human GH (r-hGH) and stores a digital record of adherence that can be shared with healthcare provider. We assessed adherence to r-hGH delivered with Easypod™ according to the approved pediatric indications for r-hGH: growth hormone deficiency (GHD), born small for gestational age (SGA) who failed to show catch-up growth and Turner syndrome (TS). METHODS: ECOS (NCT01555528) was a multicenter (24 countries), 5-year, longitudinal, observational study, which aimed to evaluate country-specific adherence to r-hGH therapy prescribed via the Easypod™ electronic injection device. The primary endpoint was yearly adherence. Secondary endpoints were height velocity, height velocity standard deviation scores (SDS), height, height SDS and IGF-1 concentrations. Clinical and auxological data were obtained from medical records and adherence from Easypod™ logs. RESULTS: This study included 147 Easypod™-naïve Mexican children assessed during 3 years (mean age: 9.96 ± 3.41 years, 56.8% boys, mean height SDS at baseline: - 2.17 ± 0.97): 118 with GHD, 24 SGA and 5 with TS. A total of 105 (71.4%) patients were GH naïve. Overall median adherence was > 90% over the first year of treatment and > 80% at 3 years. Adherence was not different by r-hGH indication or between GH-naïve or experienced patients. At 1-year follow-up, mean change in height SDS was 0.57 ± 0.34, whereas mean height velocity SDS was 2.85 ± 2.51. In all, 84.7% patients had normal IGF-1 concentrations at 1-year follow-up. Adherence was associated with change in height SDS (r = 0.239, p = 0.005) and height velocity SDS (r = 0.194, p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Adherence rates with the Easypod™ device are high and maintained over time in GHD, SGA and TS Easypod™-naïve Mexican patients. High adherence is associated with better outcomes. Easypod™ assists physicians in monitoring adherence to r-hGH.

Pancreatectomía corpo-caudal con resección en bloque de tronco celíaco: reporte de 2 casos / Corporal caudal pancreatectomy with celiac trunk block resection: report of 2 cases

INTRODUCCIÓN: El adenocarcinoma de cuerpo y cola de páncreas corresponde a cerca de un tercio del total de cánceres pancreáticos. Evoluciona en forma silenciosa hasta alcanzar estadios avanzados, llegando a comprometer muchas veces grandes vasos como tronco celíaco y sus ramas, y la arteria mesentérica superior. La resolución quirúrgica parece ser la única alternativa en estos casos. OBJETIVO: Presentar dos casos de adenocarcinoma de cuerpo y cola de páncreas tratados en nuestro hospital con pancreatectomía corpo-caudal y resección en bloque de tronco celíaco (procedimiento de Appleby modificado). DISCUSIÓN: Este procedimiento ha demostrado aumentar la sobrevida de estos pacientes, además de generar un alivio inmediato y duradero del dolor. Sin embargo, corresponde a una intervención con una alta morbilidad, siendo la fístula pancreática y la gastropatía isquémica las complicaciones más frecuentes. La evaluación del flujo de los vasos colaterales es un paso crítico para evitar las complicaciones isquémicas. CONCLUSIONES: La pancreatectomía corpo-caudal con resección en bloque de tronco celíaco, es una alternativa factible en adenocarcinoma de cuerpo y cola de páncreas localmente avanzado. Su indicación debe ser cuidadosa debido a que corresponde a un procedimiento con alta morbilidad.

INTRODUCTION: Adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas corresponds to about one third of all pancreatic cancers. It evolves silently to reach advanced stages, often involving large vessels such as the celiac trunk and its branches, and the superior mesenteric artery. Surgical resolution seems to be the only alternative in these cases. AIM: To present two cases of adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas treated in our hospital with distal pancreatectomy and celiac trunk en block resection (modified Appleby procedure). DISCUSSION: This procedure has been shown to increase the survival of these patients, in addition to generating immediate and lasting pain relief. However, it corresponds to an intervention with a high morbidity, being the pancreatic fistula and the ischemic gastropathy the most frequent complications. The evaluation of the flow of the collateral vessels is a critical step to avoid ischemic complications. CONCLUSIONS: Distal pancreatectomy with en bloc resection of the celiac trunk is a feasible alternative in locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas. Its indication must be careful since is a procedure with high morbidity.

Efecto del uso intraoperatorio de corticoides en dosis bajas en pacientes sometidos a resección hepática mayor con maniobra de Pringle / Effects of low dose corticosteroids in patients undergoing major hepatic resection with Pringle maneuver

Introducción: Las resecciones hepáticas mayores pueden presentar una alta morbimortalidad en relación al sangrado intraoperatorio. La utilización de la maniobra de Pringle permite disminuir esta complicación a costa de un daño por isquemia-reperfusión. Una estrategia para minimizarla es el uso de corticoides perioperatorios. Objetivo: Evaluar el uso de metilprednisolona en dosis bajas (< 500 mg) en pacientes sometidos a resección hepática mayor con maniobra de Pringle en la incidencia de daño por isquemiareperfusión, morbilidad y mortalidad perioperatoria. Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo utilizando la base de datos de hepatectomías entre los años 2000 y 2015. De un total de 171 resecciones hepáticas mayores, 62 utilizaron clampeo vascular. Se establecieron dos grupos: (A) aquellos que recibieron metilprednisolona inmediatamente previo al clampeo (n = 27) y (B) pacientes sin metilprednisolona (n = 35). Se evaluó el daño por isquemia-reperfusión por alteración de las pruebas hepáticas en los días 1, 3 y 5. Resultados: Los pacientes del grupo A tuvieron mayor tiempo de isquemia (43 + 3,3 vs 27 + 2,1 min, p < 0,05) que el grupo B, con una significativamente menor elevación de las fosfatasas alcalinas y bilirrubina en los días 1 y 5 poshepatectomía. No se observó diferencias en la magnitud del sangrado y no hubo diferencias en morbimortalidad. Conclusiones: La utilización de dosis bajas de metilprednisolona parece disminuir el impacto del DIR relacionado a la resección hepática bajo clampeo vascular, evitando los efectos adversos de la administración de esteroides en dosis altas.

Introduction: Liver resections may be associated with high morbidity and mortality due to intraoperative bleeding. Pringle maneuver reduces this complication at the expense of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Current strategies to minimize reperfusion injury include the use of perioperative corticosteroids. Objective: To assess the use of methylprednisolone in low doses (< 500 mg) in patients submitted to major hepatic resection under Pringle maneuver in the incidence of ischemia-reperfusion injury, peri-operative morbidity, and mortality. Material and Methods: Retrospective study from the liver resections database undertaken between the years 2000-2015 in our center. One hundred and seventy-one major liver resections were done, in 62 under Pringle maneuver. Two groups were established: (A) Patients administered methylprednisolone immediately before Pringle maneuver (n = 27) and (B) those without steroid (n = 35). We assessed ischemia-reperfusion injury by measuring liver tests on days 1, 3 and 5. Results: Patients in group A had longer ischemia time (43 ± 3.3 vs. 27 ± 2.1 min, p < 0.05) than those of group B, and significantly lower elevation of serum phosphatase alkaline and bilirubin on days 1 and five post-hepatectomy. We did not observe any difference in bleeding magnitude, and there were no differences in morbidity or mortality. Conclusions: The use of low doses of methylprednisolone seems to diminish the impact of ischemia-reperfusion injury related to major hepatic resection under Pringle maneuver avoiding the adverse side effects of high dose steroid.

Factores asociados a reingreso hospitalario precoz posterior a resecciones hepáticas y pancreáticas / Hospital readmission rates after hepatic and pancreatic resections

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de reingreso hospitalario y sus factores asociados en pacientes sometidos a resecciones hepáticas o pancreáticas en nuestro centro. Metodología: Se revisaron registros de pacientes sometidos a resecciones hepáticas o pancreáticas entre 2012 y 2014. Se registraron variables biodemográficas, quirúrgicas y reingresos hasta 30 días posalta. Se excluyó la cirugía de urgencia, pacientes fallecidos durante la hospitalización, pacientes sometidos a resecciones hepáticas menores a dos segmentos, cirugías no anatómicas o cirugía no resectiva. El análisis estadístico univariable se realizó con prueba χ2 para variables categóricas y T Student/Mann Whitney para variables continuas. El análisis multivariable se realizó con regresión logística. Resultados: Se incluyeron 116 pacientes, 50,9% mujeres. La estadía promedio fue de 14 días. El adenocarcinoma pancreático fue el diagnóstico más frecuente (25,9%) y 40,5% de los procedimientos quirúrgicos fueron pancreatoduodenectomías. La tasa de reingreso global fue 18,1%, mayor en pancreatectomías respecto a hepatectomías (23,7 vs 12,2% respectivamente p < 0,05). Los factores asociados a reingreso fueron: resección de páncreas, leucocitos preoperatorios, complicaciones posoperatorias y tiempo de estadía hospitalaria. Tras el análisis multivariable, sólo el tiempo hospitalario se asocia de forma independiente al reingreso precoz [OR 1,2 IC 95% 1,1-1,5 (p = 0,001)]. Conclusión: La estadía hospitalaria prolongada es un factor de riesgo consistente en la literatura para la rehospitalización posterior a resecciones hepáticas o pancreáticas. La tasa de reingreso posterior a resecciones hepáticas o pancreáticas es elevada, incluso en centros de alto volumen. Recomendamos el uso de este parámetro como un nuevo instrumento de medición de calidad en los resultados quirúrgicos en nuestro país.

Aim: To determine readmission rates and its associated factors in patients undergoing pancreatic and hepatic resections at our center. Matherial and Methods: Perioperative variables of patients undergoing pancreatic and hepatic resections between 2012-2014 were reviewed. Demographic and perioepartive data, as well as up —to postoperative day 30— readmisson rates were analyzed. Emergency cases, postoperative mortality and/or patients undergoing less extensive surgery (less than 2 Couinaud's segments, non-anatomical resections and non resective cases such as bilioenteric anastomoses) were excluded. Readmission associated factors were identified using both univariate (χ2 for categorical and t-student's/Mann-Whitney for continuous variables) and multivariate (logistic regression) analysis. Results: 116 cases were included, 50.9 % female. Mean postoperative stay was 14 days. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma was the most frequent diagnosis (25.9%), and the 40.5% of surgical procedures were pancreaticoduodenectomy. Overall 30-day readmission rate was 18.1%, with a 23.7% for pancreatic resections and 12.2% for hepatic resections. According to univariate analysis; readmission associated factors were: pancreatic resection, preoperative White cell count, the development of postoperative complications and postoperative length of stay. On Multivariate analysis only postoperative stay was the only significant associate factor [OR 1,2 CI 95% 1.1- 1.5 (p = 0.001)]. Conclussion: Readmission rates after pancreatic and hepatic resections are elevated, even in high-volume centers. Postoperative length of stay is a consistent risk factor for readmission after these type of surgeries. We highly recommend including this parameter as a quality marker of our surgical results in our country.

Behaviour of Quercus pollen in the air, determination of its sources and transport through the atmosphere of Mexico City and conurbated areas.

Pollen allergies have a remarkable clinical impact all over world. Quercus pollen is the main allergen in many parts of world. Due to the health impacts caused by exposure to oak pollen, the objectives of this study are to characterise the aerobiological behaviour of Quercus pollen and to determine its potential sources as well as their transport through the atmosphere of Mexico City and surrounding areas between January 2012 and June 2015. Airborne Quercus pollen monitoring was carried out simultaneously in five zones of Mexico City. The percentage of Quercus pollen of the total pollen collected from the air showed that the highest concentration was recorded in 2014, followed by 2012. The annual seasonal variation indicated that flowering and pollen emission into the atmosphere began between February and March. The maximum concentration of Quercus pollen was reached at Cuajimalpa. In 2012, the amount of pollen grains was distributed in March and April uniformly, whilst in 2014, the largest amount of pollen was concentrated in March. In 2012 and 2014 (years with the highest pollen concentrations), corresponding intraday variations were quite similar, with a low relative maximum in the morning and the highest concentrations in the evening. The largest values were recorded in 2014, and two processes can explain these. In the afternoon, pollen from secondary forest is carried by southwesterly converging winds, increasing the pollen concentration in Cuajimalpa. In the evening, there is an additional pollen contribution from primary forest via transport by NW winds.

Disminución de la presión venosa central: efecto sobre el gasto cardíaco / Reduction of central venous pressure: effect on cardiac output

Introducción: La disminución de la presión venosa central (PVC) a menos de 5mmHg ha sido recomendada para disminuir el sangrado durante la cirugía hepática. No se conoce el efecto de esto en el llenado ventricular e índice cardíaco (IC). Objetivo: Medir el efecto en el volumen de fin de diástole del ventrículo izquierdo indexado (VFDVII) e IC de la disminución a 3-4mmHg de la PVC. Método: Se estudiaron pacientes sometidos a cirugía general en los cuales se monitorizó presión arterial directa, PVC, y ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE). Posterior a la inducción anestésica, y después de 5min de estabilidad hemodinámica, se midieron VFDVII e IC, los cuales se repitieron 5 min después de disminuir la PVC a 3-4 mmHg. Resultados: Se estudiaron 32 pacientes; 12 cumplían criterios de disfunción diastólica (DD). Los valores basales y posteriores a la reducción de la PVC de VFDVII e IC fueron respectivamente 49,4 ± 13 y 40,1 ±13 ml/m², y 2,8 ± 0,56 y 2,5 ± 0,7 l/m² (ambos p < 0,01). Todas las variaciones fueron mayores en los pacientes con DD. Conclusiones: La disminución de la PVC a los niveles recomendados para disminuir el sangrado produce una moderada pero significativa reducción del IC. Esto debe ser considerado en pacientes con condiciones que pudieran hacer más importante el efecto de la disminución de la PVC.

Introduction: The reduction of central venous pressure (CVP) below 5mmHg has been recommended to decrease bleeding during hepatic surgery. The effect of this practice on cardiac function has not been quantified. Objective: To measure the repercussion of the decrease of CVP on left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) and cardiac index (CI). Method: Patients undergoing general anaesthesia for major surgery were studied. Monitoring included direct arterial pressure, CVP, and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). During a stable period of anaesthesia, all of these parameters were measured before and after lowering CVP to 3-4mmHg. Results: Thirty-two patients were studied. Twelve patients met TEE diagnostic criteria for diastolic dysfunction (DD). Basal and post CVP reduction values of LVEDVI and CI were 49.4 ± 13 and 40.1 ±13ml/m², 2.8±0.56 and 2.5±0.7l/m² respectively (both P< .01). All these variations were greater in patients with DD. Conclusions: Reduction of CVP produced a moderate but significant decrease in LVEDV and CI This should be considered in patients with conditions that may increase the effect of decreasing the CVP.

Desafíos actuales en trasplante hepático / Current challenges in liver transplantation

Nowadays liver transplantation (LT) is a routine procedure for many patients with malignant and nonmalignant liver diseases, usually with excellent outcomes. However, organ shortage remains a critical issue worldwide. In this review, we address the ‘current challenges in liver transplantation’ by answering three main questions: a) How do we get more organs in order to have more and better grafts? b) How do we prevent “wasting” organs because of futile transplants? and c) Is it possible to improve the quality of the organs we currently get, thus having better results? We focus our answers in maximizing all the strategies that might increase the donor pool, emphasizing that living donor liver transplantation perhaps offers the highest potential for increasing the number of donors. We also describe how to optimize indications and better select patients undergoing LT in the scenario of hepatocellular carcinoma, and finally we discuss the new paradigm of liver preservation and perfusion and how we can improve the quality of the grafts in order to perform more and better transplants.

Actualmente el trasplante hepático (TH) es un procedimiento de rutina para pacientes con enfermedades hepáticas terminales neoplásicas y no neoplásicas, usualmente con muy buenos resultados. Sin embargo, la escasez de órganos representa un problema crítico en todo el mundo. En esta revisión abordamos el tema ‘desafíos actuales en trasplante hepático’, tratando de responder 3 preguntas: a) ¿Cómo podemos incrementar el pool de donantes para obtener más y mejores injertos? b) ¿Cómo podemos prevenir “gastar o malgastar” órganos en trasplantes fútiles? c) ¿Es posible mejorar la calidad de los órganos que procuramos actualmente y así conseguir mejores resultados? Enfocamos las respuestas en maximizar todas las estrategias que puedan aumentar la cantidad de trasplantes, destacando que la utilización de donantes vivos quizás tenga el mayor potencial de expansión. También indagamos en cómo optimizar las indicaciones y seleccionar mejor los pacientes que se trasplantan por carcinoma hepatocelular y, finalmente, discutimos el nuevo paradigma de preservación y perfusión hepática y cómo podemos mejorar la calidad de los injertos con la idea de hacer más y mejores trasplantes.

Tratamiento resectivo del hepatocarcinoma / Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major problem in cirrhotic patients. Liver resection has been established as an effective treatment in patients with well-preserved liver function. The goal of this study is to describe the perioperative results and survival rates after liver resection in patients with HCC. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study including patients with HCC who underwent liver resection as definitive treatment between January 2000 and August 2013. Clinical and surgical data were assessed; survival analysis was also performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Log-rank test. Results: Twenty-five liver resections were performed during the study period, 7 cases in patients with no history of cirrhosis. Most cases were treated by minor resections, including bi-segmentectomies, mono-segmentectomies and non-anatomic resections. In 5 patients a right extended hepatectomy was performed. Intra and postoperative complications were registered in one and 8 cases, respectively. Four patients developed postoperative liver dysfunction and one case developed liver insufficiency. There was no perioperative mortality. The 3 and 5 years disease-free survival rate was 48 percent and 30 percent, respectively. Additionally, the 3 and 5 years overall survival rate was 65 percent and 51 percent, respectively. Conclusions: The present data confirm the feasibility and safety of liver resections in well-selected patients with HCC.

Introducción: El hepatocarcinoma (HCC) es una causa importante de mortalidad en pacientes con daño hepático crónico (DHC) y la resección quirúrgica es una alternativa de tratamiento en pacientes con adecuada función hepática. El objetivo del trabajo es describir los resultados perioperatorios y sobrevida a largo plazo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de HCC sometidos a resección quirúrgica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Análisis de registros clínicos, quirúrgicos y anátomo-patológicos de pacientes resecados con diagnóstico de HCC entre enero de 2000 y agosto de 2013 en nuestra institución. Las variables demográficas y clínicas se expresan en porcentajes y/o medianas, análisis de sobrevida mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier y test de Log-rank. Resultados: Se realizó un total de 25 resecciones hepáticas por HCC, 7 casos (28 por ciento) en pacientes sin signos de DHC. En un 68 por ciento se realizaron resecciones menores, incluyendo bi-segmentectomías, mono-sectorectomías y resecciones no anatómicas; en 5 casos se realizó una hepatectomía derecha extendidas. Se registraron complicaciones intraoperatorias en un caso y postoperatorias en 8 pacientes (32 por ciento). Cuatro, presentaron disfunción hepática en el postoperatorio y un caso presentó insuficiencia hepática; no se registró mortalidad. La sobrevida libre de enfermedad observada a 5 años alcanzó un 30 por ciento. La sobrevida global de la serie a 3 y 5 años fue de 65 por ciento y 51 por ciento respectivamente, con una mediana de sobrevida de 65 meses. Conclusión: La resección hepática es una alternativa segura y factible en el tratamiento del HCC en pacientes seleccionados, con una sobrevida a largo plazo aceptable.

[Left hepatic artery (LHA) emerging from the gastroduodenal artery: Report of one case]. / Arteria hepática izquierda de arteria gastroduodenal: Un desafío técnico durante cirugía de Whipple. Caso clínico.

Anatomic variations of the hepatic artery, which occur in 30 to 50% of patients, are a very important factor to be considered for Whipple procedure. The most common variations are those coming from the superior mesenteric artery, left gastric artery and the aorta. We report a 58-year-old woman with a story of one month of epigastric pain, jaundice and progressive itching. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass in the head of the pancreas. During pancreatoduodenectomy a left hepatic artery (LHA) emerging from the gastroduodenal artery and an accessory LHA emerging from the left gastric artery, were observed. The rest of the surgery was performed with no incidents. The patient had an uneventful postoperative evolution.

Arteria hepática izquierda de arteria gastroduodenal: Un desafío técnico durante cirugía de Whipple. Caso clínico / Left hepatic artery (LHA) emerging from the gastroduodenal artery: Report of one case

Anatomic variations of the hepatic artery, which occur in 30 to 50% of patients, are a very important factor to be considered for Whipple procedure. The most common variations are those coming from the superior mesenteric artery, left gastric artery and the aorta. We report a 58-year-old woman with a story of one month of epigastric pain, jaundice and progressive itching. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass in the head of the pancreas. During pancreatoduodenectomy a left hepatic artery (LHA) emerging from the gastroduodenal artery and an accessory LHA emerging from the left gastric artery, were observed. The rest of the surgery was performed with no incidents. The patient had an uneventful postoperative evolution.

Nosocomial bloodstream infections in a nationwide study: comparison between solid organ transplant patients and the general population.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of bloodstream infection (BSI) varies according to the transplanted organ. Mortality can be as high as 24%, with a significant impact on graft survival. Transplantation is a risk factor for multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, but comparison with a non-transplanted population in a single large cohort has not been described. METHODS: This is a prospective nationwide study (16 centers) reporting data on 2364 monomicrobial nosocomial BSIs, comparing 83 episodes in solid organ transplant patients with 2447 BSIs occurring in the general hospital population. RESULTS: The prevalence of groups of infecting organisms (gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungi) was similar between transplant patients and the general population and a similar crude mortality rate was observed (34.9% in transplant vs. 43.3% in non-transplant patients). Staphylococcus aureus was the single most frequently isolated organism in both groups, and Acinetobacter species was more frequently isolated in the general population. Regarding MDR organisms, Klebsiella species, and Enterobacter species resistant to cefepime, as well as Acinetobacter species resistant to meropenem, were significantly more frequent in transplant patients. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance is higher, particularly among gram-negative bacteria in the transplant population, although the overall mortality rate between transplant and non-transplant patients with nosocomial BSI is similar.

Rabdomiólisis tras ejercicio físico: a propósito de un caso / Rhabdomyolysis: a case report

La rabdomióisis es una entidad clínica y bioquímica caracterizada por necrosis muscular y liberación del contenido intracelular al torrente circulatorio. Sus causas son múltiples y su presentación clínica muy variable, por 10 que Los síntomas clásicos de dolor muscular, debilidad y orinas oscuras no siempre están presentes. El diagnostico se establece con niveles de creatina-fosfocinasa cinco veces por encima del valor normal y ha de instaurarse un tratamiento precoz para evitar complicaciones graves. Se presenta el caso de un varón joven que refería dolor y debilidad muscular tras practicar ejercicio físico días antes y se revisa la literatura.

Rhabdomyolysis is defined as a clinical and biochemical syndrome resulting from skeletal muscle injury that alters the integrity of the muscle cell membrane sufficiently to allow the release of the muscle cell contents into the plasma. There is a great heterogeneity in the clinical presentation and clasical symptoms as myalgias, weakness and tea-coloured urine, may not always be present. The diagnosis is established with the increase at least five times the normal value of creatine kinase. Treatment aims to prevent complications. We present the case of young male who had a days history of myalgias and weakness after exercise and review the literature.

Carcinoma de células escamosas primario del páncreas / Squamous cell carcinoma primary of the pancreas

Background: Squamous cells are usually not present in the pancreas. Therefore, primary squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas (SCCP) is an extremely rare tumor. Case report: We report two cases of SCCP. Case 1: A 77 years-old woman was admitted for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. MDCT scan and endoscopic biopsy showed a carcinoma of the pancreatic head. She underwent a Whipple procedure and definitive biopsy revealed a SCCP. She died 9 years after surgery due to an unrelated disease. To our knowledge, this is the longest survival reported. Case 2: A 63 years-old man was admitted for jaundice. Work-up revealed a pancreatic head mass and liver metastasis. He underwent a palliative double bypass surgery and chemotherapy. Intraoperative biopsy revealed a SCCP. The patient is still alive at 8 months follow-up. Conclusion: Differential diagnoses of pancreatic cancer include SCCP. Long-term survival can be achieved if an early diagnosis and treatment are performed.

Introducción: Las células escamosas habitualmente no están presentes en el páncreas. Por lo tanto, el carcinoma de células escamosas primario del páncreas (CCEP) es un tumor extremadamente raro. Caso clínico: Presentamos dos casos de CCEP. Caso 1 : Una paciente de 77 años consulta por hemorragia digestiva alta. El estudio con tomografía computada de abdomen y biopsias endoscópicas revelaron un carcinoma de la cabeza pancreática. Se realiza operación de Whipple con intención curativa y la biopsia definitiva fue diagnóstica de un CCEP. La paciente fallece 9 años después de la cirugía debido a una enfermedad no relacionada, siendo actualmente la mayor sobrevida reportada en la literatura. Caso 2: Un hombre de 63 años consulta por ictericia y dolor abdominal. El estudio con imágenes revela una masa en la cabeza pancreática en conjunto con múltiples metástasis hepáticas. Se realiza una doble derivación biliar y digestiva con intención paliativa, junto con quimioterapia. Las biopsias intraoperatorias revelaron un CCEP. El paciente permanece vivo a los 8 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico diferencial del cáncer pancreático incluye el CCEP. Es posible lograr sobrevida a largo plazo en caso de diagnóstico y tratamiento en forma oportuna.

[Advances in the management of children with intestinal failure]. / Actualización en el manejo de pacientes con insuficiencia intestinal.

Intestinal failure is defined as the reduction of a functional gut mass below the minimal necessary for adequate digestion and absorption of nutrients and fluids. Intestinal failure is the final result of a number of different causes, being short bowel syndrome the most recognized. Its prevalence is low, but the impact in quality of life among patients and their families is critical. Furthermore, is associated with high economic costs, both for the patient and the health provider. Its main feature is the need for long-term parenteral nutritional support with high morbidity and mortality associated complications, such as line-derived bloodstream infections and liver disease. The management of these patients should be performed by a multidisciplinary team, and be aimed at promoting adaptation and recovery of bowel function to achieve intestinal autonomy.

Resección hepática laparoscópica / Laparoscopic liver resection

Laparoscopic liver resection is a technique that has boomed over time. Published related reports have increased exponentially in the last decade, leading to comparative studies and meta-analysis. Three types of technical approaches have been identified: pure laparoscopic, hand-assisted and hybrids procedures. While no precise indications exist for each method, the choice of each will depend on the type of surgical procedure and the surgeon's experience. Primarily only benign lesions were accepted for a laparoscopic intervention. Today malignant lesions, including metastases, are being resected via minimally invasive approach. Case selection may benefit in successful operative outcomes. Ideally, single lesions, less than 5 cm, peripheral and located at lateral or peripheral segments (II-VI) are better suited for laparoscopic liver resection. In addition, these procedures will be likely to succeed under expert experienced laparoscopic liver surgeons that have the best available technology within their reach. Reported results support the use of this technique when compared with open surgery in regards to minor: blood loss, use of opioids, time to oral intake, length of stay and complications. Furthermore, total costs are at least similar to the open approach. Most importantly, results from 5-year follow up studies of patients with malignant disease, in terms of disease-free survival and overall survival were equivalent to open surgery...

La resección hepática laparoscópica constituye una técnica que ha tenido gran desarrollo con el tiempo. Los reportes publicados han aumentado, dando paso a estudios comparativos y meta análisis. Se han diferenciado tres tipos de procedimientos, los laparoscópicos puros, los mano-asistidos y los híbridos. Si bien no hay indicaciones precisas para cada técnica, la elección de cada una de ellas dependerá del procedimiento y la experiencia del cirujano. Inicialmente sólo se aceptaba la resección de lesiones benignas, mientras hoy también se acepta para lesiones malignas, incluyendo metástasis. Se ha definido que las lesiones ideales para resecar son: lesiones únicas, menores a 5 cm, de ubicación periférica y de los segmentos laterales o periféricos (II al VI). A esto se suma que sólo cirujanos expertos que cuenten con toda la tecnología necesaria disponible sean los encargados de realizar estos procedimientos. Los resultados reportados avalan el uso de esta técnica al compararla con cirugía abierta en lo que respecta a menores: pérdidas sanguíneas, uso de opioides, tiempo a la ingesta oral, estadía hospitalaria y complicaciones, considerando que los costos totales son al menos similares a la técnica abierta. Sin embargo, lo más importante es que durante el seguimiento de los pacientes con patología maligna, los resultados oncológicos a 5 años han sido equivalentes a la cirugía abierta en lo que respecta a sobrevida libre de enfermedad y sobrevida total...