INfluenza VaccInation To mitigate typE 1 Diabetes (INVITED): a study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in children and adolescents with recent-onset type 1 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: Children and adolescents with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) commonly maintain a certain level of insulin production during the remission phase, which can last months to years. Preserving ß-cell function can reduce T1D complications and improve glycaemic control. Influenza vaccination has pleiotropic effects and administration of the vaccine during the early phases of T1D may offer ß-cell protection. This study aims to assess the effect of influenza vaccination on preserving ß-cell function in children and adolescents with recent-onset T1D. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The INfluenza VaccInation To mitigate typE 1 Diabetes trial is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial in paediatric patients with recent-onset T1D aged 7-17 years. 100 participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a standard inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine or a placebo within 14 days of diagnosis. The primary outcome is a difference in mean change (from baseline to 12 months) in C-peptide level between groups during a 2-hour mixed-meal tolerance test. Secondary outcomes include mean change (from baseline to 6 months) in C-peptide levels, haemoglobin A1c, ambulatory glucose profiles and insulin requirements. Exploratory outcomes are diabetes-related autoantibodies, inflammatory markers and serum haemagglutinin inhibition antibody titres against the influenza viruses. The current treatment for T1D is largely symptomatic, relying on insulin administration. There is a pressing need for novel pharmacological approaches aimed at modulating the immune system to preserve residual ß-cell function. Existing immunotherapies are cost-prohibitive and associated with multiple side effects, whereas influenza vaccination is inexpensive and generally well tolerated. A positive outcome of this study holds potential for immediate implementation into standard care for children and adolescents with recent-onset T1D and may guide future research on immune modulation in T1D. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was obtained from Danish Health Authorities prior to participant enrollment. The trial results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05585983 and EudraCT Number 2022-500906-17-01.

Pleiotropic Effects of Influenza Vaccination.

Influenza vaccines are designed to mimic natural influenza virus exposure and stimulate a long-lasting immune response to future infections. The evolving nature of the influenza virus makes vaccination an important and efficacious strategy to reduce healthcare-related complications of influenza. Several lines of evidence indicate that influenza vaccination may induce nonspecific effects, also referred to as heterologous or pleiotropic effects, that go beyond protection against infection. Different explanations are proposed, including the upregulation and downregulation of cytokines and epigenetic reprogramming in monocytes and natural killer cells, imprinting an immunological memory in the innate immune system, a phenomenon termed "trained immunity". Also, cross-reactivity between related stimuli and bystander activation, which entails activation of B and T lymphocytes without specific recognition of antigens, may play a role. In this review, we will discuss the possible nonspecific effects of influenza vaccination in cardiovascular disease, type 1 diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease, future research questions, and potential implications. A discussion of the potential effects on infections by other pathogens is beyond the scope of this review.

Ketone Body Infusion Abrogates Growth Hormone-Induced Lipolysis and Insulin Resistance.

CONTEXT: Exogenous ketone body administration lowers circulating glucose levels but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that administration of the ketone body ß-hydroxybutyrate (ßOHB) acutely increases insulin sensitivity via feedback suppression of circulating free fatty acid (FFA) levels. METHODS: In a randomized, single-blinded crossover design, 8 healthy men were studied twice with a growth hormone (GH) infusion to induce lipolysis in combination with infusion of either ßOHB or saline. Each study day comprised a basal period and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp combined with a glucose tracer and adipose tissue and skeletal muscle biopsies. RESULTS: ßOHB administration profoundly suppressed FFA levels concomitantly with a significant increase in glucose disposal and energy expenditure. This was accompanied by a many-fold increase in skeletal muscle content of both ßOHB and its derivative acetoacetate. CONCLUSION: Our data unravel an insulin-sensitizing effect of ßOHB, which we suggest is mediated by concomitant suppression of lipolysis.

Reversible insulin resistance in muscle and fat unrelated to the metabolic syndrome in patients with acromegaly.

BACKGROUND: Patients with active acromegaly exhibit insulin resistance despite a lean phenotype whereas controlled disease improves insulin sensitivity and increases fat mass. The mechanisms underlying this paradox remain elusive, but growth hormone (GH)-induced lipolysis plays a central role. The aim of the study was to investigative the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance dissociated from obesity in patients with acromegaly. METHODS: In a prospective study, twenty-one patients with newly diagnosed acromegaly were studied at diagnosis and after disease control obtained by either surgery alone (n=10) or somatostatin analogue (SA) treatment (n=11) with assessment of body composition (DXA scan), whole body and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity and GH and insulin signalling in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. FINDINGS: Disease control of acromegaly significantly reduced lean body mass (p<0.001) and increased fat mass (p<0.001). At diagnosis, GH signalling (pSTAT5) was constitutively activated in fat and enhanced expression of GH-regulated genes (CISH and IGF-I) were detected in muscle and fat. Insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue increased after disease control regardless of treatment modality. This was associated with enhanced insulin signalling in both muscle and fat including downregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) together with reduced signalling of GH and lipolytic activators in fat. INTERPRETATION: In conclusion, the study support that uncontrolled lipolysis is a major feature of insulin resistance in active acromegaly, and is characterized by upregulation of PTEN and suppression of insulin signalling in both muscle and fat. FUNDING: This work was supported by a grant from the Independent Research Fund, Denmark (7016-00303A) and from the Alfred Benzon Foundation, Denmark.

First-generation somatostatin ligand receptor treatment in a pregnant patient with a neuroendocrine tumor with liver metastases.

SUMMARY: This rare case describes the course of a pregnancy in a patient with a disseminated small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. The patient received treatment with first-generation somatostatin ligand receptor (SLR) every 4 weeks and had stable disease for several years before her pregnancy. First-generation SLR treatment was initially paused after detection of the pregnancy. During pregnancy, the patient experienced moderate gastro-intestinal discomfort and fatigue, which was considered predominantly pregnancy related. However, since symptoms could be linked to the patient's cancer, treatment was resumed after the first trimester. Chromogranin-A measurements remained stable throughout pregnancy and was paralleled by the absence of diarrhea and only minor flushing. She gave birth by elective caesarean section in week 37 to a healthy baby. Subsequent follow up imaging immediately after and 10 months postpartum showed no disease progression. The safety profile of SLR treatment during pregnancy in the context of disseminated neuroendocrine tumors (NET) is discussed. LEARNING POINTS: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are rare cancers often occurring in the gastro-intestinal tract or lungs. Many patients with NEN live for several years with disseminated disease. SLR treatment has been given to pregnant patients before; often patients with acromegaly. Pregnancies are reported uneventful. This patient completed an uneventful pregnancy while receiving SLR treatment for disseminated neuroendocrine disease and gave birth to a healthy baby. More research regarding long term effects and safety signals of SLR treatment during pregnancy are much needed.

[Tardive akathisia after long-term metoclopramide treatment].

This case report describes a 57-year-old male with symptoms of tardive akathisia after long-term metoclopramide treatment. As metoclopramide is a dopamine receptor antagonist, it has the potential to cause drug-induced movement disorders, including akathisia, which is characterised by an inner restlessness resulting in a need for constant movement. Tardive akathisia, in contrast to acute akathisia, evolves after prolonged exposure to the triggering medication and can be a permanent condition. Treatment duration of metoclopramide should be restricted, and awareness of neurological side effects is important.

Insulin resistance induced by growth hormone is linked to lipolysis and associated with suppressed pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle: a 2 × 2 factorial, randomised, crossover study in human individuals.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Growth hormone (GH) causes insulin resistance that is linked to lipolysis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated if GH-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle involves accumulation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and ceramide as well as impaired insulin signalling, or substrate competition between fatty acids and glucose. METHODS: Nine GH-deficient male participants were randomised and examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design with and without administration of GH and acipimox (an anti-lipolytic compound). As-treated analyses were performed, wherefore data from three visits from two patients were excluded due to incorrect GH administration. The primary outcome was insulin sensitivity, expressed as the AUC of the glucose infusion rate (GIRAUC), and furthermore, the levels of DAGs and ceramides, insulin signalling and the activity of the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) were assessed in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained in the basal state and during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (HEC). RESULTS: Co-administration of acipimox completely suppressed the GH-induced elevation in serum levels of NEFA (GH versus GH+acipimox, p < 0.0001) and abrogated GH-induced insulin resistance (mean GIRAUC [95% CI] [mg min-1 kg-1] during the HEC: control, 595 [493, 718]; GH, 468 [382, 573]; GH+acipimox, 654 [539, 794]; acipimox, 754 [618, 921]; GH vs GH+acipimox: p = 0.004). GH did not significantly change either the accumulation of DAGs and ceramides or insulin signalling in skeletal muscle, but GH antagonised the insulin-stimulated increase in PDHa activity (mean ± SEM [% from the basal state to the HEC]: control, 47 ± 19; GH, -15 ± 21; GH+acipimox, 3 ± 21; acipimox, 57 ± 22; main effect: p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: GH-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is: (1) causally linked to lipolysis; (2) not associated with either accumulation of DAGs and ceramides or impaired insulin signalling; (3) likely to involve substrate competition between glucose and lipid intermediates. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02782208 FUNDING: The work was supported by the Grant for Growth Innovation (GGI), which was funded by Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Graphical abstract.

Growth Hormone and Obesity.

Growth hormone (GH) exerts IGF-I dependent protein anabolic and direct lipolytic effects. Obesity reversibly suppresses GH secretion driven by elevated FFA levels, whereas serum IGF-I levels remain normal or elevated due to elevated portal insulin levels. Fasting in lean individuals suppresses hepatic IGF-I production and increases pituitary GH release, but this pattern is less pronounced in obesity. Fasting in obesity is associated with increased sensitivity to the insulin-antagonistic effects of GH. GH treatment in obesity induces a moderate reduction in fat mass and an increase in lean body mass but the therapeutic potential is uncertain.

Growth hormone upregulates ANGPTL4 mRNA and suppresses lipoprotein lipase via fatty acids: Randomized experiments in human individuals.

OBJECTIVES: Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of circulating triglycerides into free fatty acids (FFA) and thereby promotes FFA uptake in peripheral tissues. LPL is negatively regulated by angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) presumably by an FFA-dependent mechanism. Growth hormone (GH) suppresses LPL activity, but it is unknown whether this is mediated by FFA and ANGPTL4. Therefore, we investigated the concerted effect of GH on ANGPTL4 and LPL in the presence and absence of lipolysis in two in vivo studies in human subjects. METHODS: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, nine obese men were examined after injection of 1) a GH bolus, and 2) a GH-receptor antagonist followed by four adipose tissue biopsies obtained over a 5-h period. In a second study, nine hypopituitary men were examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design including GH and acipimox (an anti-lipolytic agent), with biopsies from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle obtained during a basal period and a subsequent hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. The mRNA expression of ANGPTL4 and LPL as well as LPL activity were analyzed in the biopsies. RESULTS: In both studies, GH increased serum FFA levels, upregulated ANGPTL4 mRNA expression and suppressed LPL activity. In study 2, acipimox completely suppressed FFA levels and antagonized the effects of GH on ANGPTL4 and LPL. CONCLUSIONS: These human in vivo studies demonstrate that GH upregulates ANGPTL4 mRNA and suppresses LPL activity via an FFA-dependent mechanism.

Effects of protein intake prior to carbohydrate-restricted endurance exercise: a randomized crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Deliberately training with reduced carbohydrate availability, a paradigm coined training low, has shown to promote adaptations associated with improved aerobic capacity. In this context researchers have proposed that protein may be ingested prior to training as a means to enhance the protein balance during exercise without spoiling the effect of the low carbohydrate availability. Accordingly, this is being practiced by world class athletes. However, the effect of protein intake on muscle protein metabolism during training low has not been studied. This study aimed to examine if protein intake prior to exercise with reduced carbohydrate stores benefits muscle protein metabolism in exercising and non-exercising muscles. METHODS: Nine well-trained subjects completed two trials in random order both of which included a high-intensity interval ergometer bike ride (day 1), a morning (day 2) steady state ride (90 min at 65% VO2peak, 90ss), and a 4-h recovery period. An experimental beverage was consumed before 90ss and contained either 0.5 g whey protein hydrolysate [WPH]/ kg lean body mass or flavored water [PLA]. A stable isotope infusion (L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine) combined with arterial-venous blood sampling, and plasma flow rate measurements were used to determine forearm protein turnover. Myofibrillar protein synthesis was determined from stable isotope incorporation into the vastus lateralis. RESULTS: Forearm protein net balance was not different from zero during 90ss exercise (nmol/100 ml/min, PLA: 0.5 ± 2.6; WPH: 1.8, ± 3.3) but negative during the 4 h recovery (nmol/100 ml/min, PLA: - 9.7 ± 4.6; WPH: - 8.7 ± 6.5); no interaction (P = 0.5) or main effect of beverage (P = 0.11) was observed. Vastus lateralis myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were increased during 90ss exercise (+ 0.02 ± 0.02%/h) and recovery (+ 0.02 ± 0.02%/h); no interaction (P = 0.3) or main effect of beverage (P = 0.3) was observed. CONCLUSION: We conclude that protein ingestion prior to endurance exercise in the energy- and carbohydrate-restricted state does not increase myofibrillar protein synthesis or improve net protein balance in the exercising and non-exercising muscles, respectively, during and in the hours after exercise compared to ingestion of a non-caloric control. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01320449. Registered 10 May 2017 - Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03147001.

Temporal patterns of lipolytic regulators in adipose tissue after acute growth hormone exposure in human subjects: A randomized controlled crossover trial.

OBJECTIVE: Growth hormone (GH) stimulates lipolysis, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We examined the effect of GH on the expression of lipolytic regulators in adipose tissue (AT). METHODS: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, nine men were examined after injection of 1) a GH bolus and 2) a GH-receptor antagonist (pegvisomant) followed by four AT biopsies. In a second study, eight men were examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design including GH infusion and 36-h fasting with AT biopsies obtained during a basal period and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Expression of GH-signaling intermediates and lipolytic regulators were studied by PCR and western blotting. In addition, mechanistic experiments in mouse models and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were performed. RESULTS: The GH bolus increased circulating free fatty acids (p < 0.0001) together with phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) (p < 0.0001) and mRNA expression of the STAT5-dependent genes cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) and IGF-1 in AT. This was accompanied by suppressed mRNA expression of G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) (p = 0.007) and fat specific protein 27 (FSP27) (p = 0.002) and upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA expression (p = 0.03). Suppression of G0S2 was also observed in humans after GH infusion and fasting, as well as in GH transgene mice, and in vitro studies suggested MEK-PPARγ signaling to be involved. CONCLUSIONS: GH-induced lipolysis in human subjects in vivo is linked to downregulation of G0S2 and FSP27 and upregulation of PTEN in AT. Mechanistically, in vitro data suggest that GH acts via MEK to suppress PPARγ-dependent transcription of G0S2. ClinicalTrials.govNCT02782221 and NCT01209429.

Whey Protein Combined with Low Dietary Fiber Improves Lipid Profile in Subjects with Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Abdominal obesity is associated with elevated postprandial triglycerides (TG), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies show that whey protein (WP) and dietary fiber may separately reduce postprandial TG. However, few studies have investigated the long-term effects of WP and dietary fiber on postprandial TG. We aimed to investigate the separate and combined long-term effects of WP and dietary fiber from wheat bran on postprandial TG and markers of lipid metabolism in subjects with abdominal obesity. We conducted a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel intervention study. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 73 adults were randomized to receive 60 g/day of either WP hydrolysate or maltodextrin (MD) combined with high-fiber wheat bran products (HiFi; 30 g dietary fiber/day) or low-fiber refined wheat products (LoFi; 10 g dietary fiber/day). A high-fat meal test was conducted before and after the intervention. Sixty-five subjects were included in the final analyses. There were no differences between intervention groups in postprandial TG assessed as incremental area under the curve (iAUC). WP-LoFi had reduced postprandial TG assessed as total area under the curve (tAUC) and reduced fasting TG compared with all other groups, and reduced fasting apolipoprotein B-48 compared with MD-LoFi. There were no changes in lipoprotein lipase activity. Total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B-100 were reduced after WP intake compared with MD. Total cholesterol was increased after HiFi intake compared with LoFi. In conclusion, intake of WP in combination with low-fiber cereal products for 12 weeks had beneficial effects on postprandial TG tAUC and fasting TG, but not on postprandial TG iAUC in subjects with abdominal obesity. Combining WP with high-fiber wheat bran products did not improve lipid profile.

Acipimox Acutely Increases GLP-1 Concentrations in Overweight Subjects and Hypopituitary Patients.

CONTEXT: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone used therapeutically in type 2 diabetes and obesity. The interplay between ambient free fatty acids (FFAs) and GLP-1 remains unclear. Acipimox suppresses adipose tissue lipolysis via activation of the PUMA-G (also known as HCA2 and GPR109a) receptor. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether lowering of serum FFA level with acipimox affects GLP-1 secretion. DESIGN: Two randomized crossover studies were performed in human subjects. Rat intestine was perfused intra-arterially and intraluminally, and l-cells were incubated with acipimox. PARTICIPANTS: The participants were healthy overweight subjects and hypopituitary adult patients. INTERVENTIONS: The overweight participants received acipimox 250 mg 60 minutes before an oral glucose test. The hypopituitary patients received acipimox 250 mg 12, 9, and 2 hours before and during the metabolic study day, when they were studied in the basal state and during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. RESULTS: Acipimox suppressed FFA but did not affect insulin in the clinical trials. In overweight subjects, the GLP-1 increase after the oral glucose tolerance test (area under the curve) was more than doubled [4119 ± 607 pmol/L × min (Acipimox) vs 1973 ± 375 pmol/L × min (control), P = 0.004]. In hypopituitary patients, acipimox improved insulin sensitivity (4.7 ± 0.8 mg glucose/kg/min (Acipimox) vs 3.1 ± 0.5 mg glucose/kg/min (control), P = 0.005], and GLP-1 concentrations increased ~40%. An inverse correlation between FFA and GLP-1 concentrations existed in both trials. In rat intestine, acipimox did not affect GLP-1 secretion, and l-cells did not consistently express the putative receptor for acipimox. CONCLUSIONS: Acipimox treatment increases systemic GLP-1 levels in both obese subjects and hypopituitary patients. Our in vitro data indicate that the underlying mechanisms are indirect.

IgG subclass antibodies to human and bacterial HSP60 are not associated with disease activity and progression over time in axial spondyloarthritis.

INTRODUCTION: Spondyloarthritis (SpA), an interrelated group of rheumatic diseases, has been suggested to be triggered by bacterial infections prior to the development of an autoimmune response that causes inflammation of the spinal and peripheral joints. Because human heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), recently renamed HSPD1, and bacterial HSP60 are highly homologous, immunological cross-reactivity has been proposed as a mechanism of disease initiation. However, previous investigations of the humoral immune response to HSP60 in SpA patients have lacked determination of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and patient follow-up. In this study, we have focused on these parameters in a cohort of axial SpA patients with a well-established set of clinical characteristics, including MRI changes and human leukocyte antigen B27. METHODS: IgG subclass antibodies (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) against recombinant HSP60 of three reactive arthritis-related bacteria; human HSP60; and the microorganisms Chlamydia trachomatis and C. pneumoniae were determined by ELISA. Serum samples collected from 2004 to 2006 and in 2010 and 2011 from 39 axial SpA patients were analyzed and compared with samples from 39 healthy controls. The Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon matched pairs test were used to compare the antibody levels in different and paired groups, respectively. P < 0.01 was considered significant. The Spearman nonparametric correlation was used to determine correlation between antibody levels and between antibody levels and the disease parameters. RESULTS: Elevated levels of IgG1 and IgG3 to human HSP60 and IgG1 to HSP60 of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis were observed in SpA patients compared with healthy controls at both time points. The antibody levels were almost constant over time for IgG1, whereas high levels of IgG3 to human HSP60 tended to decrease over time. The antibody response to human HSP60 was predominantly of the IgG3 subclass, and patients with high levels of IgG3 to this antigen had low levels of IgG1, indicating an inverse association. Different IgG subclasses were produced against bacterial and human HSP60 in the same serum sample, IgG1 and IgG3, respectively, indicating that there was no cross-reaction. CONCLUSIONS: A significant association was observed between axial SpA and the presence of IgG1/IgG3 antibodies to human HSP60 and of IgG1 to S. enterica Enteritidis and C. trachomatis. Generation of antibodies to human HSP60 was independent of the presence of antibodies to bacterial HSP60. No association was observed between clinical and MRI changes with antibodies over time. Altogether, such antibodies do not reflect the disease activity in these patients. This study has been approved by the Regional Research Ethics Committee of Central Jutland, Denmark. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: 20050046 and 20100083

IgG subclass profiles in normal human sera of antibodies specific to five kinds of microbial antigens.

The levels of subclass-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to five microbial antigens in normal human sera were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The aim was to compare the IgG subclass profiles of specific antibodies to diverse antigens originating from virus, intra- and extracellular bacteria. Serum samples from 162 Danish women were analyzed for IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 antibodies against a peptide of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis, the native outer membrane proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae, recombinant membrane proteins of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, recombinant parvovirus B19 capsomers (VP1 and VP2) and C-polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Antibodies specific for viral and bacterial protein antigens belonged mainly to the subclasses IgG1 and IgG3 while the antibody profile specific for pneumococcal C-polysaccharide was dominated by the subclass IgG2. Antibodies to virus, intra- and extracellular bacteria entering the body via the respiratory tract were found primarily to elicit an IgG1 response. In contrast, antibodies specific for MOMP from C. trachomatis, which infects the urogenital tract, were predominantly IgG3. Our results show that the nature of the antigen and/or the site of colonization or infection have impact on which type of IgG subclass a microorganism elicits.

Increased levels of IgG antibodies against human HSP60 in patients with spondyloarthritis.

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) comprises a heterogeneous group of inflammatory diseases, with strong association to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27. A triggering bacterial infection has been considered as the cause of SpA, and bacterial heat shock protein (HSP) seems to be a strong T cell antigen. Since bacterial and human HSP60, also named HSPD1, are highly homologous, cross-reactivity has been suggested in disease initiation. In this study, levels of antibodies against bacterial and human HSP60 were analysed in SpA patients and healthy controls, and the association between such antibodies and disease severity in relation to HLA-B27 was evaluated.Serum samples from 82 patients and 50 controls were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies against human HSP60 and HSP60 from Chlamydia trachomatis, Salmonella enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni. Disease severity was assessed by the clinical scorings Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI). Levels of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies against human HSP60, but not antibodies against bacterial HSP60, were elevated in the SpA group compared with the control group. Association between IgG3 antibodies against human HSP60 and BASMI was shown in HLA-B27⁺ patients. Only weak correlation between antibodies against bacterial and human HSP60 was seen, and there was no indication of cross-reaction. These results suggest that antibodies against human HSP60 is associated with SpA, however, the theory that antibodies against human HSP60 is a specific part of the aetiology, through cross-reaction to bacterial HSP60, cannot be supported by results from this study. We suggest that the association between elevated levels of antibodies against human HSP60 and disease may reflect a general activation of the immune system and an increased expression of human HSP60 in the synovium of patients with SpA.

Tubal factor infertility is associated with antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) but not human HSP60.

BACKGROUND: Serum antibodies against major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) from Chlamydia trachomatis are correlated with sequelae following infection. Since bacterial and human HSP60 share considerable sequence homology, cross-reactivity to human HSP60 is suggested as being involved in tubal factor infertility (TFI). The aim was to investigate whether antibodies to human HSP60 are associated with TFI, and to evaluate antibody testing in TFI diagnosis. METHODS: Serum levels of antibodies against chlamydial MOMP and HSP60 from C. trachomatis, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni and human HSP60 were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in three groups of infertile women: women with TFI (n = 70), controls with normal fallopian tubes (control group 1, n = 92) and a subgroup of women with normal fallopian tubes and sero-positive for either chlamydial MOMP or chlamydial HSP60 (control group 2, n = 28). RESULTS: Serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and IgG3 antibodies against MOMP and HSP60 from C. trachomatis were elevated in patients with TFI compared with non-TFI individuals (group 1; P < 0.001), while levels of IgG3 against MOMP and IgG1 against HSP60 were higher in the TFI group compared with control group 2 (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03, respectively). Levels of antibodies against human HSP60 did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm an association between TFI and antibodies to MOMP and HSP60 from C. trachomatis, suggesting antibody testing as a supplement in TFI diagnosis. No connection was observed between TFI and antibodies to human HSP60, pointing to an infectious rather than an autoimmune inflammation as the cause of TFI.