The protective role of resilience and social support against burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic brought on a range of stressors in homes and workplaces. With no sign of ending after one year, burnout was a concern. Resilience has been known to shield against the effects of stress. While often thought of as an individual trait, previous studies have shown social support to improve resilience. The study aimed to examine the extent of burnout in the Singapore population and whether social support and resilience cushioned the impact of COVID-19 related stressors a year into the pandemic. Methods: Participants were 858 Singapore residents who participated in a larger study between October 2021 and September 2022. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory provided Work-and Personal-related burnout scores. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify demographic variables associated with burnout. Path analysis revealed the associations between COVID-19 stressors, social support, resilience and burnout. Results: 22 and 19% of the sample reported work and personal burnout respectively, with younger adults being more burnt out than older adults. Higher stress was associated with higher burnout and higher social support was associated with lower burnout. Path analysis revealed that the relationship between social support and burnout was partially accounted for by increased resilience. Conclusion: Managing altered work arrangements, career expectations, and increased responsibilities at home may contribute to greater levels of burnout in the younger adults. Increased employer support and targeted interventions could mitigate the impact of these stressors. The study also highlighted the importance of maintaining social connections even while physically distancing.

The Relationship between Predominant Polarity, Lifetime Comorbid Anxiety Disorders and Subjective Quality of Life among Individuals with Bipolar Disorder in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: Depressive features and comorbid anxiety disorders are two discrete but interconnected clinical features that have been reported to be associated with a poorer quality of life (QoL) among individuals with bipolar disorders. However, the relationship between manic features and quality of life is less conclusive. The present study aimed to assess differences in QoL among bipolar outpatients who present with either depressive predominant polarity (DPP), manic predominant polarity (MPP) and/or a lifetime diagnosis of comorbid anxiety disorders in Singapore. METHODS: Data from 74 outpatients in Singapore diagnosed with bipolar disorder were collected. Sociodemographic information, the polarity of most episodes (2 out of 3), the diagnosis of anxiety disorders and QoL were obtained from a self-reported interview and/or through clinical records. QoL was measured using the abbreviated version of the World Health Organization questionnaire. We used multivariate regression models to determine the relationships between predominant polarity, lifetime comorbid anxiety disorders and QoL in physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environment domains. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, individuals with DPP scored poorer for WHOQOL-BREF for all four domains as compared with individuals with indeterminate polarity. As compared to individuals with indeterminate polarity, individuals with MPP scored poorer for WHOQOL-BREF social relationships. Lastly, individuals with lifetime comorbid anxiety disorders scored poorer for WHOQOL-BREF physical health, social relationships and environment. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides preliminary support for the relationship between DPP, lifetime comorbid anxiety disorders and poorer QoL, paving the pathway for future research with larger samples to utilise our study design to verify our results.

The perspectives of healthcare professionals in mental health settings on stigma and recovery - A qualitative inquiry.

BACKGROUND: Mental health stigma is one of the most prominent barriers to recovery, and it is widely known that stigma may manifest differentially in different cultures. Healthcare professionals working closely with persons with mental illnesses (PMI) may provide important insights towards stigma that are otherwise unattainable from caregivers and consumers. However, there is a dearth of literature on healthcare professionals' perspectives on this topic. Thus, this study uses a multilevel approach to explore how stigma affects recovery from the perspectives of healthcare professionals that work closely with PMI in Singapore. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 17 healthcare professionals who were working in mental health settings in Singapore. Participants were recruited via direct email invitation or through snowball sampling. Data collected was analysed with the inductive thematic analysis method. All coding and inter-rater analyses were performed with NVivo. RESULTS: The current study themes identified stigma-related factors that influence PMI's recovery from the perspectives of healthcare professionals working closely with PMI. These factors were organised into three overarching themes in a multilevel structure. The three themes were classified as Micro Factors (e.g., internalised stigma), Meso Factors (e.g., discrimination of people associated with the stigmatised group), and Macro Factors (e.g., structural stigma and stigma within healthcare settings). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study gave us a greater understanding of how stigma influences recovery in Singapore, which could be used to guide the development and implementation of future policies and strategies to promote recovery. Importantly, our results suggest that improving mental health literacy, addressing cultural misgivings towards mental illness, implementing recovery-oriented practices, and making insurance more accessible for PMI could mitigate the deleterious impact that stigma has on recovery.