ABSTRACT
Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS) is a rare metabolic encephalopathy with a wide variety of clinical phenotypes. In the present study, 15 patients diagnosed with GLUT1-DS were selected, all of whom had obvious clinical manifestations and complete genetic testing. Their clinical data and genetic reports were collated. All patients were provided with a ketogenic diet (KD) and an improvement in their symptoms was observed during a follow-up period of up to 1 year. The results revealed that the 15 cases had clinical symptoms, such as convulsions or dyskinesia. Although none had a cerebrospinal fluid/glucose ratio <0.4, the genetic report revealed that all had the solute carrier family 2 member 1 gene variant, and their clinical symptoms basically improved following the use of the KD. GLUT1-DS is a genetic metabolic disease that causes a series of neurological symptoms due to glucose metabolism disorders in the brain. Low glucose levels in cerebrospinal fluid and genetic testing are key diagnostic criteria, and the KD is a highly effective treatment option. By summarizing and analyzing patients with GLUT1-DS, summarizing clinical characteristics and expanding their gene profile, the findings of the present study may be of clinical significance for the early recognition and diagnosis of the disease, so as to conduct early treatment and shorten the duration of brain energy deficiency. This is of utmost importance for improving the prognosis and quality of life of affected children.
ABSTRACT
Immune activating agents represent a valuable class of therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. An area of active research is expanding the types of these therapeutics that are available to patients via targeting new biological mechanisms. Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) is a negative regulator of immune signaling and a target of high interest for the treatment of cancer. Herein, we present the discovery and optimization of novel amino-6-aryl pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitors of HPK1 starting from hits identified via virtual screening. Key components of this discovery effort were structure-based drug design aided by analyses of normalized B-factors and optimization of lipophilic efficiency.
Subject(s)
Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases , Signal Transduction , Humans , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Pyrroles/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 that emerged in 2019 is caused by the virus SARS CoV-2 and named for its close genetic similarity to SARS CoV-1 that caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002. Both SARS coronavirus genomes encode two overlapping large polyproteins, which are cleaved at specific sites by a 3C-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) in a post-translational processing step that is critical for coronavirus replication. The 3CLpro sequences for CoV-1 and CoV-2 viruses are 100% identical in the catalytic domain that carries out protein cleavage. A research effort that focused on the discovery of reversible and irreversible ketone-based inhibitors of SARS CoV-1 3CLpro employing ligand-protease structures solved by X-ray crystallography led to the identification of 3 and 4. Preclinical experiments reveal 4 (PF-00835231) as a potent inhibitor of CoV-2 3CLpro with suitable pharmaceutical properties to warrant further development as an intravenous treatment for COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors , Ketones/pharmacology , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , Animals , Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Antiviral Agents/metabolism , Catalytic Domain , Chlorocebus aethiops , Coronavirus 3C Proteases/chemistry , Coronavirus 3C Proteases/metabolism , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Ketones/chemical synthesis , Ketones/metabolism , Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protease Inhibitors/metabolism , Protein Binding , Vero Cells , COVID-19 Drug TreatmentABSTRACT
A catalytic γ-selective syn-hydroarylation of alkenyl carbonyl compounds using arylboronic acids has been developed using a substrate directivity approach with a palladium(ii) catalyst. This method tolerates a wide range of functionalized (hetero)arylboronic acids and a variety of substitution patterns on the alkene. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that transmetalation is rate-limiting.
ABSTRACT
Although crizotinib demonstrates robust efficacy in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small-cell lung carcinoma patients, progression during treatment eventually develops. Resistant patient samples revealed a variety of point mutations in the kinase domain of ALK, including the L1196M gatekeeper mutation. In addition, some patients progress due to cancer metastasis in the brain. Using structure-based drug design, lipophilic efficiency, and physical-property-based optimization, highly potent macrocyclic ALK inhibitors were prepared with good absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), low propensity for p-glycoprotein 1-mediated efflux, and good passive permeability. These structurally unusual macrocyclic inhibitors were potent against wild-type ALK and clinically reported ALK kinase domain mutations. Significant synthetic challenges were overcome, utilizing novel transformations to enable the use of these macrocycles in drug discovery paradigms. This work led to the discovery of 8k (PF-06463922), combining broad-spectrum potency, central nervous system ADME, and a high degree of kinase selectivity.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Brain/metabolism , Lactams, Macrocyclic/chemical synthesis , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aminopyridines , Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Humans , Lactams , Lactams, Macrocyclic/pharmacokinetics , Lactams, Macrocyclic/pharmacology , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Mutation , NIH 3T3 Cells , Pyrazoles , Rats , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Crizotinib (1), an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2011, is efficacious in ALK and ROS positive patients. Under pressure of crizotinib treatment, point mutations arise in the kinase domain of ALK, resulting in resistance and progressive disease. The successful application of both structure-based and lipophilic-efficiency-focused drug design resulted in aminopyridine 8e, which was potent across a broad panel of engineered ALK mutant cell lines and showed suitable preclinical pharmacokinetics and robust tumor growth inhibition in a crizotinib-resistant cell line (H3122-L1196M).
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Point Mutation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyridines/pharmacology , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics , Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase , Crizotinib , HumansABSTRACT
A novel series of pyrrolopyrazole-based protein kinase C ß II inhibitors has been identified from high-throughput screening. Herein, we report our initial structure-activity relationship studies with a focus on optimizing compound ligand efficiency and physicochemical properties, which has led to potent inhibitors with good cell permeability.
Subject(s)
Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Pyrazoles/chemistry , High-Throughput Screening Assays , Protein Kinase C/metabolism , Protein Kinase C beta , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A promising area of novel anti-diabetic therapy involves identification of small molecule activators of the glucokinase enzyme to reduce blood glucose and normalize glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Herein, we report the identification and optimization of a series of 4-sulfonyl-2-pyridone activators. The activators were evaluated for in vitro biochemical activation and pharmacokinetic properties. As part of these efforts, a unique metabolic liability of the 4-sulfonyl-2-pyridone ring system was identified wherein this heterocycle readily undergoes conjugation with glutathione under non-enzymatic conditions.
Subject(s)
Glucokinase/drug effects , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Pyridones/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Blood Glucose , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Glutathione/chemistry , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/metabolism , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Pyridones/chemistry , Pyridones/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was a worldwide epidemic caused by a coronavirus that has a cysteine protease (3CLpro) essential to its life cycle. Steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetic methods were used with highly active 3CLpro to characterize the reaction mechanism. We show that 3CLpro has mechanistic features common and disparate to the archetypical proteases papain and chymotrypsin. The kinetic mechanism for 3CLpro-mediated ester hydrolysis, including the individual rate constants, is consistent with a simple double displacement mechanism. The pre-steady-state burst rate was independent of ester substrate concentration indicating a high commitment to catalysis. When homologous peptidic amide and ester substrates were compared, a series of interesting observations emerged. Despite a 2000-fold difference in nonenzymatic reactivity, highly related amide and ester substrates were found to have similar kinetic parameters in both the steady-state and pre-steady-state. Steady-state solvent isotope effect (SIE) studies showed an inverse SIE for the amide but not ester substrates. Evaluation of the SIE in the pre-steady-state revealed normal SIEs for both amide and ester burst rates. Proton inventory (PI) studies on amide peptide hydrolysis were consistent with two proton-transfer reactions in the transition state while the ester data was consistent with a single proton-transfer reaction. Finally, the pH-inactivation profile of 3CLpro with iodoacetamide is indicative of an ion-pair mechanism. Taken together, the data are consistent with a 3CLpro mechanism that utilizes an "electrostatic" trigger to initiate the acylation reaction, a cysteine-histidine catalytic dyad ion pair, an enzyme-facilitated release of P1, and a general base-catalyzed deacylation reaction.