The Dejour classification for trochlear dysplasia shows slight interobserver and substantial intraobserver reliability.

PURPOSE: Trochlear dysplasia is one of the main risk factors for recurrent patellar dislocation. The Dejour classification identifies four categories that can be used to classify trochlear dysplasia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the inter- and intraobserver reliability of the Dejour classification for trochlear dysplasia. The hypothesis was that both intra- and interobserver reliability would be at least moderate. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, reliability study. Twenty-eight examiners from the International Patellofemoral Study Group 2022 meeting evaluated lateral radiographs of the knee and axial magnetic resonance images from 15 cases of patellofemoral instability with trochlear dysplasia. They classified each case according to Dejour's classification for trochlear dysplasia (A-D). There were three rounds: one with only computed radiograph (CR), one with only magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and one with both. Inter- and intraobserver reliability were calculated using κ coefficient (0-1). RESULTS: The mean age of patients was: 14.6 years; 60% were female and 53% had open physis. The interobserver reliability κ probabilities were 0.2 (CR), 0.13 (MRI) and 0.12 (CR and MRI). The intraobserver reliability κ probabilities were 0.45 (CR), 0.44 (MRI) and 0.65 (CR and MRI). CONCLUSION: The Dejour classification for trochlear dysplasia has slight interobserver reliability and substantial intraobserver reliability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I.

Magnetic resonance imaging overestimates patellar height compared with radiographs.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the inter-observer and inter-method reliability for patellar height measurements between conventional radiographs (CR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using one or two slices. METHODS: This was a reliability study, with 60 patients divided in two groups: 30 patients with patellar instability (patella group) and 30 patients with anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus injury (control group). CR and MRI were evaluated by two independent observers. Insall-Salvati index (IS) and Caton-Deschamps index (CD) were measured using three different methods: CR, one-slice MRI or two-slice MRI. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for inter-observer reliability and inter-method reliability. Bland-Altman agreement was also calculated. RESULTS: The inter-observer reliability was very good for the IS with ICCs of 0.93, 0.84 and 0.82, for the CR, one-slice MRI and two-slice MRI, respectively. Similarly, for the CD the ICCs were good, 0.76, 0.80 and 0.75 for the CR, one-slice MRI and two-slice MRI, respectively. No differences were found between the patella and the control group. The inter-method analysis results were: ICCs for IS (0.83, 0.86, 0.93) and CD (0.72, 0.82, 0.83), for the comparisons of CR/one-slice MR, CR/two-slice MRI and one-slice MRI/two-slice MRI, respectively. The Bland-Altman mean differences showed an 8% and a 7% increase on IS values with one-slice MRI and two-slice MRI compared to CR results, while the increase was of 9% and 1% in CD for the respective comparisons with CR. CONCLUSION: MRI can overestimate patellar height compared to CR, as much as an 8% increase in Insall-Salvati values when using one- or two-slice MRI measurements, and up to a 9% increase in Caton-Deschamps value when using the one-slice MRI method. It is recommended to use the CR as the preferred method when measuring patellar height. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Anatomical Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Are Not Important As Patellar Instability Risk Factors in Patients with Acute Knee Injury.

To compare in magnetic resonance imaging the anatomical risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and patellar dislocation among patients who suffered acute knee injury, 105 patients with acute knee injury resulting in 38 patellar dislocations (patella group), 35 ACL injuries (ACL group), and 32 meniscus or medial collateral ligament injuries (control group) were included. These groups were compared for risk factors for patellar dislocation (patellar height, trochlear dysplasia, and quadriceps angle of action) and for ACL injury (intercondylar width, posterior inclination of tibial plateaus, and depth of the medial plateau). Univariate analysis found statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the patella and ACL groups in patellar height (Caton-Deschamps [CD] 1.23 vs. 1.07), trochlear facet asymmetry (55 vs. 68%), PTTG (13.08 vs. 8.01 mm), and the patellar tip and trochlear groove (PTTG) angle (29.5 vs. 13.71 degrees). The patella group also differed from control in medial plateau inclination (4.8 vs. 1.87 degrees), patellar height (CD 1.23 vs 1.08), trochlear facet asymmetry (55 vs. 69%), lateral trochlear inclination (17.11 vs. 20.65 degrees), trochlear depth (4.1 vs. 6.05 mm), PTTG (13.08 vs. 9.85 mm), and the PTTG angle (29.5 vs. 17.88 degrees). The ACL and control groups were similar in all measures. Multivariate analysis found the following significant determinants between the Patella and Control groups: patellar height (CD index, odds ratio [OR]: 80.13, p = 0.015), trochlear anatomy (asymmetry of facets M/L, OR: 1.06, p = 0.031) and quadriceps action angle (PTTG angle, OR: 1.09, p = 0.016); between the ACL and control groups: PTTG angle (OR: 0.936, p = 0.04) and female gender (OR: 3.876, p = 0.032); and between the patella and ACL groups, the CD index (OR: 67.62, p = 0.026), asymmetry of the M/L facets (OR: 1.07, p = 0.011) and PTTG angle (OR: 1.16, p < 0.001). In conclusion, in patients with acute knee injury, the anatomical factors patellar height, trochlear dysplasia, and quadriceps angle of action were related to the occurrence of patellar dislocation. None of the anatomical factors studied was related to the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament injury.

The Vastus Medialis Insertion Is More Proximal and Medial in Patients With Patellar Instability: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: The anatomy and function of the quadriceps muscle play a role in patellofemoral stability. Few studies have evaluated anatomic differences in the vastus medialis between patients with and without patellar instability. PURPOSE: To compare the anatomy of the vastus medialis using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with patellar instability to a control group. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A group of patients with patellar instability were sex-matched with a control group with anterior cruciate ligament tears, meniscal injuries, or sprains; patients younger than 15 years were excluded. The anatomy of the vastus medialis was examined by the distance between the distal origin of the vastus medialis in the femur and the medial femoral condyle, the distance from the proximal pole of the patella to the most distal insertion of the muscle and its ratio to the length of the articular surface of the patella, and a qualitative description of the insertion position of the muscle fibers (directly in the patella or the medial retinaculum). RESULTS: Both groups comprised 78 knees (48 female; 61.5%). The mean age in the control and patellar instability groups was 30.2 ± 7.8 years and 25.6 ± 7.5 years, respectively (P = .001). The distance from the vastus origin to the condyle was 27.52 ± 3.49 mm and 26.59 ± 3.43 mm, respectively (P = .041); the distance from the proximal pole of the patella to the most distal muscle insertion was 17.59 ± 5.54 mm and 15.02 ± 4.18 mm, respectively (P < .001); and the ratio of this distance to the joint surface was 0.586 ± 0.180 and 0.481 ± 0.130, respectively (P < .001). In 75.6% of knees in the patellar instability group, the insertion of the vastus was into the medial retinaculum and not into the patella compared with 52.6% in the control group (P = .003; odds ratio, 2.8). CONCLUSION: The distal insertion of the vastus medialis differed in knees with patellar instability, with a more proximal insertion and less patellar coverage relative to controls, and was more frequently found in the retinaculum instead of directly in the patella.

Anatomic Risk Factors for Focal Cartilage Lesions in the Patella and Trochlea: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Focal cartilage lesions in the patellofemoral (PF) joint are common. Several studies correlated PF risk factors with PF instability, anterior knee pain, and PF arthritis; however, there is a lack of evidence correlating those factors to PF focal cartilage lesions. PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of the anatomic PF risk factors in patients with isolated focal PF cartilage lesions. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Patients with isolated PF focal cartilage lesions were included in the cartilage lesion group, and patients with other pathologies and normal PF cartilage were included in the control group. Multiple PF risk factors were accessed on magnetic resonance imaging scans: patellar morphology (patellar width, patellar thickness, and patellar angle), trochlear morphology (trochlear sulcus angle, lateral condyle index, and trochlear sulcus depth), patellar height (Insall-Salvati ratio and Caton-Deschamps index), axial patellar positioning (patellar tilt, angle of Fulkerson), and quadriceps vector (tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance). RESULTS: A total of 135 patients were included in the cartilage lesion group and 100 in the control group. As compared with the control group, the cartilage lesion group had a higher sulcus angle (P = .0007), lower trochlear sulcus depth (P < .0001), lower angle of Fulkerson (P < .0001), lower patellar width (P = .0003), and higher Insall-Salvati ratio (P < .0001). From the patients in the cartilage lesion group, 36% had trochlear dysplasia; 27.6%, patella alta; and 24.7%, abnormal patellar tilt. These parameters were more frequent in the cartilage lesion group (P < .0001). Trochlear lesions were more frequent in men, presented at an older age, and had fewer associated anatomic risk factors. Patellar lesions, conversely, were more frequent in women, presented at younger age, and were more closely associated with anatomic risk factors. CONCLUSION: PF anatomic abnormalities are significantly more common in patients with full-thickness PF cartilage lesions. Trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, and excessive lateral patellar tilt are the most common correlated factors, especially in patellar lesions.

Femoral condyle osteochondral fracture treated with bone suture after acute patellar dislocation: a case report / Lesão condral do fêmur tratada com sutura óssea após luxação aguda de patela: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT Osteochondral fracture after acute patellar dislocation in teenagers is relatively common (up to 60% of cases of patellar dislocation), but poorly diagnosed. There are several treatments proposed for this type of injury, but none well defined in the literature.A male patient, 13 years old, with a diagnosis of osteochondral fracture of the lateral femoral condyle after acute dislocation of the right patella. He underwent surgical treatment of the chondral injury, which consisted of suturing of the chondral fragment to the cartilage defect and, in a second approach, reconstruction of the medial patellotibial ligament and medial patellofemoral ligament with autologous flexor graft. Currently, the patient has been followed up for 16 months postoperatively for the suture of the chondral fragment and for 8 months for the ligament reconstruction. He has been evaluated through functional scores and T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Acute fixation through direct bone suturing of a purely chondral fragment can be considered in special situations.

RESUMO A fratura osteocondral após luxação aguda de patela em adolescentes é relativamente comum (até 60% dos casos de luxação patelar), porém pouco diagnosticada. Existem diversos tratamentos propostos para esse tipo de lesão, mas nenhum está bem definido na literatura. Paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos, com diagnóstico de fratura osteocondral do côndilo femoral lateral, após luxação aguda da patela direita. Foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico da lesão condral, que consistiu em sutura do fragmento condral ao defeito da cartilagem e, em um segundo tempo, a reconstrução do ligamento patelotibial medial (LPTM) e reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral medial (LPFM) com enxerto autólogo de flexores. Atualmente o paciente encontra-se com o seguimento de 16 meses de pós-operatório da sutura do fragmento condral e oito meses da reconstrução ligamentar, foi avaliado através de escores funcionais e ressonância magnética com mapeamento de T2. Em casos especiais, pode-se considerar o uso de fixação aguda por sutura óssea direta de um fragmento puramente condral.

Femoral condyle osteochondral fracture treated with bone suture after acute patellar dislocation: a case report.

Osteochondral fracture after acute patellar dislocation in teenagers is relatively common (up to 60% of cases of patellar dislocation), but poorly diagnosed. There are several treatments proposed for this type of injury, but none well defined in the literature. A male patient, 13 years old, with a diagnosis of osteochondral fracture of the lateral femoral condyle after acute dislocation of the right patella. He underwent surgical treatment of the chondral injury, which consisted of suturing of the chondral fragment to the cartilage defect and, in a second approach, reconstruction of the medial patellotibial ligament and medial patellofemoral ligament with autologous flexor graft. Currently, the patient has been followed up for 16 months postoperatively for the suture of the chondral fragment and for 8 months for the ligament reconstruction. He has been evaluated through functional scores and T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Acute fixation through direct bone suturing of a purely chondral fragment can be considered in special situations.

A fratura osteocondral após luxação aguda de patela em adolescentes é relativamente comum (até 60% dos casos de luxação patelar), porém pouco diagnosticada. Existem diversos tratamentos propostos para esse tipo de lesão, mas nenhum está bem definido na literatura. Paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos, com diagnóstico de fratura osteocondral do côndilo femoral lateral, após luxação aguda da patela direita. Foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico da lesão condral, que consistiu em sutura do fragmento condral ao defeito da cartilagem e, em um segundo tempo, a reconstrução do ligamento patelotibial medial (LPTM) e reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral medial (LPFM) com enxerto autólogo de flexores. Atualmente o paciente encontra-se com o seguimento de 16 meses de pós-operatório da sutura do fragmento condral e oito meses da reconstrução ligamentar, foi avaliado através de escores funcionais e ressonância magnética com mapeamento de T2. Em casos especiais, pode-se considerar o uso de fixação aguda por sutura óssea direta de um fragmento puramente condral.

Translation and validation of the new version of the Knee Society Score - The 2011 KS Score - into Brazilian Portuguese.

OBJECTIVE: Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the new version of the Knee Society Score - The 2011 KS Score - into Brazilian Portuguese and verification of its measurement properties, reproducibility, and validity. In 2012, the new version of the Knee Society Score was developed and validated. This scale comprises four separate subscales: (a) objective knee score (seven items: 100 points); (b) patient satisfaction score (five items: 40 points); (c) patient expectations score (three items: 15 points); and (d) functional activity score (19 items: 100 points). METHOD: A total of 90 patients aged 55-85 years were evaluated in a clinical cross-sectional study. The pre-operative translated version was applied to patients with TKA referral, and the post-operative translated version was applied to patients who underwent TKA. Each patient answered the same questionnaire twice and was evaluated by two experts in orthopedic knee surgery. Evaluations were performed pre-operatively and three, six, or 12 months post-operatively. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the two applications. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The ICC found no difference between the means of the pre-operative, three-month, and six-month post-operative evaluations between sub-scale items. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of The 2011 KS Score is a valid and reliable instrument for objective and subjective evaluation of the functionality of Brazilian patients who undergo TKA and revision TKA.

OBJETIVO: Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar a nova versão da escala Knee Society Score ­ The 2011 KS Score ­ para a língua portuguesa e verificar suas propriedades de medida, reprodutibilidade e validade. Em 2012, a nova versão do Knee Society Score foi desenvolvida e validada, com quatro subescalas: a) avaliação objetiva do joelho (sete itens: 100 pontos); b) satisfação do paciente (cinco itens: 40 pontos); c) expectativa do paciente (três itens: 15 pontos); e d) atividade funcional (19 itens: 100 pontos). MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 90 pacientes entre 55 e 85 anos em estudo clínico transversal. A versão traduzida pré-operatória foi aplicada em pacientes com indicação de ATJ e a versão traduzida pós-operatória foi aplicada em pacientes submetidos a ATJ. Cada paciente respondeu o mesmo questionário duas vezes, foram avaliados por dois ortopedistas especialistas em cirurgia do joelho. Foram feitas avaliações pré-operatórias com três, seis ou 12 meses de pós-operatório. A confiabilidade do questionário foi avaliada através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) entre as duas aplicações. A consistência interna foi avaliada através do alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: O índice do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse não detectou diferença entre as médias das avaliações no pré-operatório, com três meses e seis meses de pós-operatório entre os subitens da escala. CONCLUSÃO: A versão brasileira do The 2011 KS Score mostrou-se um instrumento válido e confiável para avaliação objetiva e subjetiva da função de pacientes brasileiros submetidos a ATJ e revisão de ATJ.

Translation and validation of the new version of the Knee Society Score - The 2011 KS Score - into Brazilian Portuguese / Tradução e validação da nova versão da escala Knee Society Score - The 2011 KS Score - para a língua portuguesa

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the new version of the Knee Society Score - The 2011 KS Score - into Brazilian Portuguese and verification of its measurement properties, reproducibility, and validity. In 2012, the new version of the Knee Society Score was developed and validated. This scale comprises four separate subscales: (a) objective knee score (seven items: 100 points); (b) patient satisfaction score (five items: 40 points); (c) patient expectations score (three items: 15 points); and (d) functional activity score (19 items: 100 points). METHOD: A total of 90 patients aged 55-85 years were evaluated in a clinical cross-sectional study. The pre-operative translated version was applied to patients with TKA referral, and the post-operative translated version was applied to patients who underwent TKA. Each patient answered the same questionnaire twice and was evaluated by two experts in orthopedic knee surgery. Evaluations were performed pre-operatively and three, six, or 12 months post-operatively. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the two applications. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The ICC found no difference between the means of the pre-operative, three-month, and six-month post-operative evaluations between sub-scale items. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of The 2011 KS Score is a valid and reliable instrument for objective and subjective evaluation of the functionality of Brazilian patients who undergo TKA and revision TKA.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar a nova versão da escala Knee Society Score - The 2011 KS Score - para a língua portuguesa e verificar suas propriedades de medida, reprodutibilidade e validade. Em 2012, a nova versão do Knee Society Score foi desenvolvida e validada, com quatro subescalas: a) avaliação objetiva do joelho (sete itens: 100 pontos); b) satisfação do paciente (cinco itens: 40 pontos); c) expectativa do paciente (três itens: 15 pontos); e d) atividade funcional (19 itens: 100 pontos). MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 90 pacientes entre 55 e 85 anos em estudo clínico transversal. A versão traduzida pré-operatória foi aplicada em pacientes com indicação de ATJ e a versão traduzida pós-operatória foi aplicada em pacientes submetidos a ATJ. Cada paciente respondeu o mesmo questionário duas vezes, foram avaliados por dois ortopedistas especialistas em cirurgia do joelho. Foram feitas avaliações pré-operatórias com três, seis ou 12 meses de pós-operatório. A confiabilidade do questionário foi avaliada através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) entre as duas aplicações. A consistência interna foi avaliada através do alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: O índice do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse não detectou diferença entre as médias das avaliações no pré-operatório, com três meses e seis meses de pós-operatório entre os subitens da escala. CONCLUSÃO: A versão brasileira do The 2011 KS Score mostrou-se um instrumento válido e confiável para avaliação objetiva e subjetiva da função de pacientes brasileiros submetidos a ATJ e revisão de ATJ.

Why are bone and soft tissue measurements of the TT-TG distance on MRI different in patients with patellar instability?

PURPOSE: To determine whether the tibial tuberosity-to-trochlear groove distance (TT-TG) and patellar tendon-to-trochlear groove distance (PT-TG) are equal, whether the bony and cartilaginous points coincide in the trochlea, and whether the insertion of the PT coincides with the most anterior point of the TT in patients with patellar instability. METHODS: Fifty-three MRI scans of patients with patellar instability were examined. TT-TG and PT-TG were measured by three examiners in 31 knees. Additionally, the bone-cartilage distance in the trochlea [trochlear cartilage to trochlear bone (TC-TB)] and the distance between the mid-point of the PT insertion and the most anterior point of the TT (PT-TT) were measured by one examiner. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the measurements between the three examiners. The relationships between the measurements were determined, the means of the measurements were calculated, and the correlations between PT-TG and TT-TG, PT-TT, and TC-TB were assessed. RESULTS: The ICC was above 0.8. PT-TG was 3.7 mm greater than TT-TG. The TC and TB coincided in 73 % of cases, and the mean TC-TB was 0.3 mm. The PT was lateral to the TT in 94 % of the cases, and the mean PT-TT was 3.4 mm. The Pearson's correlation coefficients between PT-TG and TT-TG, PT-TT, and TC-TB were 0.946, 0.679, and 0.199, respectively. CONCLUSION: TT-TG underestimated PT-TG, primarily due to the lateralization of the PT insertion relative to the most anterior point of the TT. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: our study shows that in patients with patellar instability, there are differences in the absolute values of TT-TG and PT-TG, as previously reported for patients without patellar instability. Hence, normal cut-off values based on case-control studies of TT-TG cannot be equivalently used when measuring PT-TG to indicate TT medialization in patients with patellar instability. It is also important to note that the clinical outcomes cannot be directly compared between patients evaluated using TT-TG versus PT-TG measurements. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Combined Reconstruction of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament With Quadricipital Tendon and the Medial Patellotibial Ligament With Patellar Tendon.

Although the medial patellotibial ligament (MPTL) has been neglected regarding its function in patellar stability, recently, its importance in terminal extension and during flexion has been recognized. Indications for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament combined with the MPTL are extension subluxation, flexion instability, children with anatomic risk factors for patellar instability, and knee hyperextension associated with generalized laxity. We describe a combined reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament with quadricipital tendon and reconstruction of the MPTL with patellar tendon autografts.

Reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament using quadriceps tendon combined with reconstruction of medial patellotibial ligament using patellar tendon: initial experience.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical technique for anatomical reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the quadriceps tendon, combined with reconstruction of the medial patellotibial ligament using the patellar tendon; and to present the initial results from a case series. METHOD: The proposed technique was used on a series of cases of patients with diagnoses of patellofemoral instability and indications for surgical treatment, who were attended by the Knee Group of HC-IOT, University of São Paulo. The following were evaluated before and after the operation: range of motion (ROM), apprehension test, lateral translation test, patellar inclination test, inverted J sign, subluxation upon extension, pain from compression of the patella and pain from contraction of the quadriceps. After the operation, the patients were asked whether any new episode of dislocation had occurred, what their degree of satisfaction with the surgery was (on a scale from 0 to 10) and whether they would be prepared to go through this operation again. RESULTS: Seven knees were operated, in seven patients, with a mean follow-up of 5.46 months (±2.07). Four patients who presented apprehension before the operation did not show this after the operation. The lateral translation test became normal for all the patients, while the patellar inclination test remained positive for two patients. The patients with an inverted J sign continued to be positive for this sign. Five patients were positive for subluxation upon extension before the operation, but all patients were negative for this after the operation. None of the patients presented any new episode of dislocation of the patella. All of them stated that they were satisfied: five gave a satisfaction score of 9 and two, a score of 10. All of them said that they would undergo the operation again. Only one patient presented a postoperative complication: dehiscence of the wound. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the quadriceps tendon, combined with reconstruction of the medial patellotibial ligament using the patellar tendon, was technically safe and presented good objective and subjective clinical results in this case series with a short follow-up.

OBJETIVO: Descrever técnica cirúrgica de reconstrução anatômica do LPFM com tendão quadricipital combinada com a reconstrução do LPTM com tendão patelar e apresentar os resultados iniciais em uma série de casos. MÉTODO: Foi aplicada a técnica proposta em uma série de casos de pacientes do Grupo de Joelho do HC-IOT diagnosticados com instabilidade patelofemoral e com indicação de tratamento cirúrgico. No pré e pós-operatório foram avaliados: amplitude de movimento (ADM), teste da apreensão, teste da translação lateral, teste da inclinação patelar, sinal do J invertido, subluxação em extensão, dor a compressão da patela e dor a contração do quadríceps. No pós-operatório também foi perguntado aos pacientes se houve novo episódio de luxação, qual o grau de satisfação com a cirurgia (escala de zero a 10) e se passariam pela cirurgia novamente. RESULTADOS: Foram operados sete joelhos em sete pacientes e a média de seguimento foi de 5,46 meses (±2,07). Tivemos quatro pacientes com apreensão no pré-operatório que não tinham apreensão no pós-operatório. O teste de translação lateral foi normalizado em todos os pacientes enquanto o teste da inclinação patelar permaneceu positivo em dois pacientes. Os pacientes com J invertido permaneceram com o sinal positivo. A subluxação em extensão, presente no pré-operatório em cinco pacientes, foi negativa em todos no pós-operatório. Nenhum paciente apresentou novo episódio de luxação da patela. Todos responderam estar satisfeitos. Cinco pacientes referiram satisfação 9 e dois referiram 10. Todas passariam novamente pela cirurgia. Apenas uma paciente apresentou complicação pós-operatória, deiscência de ferida. CONCLUSÃO: A reconstrução combinada do LPFM com tendão quadricipital com a reconstrução do LPTM com tendão patelar é tecnicamente segura e apresentou bons resultados clínicos objetivos e subjetivos nesta série de caso de curto seguimento.

Reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament using quadriceps tendon combined with reconstruction of medial patellotibial ligament using patellar tendon: initial experience / Reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral medial com tendão quadricipital combinada com patelotibial medial com tendão patelar: experiência inicial

To describe a surgical technique for anatomical reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the quadriceps tendon, combined with reconstruction of the medial patellotibial ligament using the patellar tendon; and to present the initial results from a case series. METHOD: The proposed technique was used on a series of cases of patients with diagnoses of patellofemoral instability and indications for surgical treatment, who were attended by the Knee Group of HC-IOT, University of São Paulo...

Descrever técnica cirúrgica de reconstrução anatômica do LPFM com tendão quadricipital combinada com a reconstrução do LPTM com tendão patelar e apresentar os resultados iniciais em uma série de casos. MÉTODO: Foi aplicada a técnica proposta em uma série de casos de pacientes do Grupo de Joelho do HC-IOT diagnosticados com instabilidade patelofemoral e com indicação de tratamento cirúrgico...

Patellar Tendon-Trochlear Groove Angle Measurement: A New Method for Patellofemoral Rotational Analyses.

BACKGROUND: The tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) is used as the gold standard for patellofemoral malalignment. PURPOSE: To assess 3 patellar tendon-trochlear groove (PT-TG) angle measurement techniques and the PT-TG distance measurement (tendinous cartilaginous TT-TG) as predictors of patellar instability. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Three PT-TG angle measurements and the PT-TG distance were measured in 82 participants with patellar instability and 100 controls using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Measurement landmarks were the line tangent to the posterior femoral condyles, the deepest point of the trochlea, the transepicondylar line, and the patellar tendon center. All measurements were recorded once by 1 examiner, and the measurements were recorded twice by 2 examiners in a random group of 100 knees. Mean values and standard deviations (SDs) were obtained. Normality cutoff values were defined as 2 and 3 SDs above the mean in the control group. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) were calculated. Inter- and intrarater reliability were assessed based on the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: The measurements from the patellar instability and control groups, respectively, for angle 1 (16.4° and 8.4°), angle 2 (31° and 15.6°), angle 3 (30.8° and 15.7°), PT-TG distance (14.5 and 8.4 mm), and patellar tilt (21.1° and 7.5°) were significantly different (P < .05). The angle measurements showed greater sensitivity, specificity, and LR+ than the PT-TG distance. Inter- and intrarater ICC values were >0.95 for all measurements. CONCLUSION: The PT-TG angle and the PT-TG distance are reliable and are different between the patellar instability and control groups. PT-TG angles are more closely associated with patellar instability than PT-TG distance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PT-TG angle measurements show high reliability and association with patellar instability and can aid in the assessment of extensor mechanism malalignment. A more sensitive and specific evaluation of extensor mechanism malalignment can improve patient care by preventing both redislocation and abnormal tracking of overlooked malalignment and complications of unnecessary tibial tuberosity medialization.

Correlação inter-observador da classificação de falhas ósseas em artroplastia de joelho / Interobserver correlation in classification of bone loss in total knee arthroplasty

OBJETIVO: Considerando a dificuldade para classificar os defeitos ósseos foi feito estudo para avaliar se a classificação de falha óssea da AORI baseada na radiografia pré-operatória é fidedigna e reprodutível entre diferentes médicos. MÉTODOS: Seis ortopedistas com subespecialização em cirurgia do joelho foram treinados para o uso da classificação radiográfica. Esses cirurgiões avaliaram e classificaram isoladamente as falhas ósseas de 26 radiografias de próteses de joelho pré revisão. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que houve coincidência de >50 por cento (correlação moderada) da classificação em 24 dos 26 casos no fêmur e em 22 dos 26 casos na tíbia; e correlação de >80 por cento (boa correlação) em 12 dos 26 casos no fêmur e em sete dos 26 casos na tíbia. CONCLUSÃO: Em relação à concordância da classificação, observamos que a classificação AORI apresenta moderada correlação inter-observadores. Nível de evidência III, Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referencia "ouro" aplicado uniformemente.

OBJECTIVE: Considering the difficulty for classifying bone losses the present study was designed to analyse if the AORI classification based on pre-operative radiographies is consistent and reproductible between different orthopaedic surgeons. METHODS: Six orthopedists specialized in knee surgery were trained for the use of the classification based on radiographic evaluation. All the surgeons individually classified 26 pre operative knee radiographs. RESULTS: There was a moderate (> 50 percent) matching of the classification in 24 of 26 cases in the femur and 22 of 26 in the tibia. A good matching (> 80 percent) was present in 12 of 26 cases in the femur and in 7 of 26 cases in the tibia. CONCLUSION: We observed that the AORI classification presented a moderate radiographic correlation between surgeons. Evidence of level III, Study of nonconsecutive patients; without consistently applied reference ''gold'' standard.