Multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis: a single-center diagnostic optimization and accuracy study in Lima, Peru.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common helminthic infection of the human central nervous system. The antibody detection assay of choice is the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay using lentil-lectin purified parasite antigens (LLGP-EITB, Western blot), an immunoassay with exceptional performance in clinical samples. However, its use is mainly restricted to a few research laboratories because the assay is labor-intensive and requires sophisticated equipment, expertise, and large amounts of parasite material for preparation of reagents. We report a new immunoprint assay (MAPIA) that overcomes most of these barriers. We initially compared the performance of five different antigen combinations in a subset of defined samples in the MAPIA format. After selecting the best-performing assay format (a combination of rGP50 + rT24H + sTs14 antigens), 148 archived serum samples were tested, including 40 from individuals with parenchymal NCC, 40 with subarachnoid NCC, and 68 healthy controls with no evidence of neurologic disease. MAPIA using three antigens (rGP50 + rT24H + sTs14) was highly sensitive and specific for detecting antibodies in NCC. It detected 39 out of 40 (97.5%) parenchymal NCC cases and 40/40 (100%) subarachnoid cases and was negative in 67 out of 68 (98.53%) negative samples. MAPIA using three recombinant and synthetic antigens is a simple and economical tool with a performance equivalent to the LLGP-EITB assay for the detection of specific antibodies to NCC. The MAPIA overcomes existing barriers to adoption of the EITG LLGP and is a candidate for worldwide use.

Global Situation of Bioremediation of Leachate-Contaminated Soils by Treatment with Microorganisms: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review presents the current state of research in the last five years on contaminants in soils, especially in leachates from solid waste landfills, with emphasis on biological remediation. In this work, the pollutants that can be treated by microorganisms and the results obtained worldwide were studied. All the data obtained were compiled, integrated, and analyzed by soil type, pollutant type, bacterial type, and the countries where these studies were carried out. This review provides reliable data on the contamination of soils worldwide, especially soils contaminated by leachate from municipal landfills. The extent of contamination, treatment objectives, site characteristics, cost, type of microorganisms to be used, and time must be considered when selecting a viable remediation strategy. The results of this study can help develop innovative and applicable methods for evaluating the overall contamination of soil with different contaminants and soil types. These findings can help develop innovative, applicable, and economically feasible methods for the sustainable management of contaminated soils, whether from landfill leachate or other soil types, to reduce or eliminate risk to the environment and human health, and to achieve greater greenery and functionality on the planet.

Scale to measure medical, nursing and midwifery students' engagement in an e-learning histology course / Escala para medir la participación de estudiantes de medicina, enfermería y obstetricia en un curso de histología e-learning

SUMMARY: E-learning courses become increasingly important and relevant in medicine and health sciences over the last decade. However, there are few teaching experiences of e-learning histology courses published in the literature worldwide. Moreover, most of these studies focus on the didactic aspects of the course without exploring student participation. The study presented below aimed to validate a scale to measure student participation in an e-learning histology course. We provide evidence of validity of the instrument based on its internal structure for use with medical, nursing, and midwifery students. The participants in this study were a group of 426 Chilean medical, nursing and midwifery students from a public university who completed the questionnaire in two consecutive semesters (2020-2021). Data from the first group of students were used to perform an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while data from the second group of participants were used to perform a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The three factors identified according to the CFA were: "Habits of online," "Motivation for online learning," and "Interaction of online". After eliminating one of the initial items of the instrument, the scale showed acceptable psychometric properties suggesting that it is a useful instrument to measure students' perception of their participation in e-learning histology courses. The factors identified through the validation of the instrument provide relevant information for teachers and curriculum developers to create and implement different ways of encouraging student participation in e- learning histology courses to support online learning.

Los cursos e-learning han tomado mayor importancia y relevancia durante la ultima década en carreras de medicina y ciencias de la salud. No obstante, existen escasas experiencias docentes de cursos de histologia e-learning publicadas en la literatura mundial. Además, la mayoría de estos estudios se centran en los aspectos didácticos del curso sin explorar la participación de los estudiantes. El estudio que presentamos a continuación tuvo por objetivo validar una escala para medir la participación de los estudiantes en un curso de histología e-learning. Aportamos evidencia de validez del instrumento basada en su estructura interna para su uso con estudiantes de medicina, enfermería y obstetricia. Los participantes de este estudio fueron un grupo de 426 estudiantes chilenos de medicina, enfermería y obstetricia de una universidad pública quienes completaron el cuestionario en dos semestres consecutivos (año 2020-2021). Los datos del primer grupo de estudiantes se utilizaron para realizar un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE), mientras que los datos del segundo grupo de participantes se utilizaron para realizar un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). Los tres factores identificados según el AFC fueron: "Hábitos de los estudiantes en línea", "Motivación por el aprendizaje en línea", "Interacción de los estudiantes en línea". Luego de la eliminación de uno de los ítems iniciales del instrumento, la escala mostró propiedades psicométricas aceptables sugiriendo que es un instrumento útil para medir la percepción de los estudiantes sobre su participación en cursos de histología en formato e-learning. Los factores identificados mediante la validación del instrumento entregan información relevante para que los profesores y curriculistas desarrollen e implementen diferentes formas de estimular la participación de los estudiantes en cursos de histología e- learning y así apoyar el aprendizaje en formato online.

Consensus on complementary feeding from the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: COCO 2023.

Complementary feeding (CF) is defined as the feeding of infants that complements breastfeeding, or alternatively, feeding with a breast milk substitute, and is a process that is more than simply a guide as to what and how to introduce foods. The information provided by healthcare professionals must be up-to-date and evidence-based. Most of the recommendations that appear in the different international guidelines and position papers are widely applicable, but some must be regionalized or adapted to fit the conditions and reality of each geographic zone. The Nutrition Working Group of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) summoned a group of experts from each of the society's member countries, to develop a consensus on CF, incorporating, whenever possible, local information adapted to the reality of the region. The aim of the present document is to show the results of that endeavor. Utilizing the Delphi method, a total of 34 statements on relevant aspects of CF were evaluated, discussed, and voted upon.

Oviposition dynamics of Aedes aegypti in Central Argentina.

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the vector of multiple arboviruses. To evaluate the association between environmental factors and the oviposition activity of Ae. aegypti in Argentina, data on the presence and abundance of eggs were collected using ovitraps, between September of 2018 and May of 2019, in the cities of Villa María, Río Cuarto and Salsipuedes (Córdoba province, Argentina). We analysed the relationships between oviposition and five environmental factors: Temperature, precipitation, vegetation cover, human population density and distance to sites with a potential high density of larval habitats, like cemeteries and trash dumps. Environmental factors' data were collected using satellite image products. The oviposition activity was randomly distributed in three cities. Using generalized linear mixed models, we show that the house where each ovitrap was placed was a source of variability in oviposition, suggesting the relevance of microsite factors and the importance of domestic control actions. Ae. aegypti oviposition was positively correlated with night-time temperature of the previous 3 weeks, and in a context-dependent manner, it was positively correlated with human population density, vegetation cover and precipitation. The consistency and magnitude of these relationships varied between cities, indicating that oviposition is related to a complex system of environmental variables.

Diseño y fabricación de modelos impresos en 3D como complemento para las clases prácticas de histología médica / Design and manufacturing of 3D printed models as a complement for medical histology practical classes

RESUMEN: Tradicionalmente, la Histología se ha apoyado del análisis de preparaciones histológicas a través del microscopio para su enseñanza. En este sentido, uno de los principales obstáculos que enfrentan los estudiantes al analizar los tejidos, es extrapolar una imagen bidimensional a una estructura tridimensional (3D). La impresión 3D permite subsanar esta limitación, haciendo posible fabricar material docente, con las características requeridas con un alto grado de detalle y bajo costo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar y fabricar modelos impresos en 3D como complemento para las clases prácticas de Histología Médica. Se fabricaron modelos impresos en 3D de la ultraestructura de la barrera de filtración glomerular (BFG) en su estado normal y síndrome nefrótico. Además, se fabricó un modelo de la capa muscular del esófago humano dando énfasis a la disposición helicoidal de sus fibras musculares. Los modelos de epidermis permitieron identificar sus distintos estratos: estrato córneo, estrato granuloso, estrato espinoso, y estrato basal. Dentro los beneficios derivados de la impresión de modelos en 3D podemos destacar el bajo costo económico de su fabricación, alta reproducibilidad, bioseguridad, y potencial para favorecer el aprendizaje y la enseñanza de la Histología. No obstante, es necesario analizar la percepción y beneficio sobre el aprendizaje de los estudiantes derivados de la aplicación de los modelos mediante técnicas de evaluación cuantitativas y cualitativas.

SUMMARY: Traditionally, Histology has relied on the analysis of histological slides through the microscope for its teaching. In this sense, one of the main obstacles faced by students when analyzing tissues is to extrapolate a two-dimensional image to a three-dimensional (3D) structure. 3D printing makes it possible to overcome this limitation, making it possible to manufacture teaching material with the required characteristics with a high degree of detail and low cost. The objective of this work was to design and manufacture 3D printed models as a complement for the practical classes of Medical Histology. 3D printed models of the ultrastructure of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) in its normal state and nephrotic syndrome were fabricated. In addition, a model of the muscular layer of the human esophagus was fabricated emphasizing the helical arrangement of its muscle fibers. The epidermis models allowed the identification of its different layers: stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Among the benefits derived from 3D printing of models, we can highlight the low economic cost of manufacturing, biosafety and potential to favor the learning and teaching of Histology. However, it is necessary to analyze the perception and benefit on student learning derived from the application of the models by means of quantitative and qualitative evaluation techniques.

La importancia de la anatomía y su enseñanza entorno al razonamiento clínico en la carrera de medicina: una revisión bibliográfica / The importance of anatomy and its teaching about clinical reasoning in the medical career: a literature review

La anatomía humana es la ciencia que estudia la estructura y forma de los componentes del cuerpo humano desde una perspectiva macroscópica. Esta ciencia presenta diferentes disciplinas, entre ellas, la anatomía clínica, que brinda un conjunto de conocimientos anatómicos fundamentales para el ejercicio de la medicina. No obstante, en la actualidad la enseñanza de la anatomía carece de las herramientas y orientación pedagógica necesarias que permitan que los estudiantes adquieran los conocimientos anatómicos necesarios para el ejercicio de su futura carrera médica. En consideración a esta problemática, se relatan algunas experiencias didácticas que describen la integración de competencias clínicas a la enseñanza de la anatomía, tales como elementos del razonamiento clínico y herramientas de uso constante para el diagnóstico y manejo de pacientes. Finalmente, consideramos que la educación médica debe orientarse a obtener conocimiento anatómico y desarrollar la habilidad de aplicar ese conocimiento en el ámbito clínico, bajo el uso de herramientas que estimulen ese dominio, así como también incentiven el desenvolvimiento médico correcto.

Human anatomy is the science that studies the structure and form of the components of the human body. This science presents different disciplines, among them, clinical anatomy, which provides a set of fundamental anatomical knowledge for the practice of medicine. However, at present, the teaching of anatomy lacks the necessary tools and pedagogical orientation that would allow students to acquire the anatomical knowledge useful for their future medical career. In consideration of this problem, some experiences are reported that describe the integration of clinical competencies to anatomy teaching, such as elements of clinical reasoning and tools of constant use for diagnosis and patient management. Finally, we consider that medical education must be oriented to obtain anatomical knowledge and to develop the ability to apply that knowledge in the clinical environment, under the use of tools that stimulate that domain, as well as to encourage the correct medical development.

Concentraciones séricas de Beta-hidroxibutirato y su asociación con enfermedades posparto en bovinos de leche / Serum Beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and its association with postpartum diseases in dairy cows

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de cetosis bovina según las concentraciones séricas (mmol/Lt) de beta-hidroxibutirato (βHB) y estimar su asociación con enfermedades del posparto temprano en vacas lecheras. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal con información individual de los niveles sanguíneos de βHB y presentación clínica de enfermedades puerperales de n=1149 animales; además se evaluó la eficiencia de la prueba como predictora de enfermedad posparto. Posteriormente, se realizó X 2 y un modelo de regresión logística final para explorar los factores asociados con hipercetonemia. La relación entre βHB sanguíneo, la presentación de cetosis y la ocurrencia de enfermedades puerperales se calculó analizando Característica Operativa del Receptor (Receiver Operating Characteristic -ROC). Resultados. Según los niveles de -3HB, la prevalencia de cetosis fue de 7.9%, cetosis clínica 0.6% y cetosis subclínica 7.3%. La prueba fue predictora de enfermedad puerperal (LR+ del 13.6). La condición corporal ≥3.5, número de partos igual a 2 y ≥3, la presentación de retención de placenta, fiebre de leche y la enfermedad posparto, son factores de riesgo de cetosis. El análisis de la curva ROC mostró que la medición de βHB (≥1.2 mmol/Lt) en sangre sirve para diagnosticar cetosis (p<0.0001). Conclusiones. La medición de niveles sanguíneos de βB permitió determinar que la presentación de cetosis es baja, es una alerta no solamente para esta enfermedad sino para las enfermedades del posparto temprano. Los resultados de este estudio confirman lo reportado en estudios previos sobre los factores de riesgo de cetosis.

ABSTRACT Objective. Determine the prevalence of bovine ketosis based on serum concentrations (mmol/Lt) of beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and estimate its association with early postpartum diseases in dairy cows. Materials and methods. An epidemiological cross-sectional study was carried out with individual information on blood levels of βHB and clinical presentation of puerperal diseases in 1149 animals; In addition, the efficiency of the test was evaluated as a predictor of postpartum disease. Subsequently, univariate analysis and a final logistic regression model were performed to explore the factors associated with hyperketonemia. The association between blood βHB, the presentation of ketosis and the occurrence of puerperal diseases was calculated by analyzing the Receiver Operating Characteristic -ROC. Results. According to βHB levels, the prevalence of ketosis was 7.9%, clinical ketosis 0.6% and subclinical ketosis 7.3%. The test was a predictor of puerperal disease (LR+ of 13.6). Body condition score ≥3.5, number of births 2 and ≥3, presentation of retained fetal membranes, milk fever and postpartum disease, are risk factors for ketosis. The analysis of the ROC curve showed that the measurement of βHB (≥1.2 mmol/Lt) in blood serves to diagnose ketosis (p<0.0001). Conclusions. The measurement of βHB blood levels allowed to determine that ketosis presentation is low, it is an alert not only for this disease but for early postpartum diseases. The results of this study confirm risk factors observed in previous studies.

Role of HLA-DRB1*04 in the susceptibility and HLA-DRB1*08 in the protection for development of rheumatoid arthritis in a population of Southern Mexico: brief report.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease with an increased prevalence in Mexico. Although its etiology is unknown, its development can be influenced by environmental factors such as smoking and viral infections. But among the factors influencing susceptibility, it is the genetic factors that predominate, mainly the HLA-DRB1 genes, and specifically the alleles that have the shared epitope (SE). A transversal study was performed, in which 31 patients (28 women and 3 men) with RA, treated at the autoimmunity clinic of the High Specialty Hospital Ciudad Salud in Tapachula, Chiapas, southern México, were enrolled. Clinical, biochemical, and demographic data were analyzed; ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), CRP (C-reactive protein), RF (rheumatoid factor), and ACPA (anticitrullinated peptide antibody) were recorded. All patients had at least one positive RA biological marker. For HLA alleles frequencies comparison, we enrolled ethnically matched healthy controls in a ratio of 3:1 for 25 cases and 4:1 for 6 cases in order to guarantee the balance between groups regarding the mean of age and proportion of gender (males vs females). HLA-DRB1*04 was found to be significantly increased in patients compared with ethnically matched healthy controls (p 0.0007, OR: 2.8, 95% CI 1.5-5.1); contrarily, DRB1*08 showed a protective effect (p 0.005, OR 0.1). This paper confirmed the involvement of HLA genes on risk determination for RA in a population of Mexican Mestizos from Tapachula, Chiapas. Key Points • HLA-DRB1*04 confirms the increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis. • HLA-DRB1*08 showed a more definite protective effect in southern Mexicans mestizos, a population with more Amerindian ancestry.

Correction to: Incidence and Risk Factors for Cholelithiasis After Bariatric Surgery.

Due to a metadata tagging error the name of author Andrés Esteban San Martín was indexed incorrectly. The author's given name is Andrés Esteban and his family name is San Martín.

Lección MOODLE de anatomía e histología de la placenta humana / MOODLE lesson of the anatomy and histology of the human placenta

RESUMEN: La falta de muestras biológicas humanas existentes, debido principalmente a las limitaciones ético-morales relacionadas con su obtención, ponen en relieve la necesidad de buscar otras alternativas de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las ciencias morfológicas. En este sentido, la implementación de lecciones a través de la plataforma MOODLE proporciona la oportunidad al estudiante de interactuar en un entorno que simula una situación de aprendizaje propio del laboratorio tradicional. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue generar una lección MOODLE sobre la anatomía e histología placentaria humana, como complemento a la clase teórica presencial, para estudiantes de la carrera de Obstetricia y Puericultura. Para tal cometido, se realizó búsqueda de información, imágenes y recursos TIC en bibliotecas e internet. Paralelamente, se llevó a cabo un proceso de captura fotográfica de muestras histológicas de placenta, así como también la grabación de un alumbramiento. Posteriormente, se procedió a la articulación y montaje de las actividades en la plataforma MOODLE con un enfoque constructivista. Además, se elaboró una encuesta de satisfacción, la cual fue validada por 3 expertos. La muestra estuvo constituida por 137 estudiantes de la carrera de Obstetricia. Se confeccionó un laboratorio virtual MOODLE de anatomía e histología de la placenta humana, el cual esta constituido por múltiples actividades con orientación clínica, las cuales permiten autoevaluarse. El laboratorio virtual nos ha ayudado ha subsanar la carencia de muestras humanas y los resultados de la encuesta de satisfacción aplicada a los estudiantes señalan una valoración positiva de la iniciativa.

SUMMARY: The lack of existing human biological samples, mainly due to the ethical-moral restrictions related to obtaining these, highlights the need to search for other teaching and learning alternatives in morphological science. In this sense, the implementation of lessons by means of the MOODLE platform provides the students with the opportunity to interact in a setting that simulates a learning situation that belongs to traditional laboratories. The purpose of this work was to generate a MOODLE lesson on the anatomy and histology of the human placenta, as a complement of the traditional theoretical classroom for students of Obstetrics. To that end, TIC information, images, and resources were sought in libraries and in the Internet, and at the same time a set of histological photographs of placenta samples was made, as well as a video recording of a placental delivery. Later, the coordination and set up of activities was made in the MOODLE platform with a constructivist approach. Furthermore, a satisfaction survey was prepared which was validated by three experts. The total sample consisted of 137 students in the 2th year of obstetrics. A virtual MOODLE laboratory of the anatomy and histology of the human placenta was made, which is constituted by multiple activities with a clinical orientation that allow self-evaluation. The virtual laboratory has helped overcome the lack of human samples, and results of the satisfaction survey applied to the students indicate a positive evaluation of this initiative.

La tuba uterina: desde Herófilo a Horacio Croxatto / The uterine tube: from Herophilus to Horacio Croxatto

Las tubas uterinas (TU) son órganos tubulares fundamentales en la reproducción humana. No obstante, recién a mediados del siglo XVII con las investigaciones de Reinier De Graaf se comienza a develar su verdadera función en la reproducción. En este trabajo se resumen las principales contribuciones de Horacio Croxatto Avoni al conocimiento de la morfología y fisiología de la TU humana. Sus principales aportes tienen relación con la fisiología del transporte del cigoto y los gametos a lo largo de la TU.

The uterine tubes (UT) are fundamental tubular organs in human reproduction. However, it was not until the middle of the 17th century that Reinier De Graaf's research began to reveal its true role in reproduction. In this work the main contributions of Horacio Croxatto Avoni toward the knowledge of the morphology and physiology of the human UT are summarized. Its main contributions are related to the physiology of zygote transport and gametes throughout the UT.

Community strengthening and mental health system linking after flooding in two informal human settlements in Peru: a model for small-scale disaster response.

BACKGROUND: Mental health is an important factor in responding to natural disasters. Observations of unmet mental health needs motivated the subsequent development of a community-based mental health intervention following one such disaster affecting Peru in 2017. METHODS: Two informal human settlements on the outskirts of Lima were selected for a mental health intervention that included: (1) screening for depression and domestic violence, (2) children's activities to strengthen social and emotional skills and diminish stress, (3) participatory theater activities to support conflict resolution and community resilience, and (4) community health worker (CHW) accompaniment to government health services. RESULTS: A total of 129 people were screened across both conditions, of whom 12/116 (10%) presented with depression and 21/58 (36%) reported domestic violence. 27 unique individuals were identified with at least one problem. Thirteen people (48%) initially accepted CHW accompaniment to government-provided services. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention provides a model for a small-scale response to disasters that can effectively and acceptably identify individuals in need of mental health services and link them to a health system that may otherwise remain inaccessible.

Fiebre en el paciente críticamente enfermo: ¿tratar o no tratar? / Fever in critically ill patient: To treat or not to treat?

Resumen La fiebre es un signo común en la unidad de cuidados intensivos; implica el reto de descubrir su causa, por lo general refleja la existencia de infección, aunque puede tener origen no infeccioso o estar condicionada por síndromes de hipertermia. La Sociedad Americana de Enfermedades Infecciosas (IDSA, por sus siglas en inglés) y el Colegio Americano de Medicina en Cuidados Críticos definen la fiebre en pacientes críticamente enfermos como la temperatura igual o mayor a 38.3oC. La fiebre es una reacción fisiológica compleja de alguna enfermedad, mediada por el incremento de las citocinas y la generación de reactantes de fase aguda. Existen diferentes métodos para medir la temperatura y los médicos debemos saber el grado de precisión y las limitaciones de cada uno de ellos. En la unidad de cuidados intensivos, la temperatura corporal puede medirse mediante diversas técnicas, entre las que el catéter en la arteria pulmonar se considera el patrón de referencia. La fiebre en los pacientes críticamente enfermos puede clasificarse en tres categorías principales: síndromes de hipertermia, origen infeccioso y no infeccioso. Un episodio de temperatura mayor o igual a 38.3oC debe evaluarse. La historia clínica, el examen físico y las características de la fiebre (magnitud, duración, frecuencia y su relación con intervenciones diagnósticas o terapéuticas) son imprescindibles. Existe controversia en relación con el tratamiento de la fiebre; la evidencia actual le otorga un papel dual y opuesto, beneficios y perjuicios, de acuerdo con cada situación.

Abstract Fever is a common sign in the intensive care unit, this involves the challenge of discovering its cause, usually reflects the presence of infection, but may have no infectious origin or be conditioned by hyperthermia syndromes. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American College of Critical Care Medicine define fever in critically ill patients as temperature equal or greater than 38.3°C. Fever is a complex physiological reaction to a disease mediated increase of cytokines and generation of acute phase reactants. There are different methods to measure temperature; physicians should know the degree of accuracy and limitations of each. In the intensive care unit body temperature can be measured using different techniques among which the catheter in the pulmonary artery is considered the gold standard. Fever in critically ill patients can be classified into three main categories: hyperthermia syndromes, infectious origin and noninfectious. An episode of greater than or equal to 38.3°C temperature should be evaluated. The clinical history, physical examination and characteristics of fever (magnitude, duration, frequency and its relation to diagnostic or therapeutic interventions) are essential. There is controversy regarding the treatment of fever, current evidence gives a dual and opposite, benefits and harms, role depending on the situation.

Frecuencia de tumores odontogénicos benignos en la Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia (Bogotá, Colombia). Un estudio retrospectivo a nueve años / Frequency of tumors benign odontogenic in the Fundacion Hospital de la Misericordia (Bogota, Colombia). A retrospective study to nine years

Introducción: Los tumores odontogénicos son neoplasias benignas atípicas, potencialmenteagresivas, multifactoriales, derivadas del tejido odontogénico embrionario;por este motivo, son exclusivos de los maxilares. No obstante, existen pocos estudiosde tumores odontogénicos benignos (TOB) en niños. Objetivo: Describir la frecuenciade los TOB en menores de 18 años de edad en la Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia(HOMI). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte trans versal. Se revisaron en total 277 historias clínicasde lesiones en cabeza y cuello y zona anatómicamaxilofacial, en la base de datos ISIS del HOMI,en pacientes de 0-18 años de edad, atendidosentre 2006 y 2014. Se utilizaron los códigos dela Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades(CIE-10) y la clasificación de la OrganizaciónMundial de la Salud. Resultados: De las historiasclínicas revisadas, 36 cumplieron con loscriterios de selección para los TOB. Estos presentaronuna relativa baja frecuencia del 12,37 %respecto a la patología reportada por los serviciostratantes de cabeza y cuello. La mayoría delos TOB pertenecen al estrato socioeconómico 1(30,55 %). Conclusiones: Este estudio muestraque los TOB son lesiones de relativa baja frecuenciaen la región maxilofacial en la poblaciónpediátrica, con una relación hombre mujer 2:1.También la mayoría de los casos se encontraronen la segunda década de vida.

Introduction: The Odontogenic tumors are atypical, potentially aggressive, multifactorial benign neoplasms, odontogenic derived from embryonic tissue for this reason they are exclusive to the jaws. There are few studies of odontogenic benign tumors in children. Objetive: To describe the frequency of Benign Odontogenic Tumors (BOT) in less than 18 years in the Mercy Hospital Foundation (HOMI). Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted cross-section. We reviewed in total 277 medical records of injuries to the head and neck and maxillofacial anatomical area, at the base of the HOMI ISIS data in patients 0-18 years of age, treated between 2006 to 2014. CIE-10 codes were used and classification of the World Health Organization. Results: Were reviewed 277 medical records with maxillofacial pathology; 36 medical records met the selection criteria for the BOT. The BOT had low relative frequency of 12.37% compared to pathology services reported by the treating head and neck. Most BOT who presented belong to socioeconomic stratum 1 (30.55%). Conclusions: This study shows that the BOT are low relative frequency of injuries in the maxillofacial region in the pediatric population, with a male to female ratio 2:1. Also most of the cases were found in the second decade of life.

[Developmental disorders in children and adolescents of the Los Ríos region, Valdivia, Chile, 2006-2008]. / Trastornos del desarrollo en niños y adolescentes de la región de Los Ríos, Valdivia, Chile, 2006-2008.

OBJECTIVES: To study possible findings of factors in the antenatal, perinatal or postnatal period, in the mother or the child that may have an influence on the appearance of a developmental disorder. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A Data Base of Clinical Histories from every patient with a developmental disorder (F80-F90 ICD10) was created. The patients attended the Child Psychiatric Unit at Hospital Regional of Valdivia, Chile, from August 2006 to December 2008. Total: 493 patientes (48.7% of the total of patients consulting); CONTROL GROUP: 32 healthy patients. STATISTICAL METHOD: odds ratio (95% confidence). RESULTS: The main risk factors for developing a developmental disorder (P<.005, 25% frequency in the consulting population) are: prematurity, male sex, mother with low education, early hospitalizations, and medical illnesses (all with a significant odds ratio). Also, having a mother with psychiatric illness doubles the risk of having a developmental disorder. CONCLUSION: It requires an interdisciplinary collaborative work between neonatologists, obstetricians, child psychiatrists and the primary care to detect early children at risk.

Trastornos del desarrollo en niños y adolescentes de la región de Los Ríos, Valdivia, Chile, 2006-2008 / Developmental disorders in children and adolescents of the Los Ríos region, Valdivia, Chile, 2006-2008

Objetivo: Estudiar los posibles hallazgos de factores asociados antenatales, perinatales o posnatales, tanto de la madre como del niño, que tengan relevancia significativa en la aparición de trastornos del desarrollo. Pacientes y método: Se creó una base de datos de todas las fichas clínicas de los pacientes con patología del desarrollo F80 a F90 CIE10 ingresados a la Unidad de Psiquiatría Infantil del Hospital Regional de Valdivia entre agosto de 2006 y diciembre de 2008. Total: 493 pacientes (48,7% del total de consultantes); grupo control de 32 niños sanos de consultorios de la ciudad. Se aplicó método estadístico odds ratio (95% confianza) para el análisis de algunas variables. Resultados: Destacan como factores de riesgo para desarrollar patología del desarrollo (p < 0,005, 25% de frecuencia en población consultante): la prematurez, ser de sexo masculino, tener una madre con baja escolaridad, hospitalizaciones tempranas y enfermedades médicas antes de los 3 años (todos con odds ratio significativa). Además tener una madre psiquiátrica aumenta el doble el riesgo de desarrollar trastorno del desarrollo. Conclusión: Se requiere un trabajo colaborativo interdisciplinario entre neonatólogos, obstetras, psiquiatras infantiles y la atención primaria para detectar precozmente niños en riesgo.

Objectives: To study possible findings of factors in the antenatal, perinatal or postnatal period, in the mother or the child that may have an influence on the appearance of a developmental disorder. Patients and method: A Data Base of Clinical Histories from every patient with a developmental disorder (F80-F90 ICD10) was created. The patients attended the Child Psychiatric Unit at Hospital Regional of Valdivia, Chile, from August 2006 to December 2008. Total: 493 patientes (48.7% of the total of patients consulting); Control group: 32 healthy patients. Statistical method: odds ratio (95% confidence). Results: The main risk factors for developing a developmental disorder (P < .005, 25% frequency in the consulting population) are: prematurity, male sex, mother with low education, early hospitalizations, and medical illnesses (all with a significant odds ratio). Also, having a mother with psychiatric illness doubles the risk of having a developmental disorder. Conclusion: It requires an interdisciplinary collaborative work between neonatologists, obstetricians, child psychiatrists and the primary care to detect early children at risk.

Activation of AHR mediates the ubiquitination and proteasome degradation of c-Fos through the induction of Ubcm4 gene expression.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a specific, non-lysosomal pathway responsible for the controlled degradation of abnormal and short-half-life proteins. Despite its relevance in cell homeostasis, information regarding control of the UPS component gene expression is lacking. Data from a recent study suggest that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor, might control the expression of several genes encoding for UPS proteins. Here, we showed that activation of AHR by TCDD and ß-naphthoflavone (ß-NF) results in Ubcm4 gene induction accompanied by an increase in protein levels. UbcM4 is an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme or E2 protein that in association with ubiquitin ligase enzymes or E3 ligases promotes the ubiquitination and 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of different proteins, including p53, c-Myc, and c-Fos. We also present data demonstrating increased c-Fos ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation through the AHR-mediated induction of UbcM4 expression. The present study shows that AHR modulates the degradation of proteins involved in cell cycle control, consistent with previous reports demonstrating an essential role of the AHR in cell cycle regulation.

Improvement in metabolic effects by dietary intervention is dependent on the precise nature of the developmental programming challenge.

Predisposition to offspring metabolic dysfunction due to poor maternal nutrition differs with the developmental stage at exposure. Post-weaning nutrition also influences offspring phenotype in either adverse or beneficial ways. We studied a well-established rat maternal protein-restriction model to determine whether post-weaning dietary intervention improves adverse outcomes produced by a deficient maternal nutritional environment in pregnancy. Pregnant rats were fed a controlled diet (C, 20% casein) during pregnancy and lactation (CC) or were fed a restricted diet (R, 10% casein isocaloric diet) during pregnancy and C diet during lactation (RC). After weaning, the offspring were fed the C diet. At postnatal day (PND) 70 (young adulthood), female offspring either continued with the C diet (CCC and RCC) or were fed commercial Chow Purina 5001 (I) to further divide the animals into dietary intervention groups CCI and RCI. Another group of mothers and offspring were fed I throughout (III). Offspring food intake was averaged between PND 95-110 and 235-250 and carcass and liver compositions were measured at PND 25 and 250. Leptin (PND 110 and 250) and serum glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol (PND 250) levels were measured. Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA. At PND 25, body and liver weights were similar between groups; however, CCC and RCC carcass protein:fat ratios were lower compared with III diet. At PND 110 and 250, offspring CCC and RCC had higher body weight, food intake and serum leptin compared with CCI and RCI. CCI had lower carcass fat and increased protein compared with CCC and improved fasting glucose and triglycerides. Adult dietary intervention partially overcomes adverse effects of programming. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms involved.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy in a developing country: challenges in management and genetic counseling.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Multidisciplinary management of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) has achieved outstanding results in developed nations. We aimed to describe the status of diagnosis and management of DMD in a developing country through the experience of non-profit organizations. METHODS: A Multistate, multiple-source, population-based survey was performed from medical records of 432 patients. Data were retrospectively collected, reviewed and curated by health specialists; including clinical features, age at first symptoms, age at diagnosis, disease progression and management, family history, education, age and cause of death. RESULTS: There is a delay in noticing first symptoms and it did not diminish over the past 20 years. Less than 30% of patients obtained definite diagnosis and most of them are in physiotherapy programs but not under steroid treatment. In our study, family history does not anticipate recognition of symptoms compared to sporadic cases (p = 0.05). Approximately 93.33% of our patients attended to education programs. Mean age at death was 18.94 +/- 6.73 years and the most frequent cause was pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Delayed diagnosis of DMD in Mexico is mainly caused by the late detection of first symptoms. There is no difference in early detection of symptoms between familiar and sporadic cases. Lifespan of patients in our cohort is reduced compared to developed countries. The late diagnosis and low percentage of definite cases may affect patient management and genetic counseling and could also preclude participation of patients into novel clinical trials.