Evidence for Two-Dimensional Weyl Fermions in Air-Stable Monolayer PtTe1.75.

The Weyl semimetals represent a distinct category of topological materials wherein the low-energy excitations appear as the long-sought Weyl Fermions. Exotic transport and optical properties are expected because of the chiral anomaly and linear energy-momentum dispersion. While three-dimensional Weyl semimetals have been successfully realized, the quest for their two-dimensional (2D) counterparts is ongoing. Here, we report the realization of 2D Weyl Fermions in monolayer PtTe1.75, which has strong spin-orbit coupling and lacks inversion symmetry, by combined angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, second harmonic generation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, and first-principles calculations. The giant Rashba splitting and band inversion lead to the emergence of three pairs of critical Weyl cones. Moreover, monolayer PtTe1.75 exhibits excellent chemical stability in ambient conditions, which is critical for future device applications. The discovery of 2D Weyl Fermions in monolayer PtTe1.75 opens up new possibilities for designing and fabricating novel spintronic devices.

Electrochemical Anion Sensing Using Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Nanocrystals with Confined Pores.

Anion sensing technology is motivated by the widespread and critical roles played by anions in biological systems and the environment. Electrochemical approaches comprise a major portion of this field but so far have relied on redox-active molecules appended to electrodes that often lack the ability to produce mixtures of distinct signatures from mixtures of different anions. Here, nanocrystalline films of the conductive metal-organic framework (MOF) Cr(1,2,3-triazolate)2 are used to differentiate anions based on size, which consequently affect the reversible oxidation of the MOF. During framework oxidation, the intercalation of larger charge-balancing anions (e.g., ClO4-, PF6-, and OTf-) gives rise to redox potentials shifted anodically by hundreds of mV due to the additional work of solvent reorganization and anion desolvation. Smaller anions (e.g., BF4-) may enter partially solvated, while larger ansions (e.g., OTf-) intercalate with complete desolvation. As a proof-of-concept, we leverage this "nanoconfinement" approach to report an electrochemical ClO4- sensor in aqueous media that is recyclable, reusable, and sensitive to sub-100-nM concentrations. Taken together, these results exemplify an unusual combination of distinct external versus internal surface chemistry in MOF nanocrystals and the interfacial chemistry they enable as a novel supramolecular approach for redox voltammetric anion sensing.

Transferring Adult-like Phase Images for Robust Multi-view Isointense Infant Brain Segmentation.

Accurate tissue segmentation of infant brain in magnetic resonance (MR) images is crucial for charting early brain development and identifying biomarkers. Due to ongoing myelination and maturation, in the isointense phase (6-9 months of age), the gray and white matters of infant brain exhibit similar intensity levels in MR images, posing significant challenges for tissue segmentation. Meanwhile, in the adult-like phase around 12 months of age, the MR images show high tissue contrast and can be easily segmented. In this paper, we propose to effectively exploit adult-like phase images to achieve robustmulti-view isointense infant brain segmentation. Specifically, in one way, we transfer adult-like phase images to the isointense view, which have similar tissue contrast as the isointense phase images, and use the transferred images to train an isointense-view segmentation network. On the other way, we transfer isointense phase images to the adult-like view, which have enhanced tissue contrast, for training a segmentation network in the adult-like view. The segmentation networks of different views form a multi-path architecture that performs multi-view learning to further boost the segmentation performance. Since anatomy-preserving style transfer is key to the downstream segmentation task, we develop a Disentangled Cycle-consistent Adversarial Network (DCAN) with strong regularization terms to accurately transfer realistic tissue contrast between isointense and adult-like phase images while still maintaining their structural consistency. Experiments on both NDAR and iSeg-2019 datasets demonstrate a significant superior performance of our method over the state-of-the-art methods.

HGF ameliorates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammatory response in sepsis via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the impact of HGF on cardiomyocyte injury, apoptosis, and inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to quantify the levels of HGF, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, creatine phosphokinase-isoenzyme-MB (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the samples. qPCR and Western blotting (WB) were employed to assess the mRNA and protein expressions of HGF, IL-10, IL-6, PI3K, AKT, p-PI3K, and p-AKT. RESULTS: The outcomes of the in vivo experiment revealed that serum levels of IL-6, IL-10, HGF and SOFA scores in the SC group were elevated in contrast to the non-SC group. The correlation analysis indicated a substantial and positive association among serum HGF, IL-6, and IL-10 levels and SOFA scores. Relative to IL-6, IL-10 levels, and SOFA scores, serum HGF demonstrated the highest diagnostic value for SC. Following LPS administration to stimulate H9c2 cells across various periods (0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h), the levels of myocardial injury markers (CK-MB and cTnI) in the cell supernatants, intracellular inflammatory factors (mRNA and protein levels of IL-10 and IL-6), apoptosis and ROS levels, exhibited a gradual increase followed by a subsequent decline. Following the overexpression of HGF, there was an increase in cell viability, and a decrease in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress injuries, and the protein phosphorylation expressions of PI3K and AKT. After knockdown of HGF expression, the activity of LPS-induced H9c2 cells was further reduced, leading to increased cell injury, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress,and the expression levels of PI3K and Akt protein phosphorylation were further elevated. CONCLUSION: HGF was associated with decreased LPS-induced H9c2 apoptosis and inflammation in H9c2 cells, alongside an improvement in cell viability, indicating potential cytoprotective effects. The mechanism underlying these impacts may be ascribed to the suppression of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

ZMAT3 participated in benzene-caused disruption in self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells via TNF-α/NF-κB pathway.

Benzene is a common environmental and occupational pollutant, benzene exposure causes damage to hematopoietic system. ZMAT3 is a zinc finger protein which has important biological functions. In this study, benzene-exposed mouse model and ZMAT3 overexpression and low expression hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) models were constructed to explore the mechanism of ZMAT3 in benzene-induced hematopoietic toxicity. The results showed that benzene increased the expression of ZMAT3 in mouse bone marrow (BM) cells, HSCs and peripheral blood (PB) leukocyte, and the changes in HSCs were more sensitive than BM and PB cells. In addition, overexpression of ZMAT3 decreased the self-renewal ability of HSCs and reduced the HSCs differentiation into myeloid hematopoietic cells, while low expression has the opposite effect. Besides, over and low expression of ZMAT3 both increased the HSCs differentiation into lymphoid progenitor cells. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis suggested that ZMAT3 was associated with TNF-α signaling pathway, and the correlation was confirmed in mouse model. Meanwhile, the results indicated that ZMAT3 promoted TNF-α mRNA processing by binding to the ARE structural domain on TNF-α and interacting with hnRNP A2/B1 and hnRNP A1 proteins, ultimately activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides a new mechanism for the study of benzene toxicity.

Selective Oxidative Cleavage of Benzyl C-N Bond under Metal-Free Electrochemical Conditions.

With the growing significance of green chemistry in organic synthesis, electrochemical oxidation has seen rapid development. Compounds undergo oxidation-reduction reactions through electron transfer at the electrode surface. This article proposes the use of electrochemical methods to achieve cleavage of the benzyl C-N bond. This method selectively oxidatively cleaves the C-N bond without the need for metal catalysts or external oxidants. Additionally, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines exhibit good adaptability under these conditions, utilizing water as the sole source of oxygen.

DeepDecon accurately estimates cancer cell fractions in bulk RNA-seq data.

Understanding the cellular composition of a disease-related tissue is important in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and downstream treatment. Recent advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technique have allowed the measurement of gene expression profiles for individual cells. However, scRNA-seq is still too expensive to be used for large-scale population studies, and bulk RNA-seq is still widely used in such situations. An essential challenge is to deconvolve cellular composition for bulk RNA-seq data based on scRNA-seq data. Here, we present DeepDecon, a deep neural network model that leverages single-cell gene expression information to accurately predict the fraction of cancer cells in bulk tissues. It provides a refining strategy in which the cancer cell fraction is iteratively estimated by a set of trained models. When applied to simulated and real cancer data, DeepDecon exhibits superior performance compared to existing decomposition methods in terms of accuracy.

Minimally invasive esophagectomy with non-invasive ventilation by laryngeal mask-assisted anesthesia for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: case report.

Minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer surgery remains associated with significant morbidity and surgical complications across the globe. Non-intubation video-assisted thoracic surgery (NIVATS) has been successfully employed in lung resection in recent years, but there are few reported cases with regard to the safety and feasibility of this approach in radical esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancers. We present 4 consecutive cases with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who received minimally invasive McKeown's esophagectomy under non-intubation general anesthesia from November 2022 to April 2023. All these patients were aged from 55 to 75 years old and were pathologically diagnosed with ESCC. All procedures of McKeown's esophagectomy in these patients were completed with non-invasive ventilation by laryngeal mask-assisted anesthesia. Operation duration ranged from 185 to 395 minutes and the estimated blood loss ranged from 25 to 60 ml in these 4 cases. No severe hypoxia was observed and transient hypercapnia was resolved intraoperatively. None of them was converted to endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation or to thoracotomy. The number of retrieved lymph nodes in mediastinum were 21-27 and all patients received R0 surgery with pathological stage as T1bN0M0 to T3N2M0. There was no serious complication (Clavien-Dindo grade III-IV) observed perioperatively and they were all discharged 11-14 days after the surgery with resumption of oral feeding. They are all alive without tumor recurrence at the date of data collection. The safety and efficacy of minimally invasive esophagectomy with non-invasive ventilation by laryngeal mask-assisted anesthesia for patients with ESCC are warranted for explored in a larger cohort study.

Competing Charge Transfer and Screening Effects in Two-Dimensional Ferroelectric Capacitors.

Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectrics promise ultrathin flexible nanoelectronics, typically utilizing a metal-ferroelectric-metal sandwich structure. Electrodes can either contribute free carriers to screen the depolarization field, enhancing nanoscale ferroelectricity, or induce charge doping, disrupting the long-range crystalline order. We explore electrodes' dual roles in 2D ferroelectric capacitors, supported by first-principles calculations covering a range of electrode work functions. Our results reveal volcano-type relationships between ferroelectric-electrode binding affinity and work function, which are further unified by a quadratic scaling between the binding energy and the transferred interfacial charge. At the monolayer limit, charge transfer dictates the ferroelectric stability and switching properties. This general characteristic is confirmed in various 2D ferroelectrics including α-In2Se3, CuInP2S6, and SnTe. As the ferroelectric layer's thickness increases, the capacitor stability evolves from a charge-transfer-dominated state to a screening-dominated state. The delicate interplay between these two effects has important implications for 2D ferroelectric capacitor applications.

Ultrathin Boundary-Less SnO2 Films with Surface-Activated Two-Dimensional Nanograins Enable Fast and Sensitive Hydrogen Gas Sensing.

Fast and reliable semiconductor hydrogen sensors are crucially important for the large-scale utilization of hydrogen energy. One major challenge that hinders their practical application is the elevated temperature required, arising from undesirable surface passivation and grain-boundary-dominated electron transportation in the conventional nanocrystalline sensing layers. To address this long-standing issue, in the present work, we report a class of highly reactive and boundary-less ultrathin SnO2 films, which are fabricated by the topochemical transformation of 2D SnO transferred from liquid Sn-Bi droplets. The ultrathin SnO2 films are purposely made to consist of well-crystallized quasi-2D nanograins with in-plane grain sizes going beyond 30 nm, whereby the hydroxyl adsorption and grain boundary side-effects are effectively suppressed, giving rise to an activated (101)-dominating dangling-bond surface and a surface-controlled electrical transportation with an exceptional electron mobility of 209 cm2 V-1 s-1. Our work provides a new cost-effective strategy to disruptively improve the gas reception and transduction of SnO2. The proposed chemiresistive sensors exhibit fast, sensitive, and selective hydrogen sensing performance at a much-reduced working temperature of 60 °C. The remarkable sensing performance as well as the simple and scalable fabrication process of the ultrathin SnO2 films render the thus-developed sensors attractive for long awaited practical applications in hydrogen-related industries.

Antitumor Activity of a Novel LAIR1 Antagonist in Combination with Anti-PD1 to Treat Collagen-Rich Solid Tumors.

We recently reported that resistance to PD-1 blockade in a refractory lung cancer-derived model involved increased collagen deposition and the collagen-binding inhibitory receptor leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (LAIR1). Thus, we hypothesized that LAIR1 and collagen cooperated to suppress therapeutic response. In this study, we report that LAIR1 is associated with tumor stroma and is highly expressed by intratumoral myeloid cells in both human tumors and mouse models of cancer. Stroma-associated myeloid cells exhibit a suppressive phenotype and correlate with LAIR1 expression in human cancer. NGM438, a novel humanized LAIR1 antagonist mAb, elicits myeloid inflammation and allogeneic T-cell responses by binding to LAIR1 and blocking collagen engagement. Furthermore, a mouse-reactive NGM438 surrogate antibody sensitized refractory KP mouse lung tumors to anti-PD-1 therapy and resulted in increased intratumoral CD8+ T-cell content and inflammatory gene expression. These data place LAIR1 at the intersection of stroma and suppressive myeloid cells and support the notion that blockade of the LAIR1/collagen axis can potentially address resistance to checkpoint inhibitor therapy in the clinic.

A progress update on the biological effects of biodegradable microplastics on soil and ocean environment: A perfect substitute or new threat?

Conventional plastics are inherently difficult to degrade, causing serious plastic pollution. With the development of society, biodegradable plastics (BPs) are considered as an alternative to traditional plastics. However, current research indicated that BPs do not undergo complete degradation in natural environments. Instead, they may convert into biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) at an accelerated rate, thereby posing a significant threat to environment. In this paper, the definition, application, distribution, degradation behaviors, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of BPs were reviewed. And the impacts of BMPs on soil and marine ecosystems, in terms of physicochemical property, nutrient cycling, microorganisms, plants and animals were comprehensively summarized. The effects of combined exposure of BMPs with other pollutants, and the mechanism of ecotoxicity induced by BMPs were also addressed. It was found that BMPs reduced pH, increased DOC content, and disrupted the nitrification of nitrogen cycle in soil ecosystem. The shoot dry weight, pod number and root growth of soil plants, and reproduction and body length of soil animals were inhibited by BMPs. Furthermore, the growth of marine plants, and locomotion, body length and survival of marine animals were suppressed by BMPs. Additionally, the ecotoxicity of combined exposure of BMPs with other pollutants has not been uniformly concluded. Exposure to BMPs induced several types of toxicity, including neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity and genotoxicity. The future calls for heightened attention towards the regulation of the degradation of BPs in the environment, and pursuit of interventions aimed at mitigating their ecotoxicity and potential health risks to human.

Mid-infrared tunable absorber based on an Ag/SiO2/VO2/Ag/VO2 multilayer structure and its molecular sensing capability.

We present a design of middle-infrared modulation absorbers based on vanadium dioxide (VO2). By using the electron beam evaporation technique, the Ag/SiO2/VO2/Ag/VO2 multilayer structure can achieve double band strong absorption in the mid-infrared, and dynamically adjust the absorption performance through VO2. The simulation results demonstrate a remarkable absorption rate of 91.8% and 98.9% at 9.09 µm and 10.25 µm, respectively. The high absorption is elucidated by analyzing the field strength distribution in each layer. Meanwhile, based on the phase change characteristics of VO2, the absorber has exceptional thermal regulation, with a remarkable 78% heat regulation range in the mid-infrared band. The size altering of the absorbing layer is effective in enhancing and optimizing the structure's absorption performance. The structure is used to characterize probe molecules of CV and R6 G by mid-infrared spectroscopy, which illustrates an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of 10-7 M for both substances. These results provide valuable insights for designing future high-performance tunable optical devices.

Increased risk of heavy metal accumulation in mangrove seedlings in coastal wetland environments due to microplastic inflow.

The recovery phase of mangrove seedlings in coastal wetland ecosystems can be negatively affected by exposure to external pollutants. This study aimed to investigate the impact of microplastics (MPs) influx, specifically polystyrene (PS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), on the growth of Aegiceras corniculatum seedlings and their accumulation of heavy metals (HMs). PS and PMMA significantly increased HMs accumulation (up to 21.0-548%), particularly in the roots of seedlings, compared to the control treatment (CK). Additionally, elevated activities of malondialdehyde and catalase enzymes were observed in the leaves of seedlings, while peroxidase enzyme activity decreased. Topological analysis of the root sediment microbiota coexistence network revealed that the modularization data increased from 0.69 (CK treatment) to 1.07 (PS treatment) and 5.11 (PMMA treatment) under the combined stress of MPs and HMs. This suggests that the introduction of MPs intensifies microbial modularization. The primary cause of increased HMs accumulation in plants is the MPs input, which influences the secretion of organic acids by plants and facilitates the shift of HMs in sediment to bioavailable states. Furthermore, changes in microbial clustering may also contribute to the elevated HMs accumulation in plants. This study provides valuable insights into the effects of external pollutants on mangrove seedlings and offers new perspectives for the preservation and restoration of mangrove coastal wetlands.

Health-related quality of life after 12 months post discharge in patients hospitalised with COVID-19-related severe acute respiratory infection (SARI): a prospective analysis of SF-36 data and correlation with retrospective admission data on age, disease severity, and frailty.

Long-term outcome and 'health-related quality of life' (HRQoL) following hospitalisation for COVID-19-related severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of HRQoL in patients hospitalised with COVID-19-related SARI at 1 year post discharge, focusing on the potential impact of age, frailty, and disease severity. METHOD: Routinely collected outcome data on 1207 patients admitted with confirmed COVID-19 related SARI across all three secondary care sites in our NHS trust over 3 months were assessed in this retrospective cohort study. Of those surviving 1 year, we prospectively collected 36-item short form (SF-36) HRQoL questionnaires, comparing three age groups (<49, 49-69, and the over 69-year-olds), the relative impact of frailty (using the Clinical Frailty Score; CFS), and disease severity (using National Early Warning Score; NEWS) on HRQoL domains. RESULTS: Overall mortality was 46.5% in admitted patients. In our SF-36 cohort (n=169), there was a significant reduction in all HRQoL domains versus normative data; the most significant reductions were in the physical component (p<0.001) across all ages and the emotional component (p<0.01) in the 49-69 year age group, with age having no additional impact on HRQoL. However, there was a significant correlation between physical well-being versus CFS (the correlation coefficient=-0.37, p<0.05), though not NEWS, with no gender difference observed. CONCLUSION: There was a significant reduction in all SF-36 domains at 1 year. Poor CFS at admission was associated with a significant and prolonged impact on physical parameters at 1 year. Age had little impact on the severity of HRQoL, except in the domains of physical functioning and the overall physical component.

PNAbind: Structure-based prediction of protein-nucleic acid binding using graph neural networks.

The recognition and binding of nucleic acids (NAs) by proteins depends upon complementary chemical, electrostatic and geometric properties of the protein-NA binding interface. Structural models of protein-NA complexes provide insights into these properties but are scarce relative to models of unbound proteins. We present a deep learning approach for predicting protein-NA binding given the apo structure of a protein (PNAbind). Our method utilizes graph neural networks to encode spatial distributions of physicochemical and geometric properties of the protein molecular surface that are predictive of NA binding. Using global physicochemical encodings, our models predict the overall binding function of a protein and can discriminate between specificity for DNA or RNA binding. We show that such predictions made on protein structures modeled with AlphaFold2 can be used to gain mechanistic understanding of chemical and structural features that determine NA recognition. Using local encodings, our models predict the location of NA binding sites at the level of individual binding residues. Binding site predictions were validated against benchmark datasets, achieving AUROC scores in the range of 0.92-0.95. We applied our models to the HIV-1 restriction factor APOBEC3G and show that our predictions are consistent with experimental RNA binding data.

Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Post-Traumatic Growth: A Cross-Sectional Study of Psychiatric Nurses Suffering from Workplace Violence in Guangdong China.

Background: Workplace violence (WPV) had become an important issue that endangered the occupational safety of psychiatric nurses. A growing number of studies showed positive post-traumatic growth (PTG) resulting from coping with trauma. Objective: To investigate the characteristics of PTG in psychiatric nurses who experienced violence in the workplace and analyze its influencing factors. Methods: A total of 1202 psychiatric nurses participated in the study. From October 2022 to December 2022, this cross-sectional study collected data on psychiatric nurses from five tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province, China. Twenty-item Chinese version post-traumatic growth inventory (PTGI), Jefferson Scale of Empathy Health Professional (JSE-HP), Confidence in Coping with Patient Aggression Instrument (CCPAI), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) measured PTG level, empathy, the confidence in coping with WPV, post-traumatic stress disorder, and resilience, respectively. Bivariate analysis and multiple linear regression explored potential influencing factors of PTG. This study complies with the EQUATOR (STROBE) checklist. Results: The sample was composed of a total of 1202 psychiatric nurses suffering from WPV. The average score of PTGI in psychiatric nurses was above average (65.75 points; SD = 20.20). Linear regression analyses showed from single-child family (ß=0.052,95% CI=0.342,5.409, P<0.05), education background (ß=0.108,95% CI=1.833,5.097, P<0.001), the confidence in coping with patient aggression (ß=0.106,95% CI=1.385,4.317, P<0.001), empathy (ß=0.057,95% CI=0.312,4.374, P<0.05), and resilience (ß=0.484,95% CI=7.737,9.575, P<0.001) were associated with PTG level. Conclusion: Psychiatric nurses who were non-single child, had received higher education, had confidence in coping with patient aggression, had good resilience and strong empathy were prone to PTG after experiencing WPV. The study findings could help hospitals and nursing managers identify vulnerable individuals and take early intervention measures against such populations.

Microbial mechanisms in nitrogen fertilization: Modulating the re-mobilization of clay mineral-bound cadmium in agricultural soils.

Soil cadmium (Cd) can affect crop growth and food safety, and through the enrichment in the food chain, it ultimately poses a risk to human health. Reducing the re-mobilization of Cd caused by the release of protons and acids by crops and microorganisms after stabilization is one of the significant technical challenges in agricultural activities. This study aimed to investigate the re-mobilization of stabilized Cd within the clay mineral-bound fraction of soil and its subsequent accumulation in crops utilizing nitrogen ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), at 60 and 120 mg kg-1. Furthermore, the study harvested root exudates at various growth stages to assess their direct influence on the re-mobilization of stabilized Cd and to evaluate the indirect effects mediated by soil microorganisms. The results revealed that, in contrast to the NO3--N treatment, the NH4+-N treatment significantly enhanced the conversion of clay mineral-bound Cd in the soil to NH4NO3-extractable Cd. It also amplified the accumulation of Cd in edible amaranth, with concentrations in roots and shoots rising from 1.7-6.0 mg kg-1 to 4.3-9.8 mg kg-1. The introduction of NH4+-N caused a decrease in the pH value of the rhizosphere soil and stimulated the production and secretion organic and amino acids, such as oxalic acid, lactic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, and l-serine, from the crop roots. Furthermore, compared to NO3--N, the combined interaction of root exudates with NH4+-N has a more pronounced impact on the abundance of microbial genes associated with glycolysis pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle, such as pkfA, pfkB, sucB, sucC, and sucD. The effects of NH4+-N on crops and microorganisms ultimately result in a significant increase in the re-mobilization of stabilized Cd. However, the simulated experiments showed that microorganisms only contribute to 3.8-6.6 % of the re-mobilization of clay mineral-bound Cd in soil. Therefore, the fundamental strategy to inhibit the re-mobilization of stabilized Cd in vegetable cultivation involves the regulation of proton and organic acid secretion by crops.

Significant hydrogen generation via photo-mechanical coupling in flexible methylammonium lead iodide nanowires.

The flexoelectric effect, which refers to the mechanical-electric coupling between strain gradient and charge polarization, should be considered for use in charge production for catalytically driving chemical reactions. We have previously revealed that halide perovskites can generate orders of higher magnitude flexoelectricity under the illumination of light than in the dark. In this study, we report the catalytic hydrogen production by photo-mechanical coupling involving the photoflexoelectric effect of flexible methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) nanowires (NWs) in hydrogen iodide solution. Upon concurrent light illumination and mechanical vibration, large strain gradients were introduced in flexible MAPbI3 NWs, which subsequently induced significant hydrogen generation (at a rate of 756.5 µmol g-1 h-1, surpassing those values from either photo- or piezocatalysis of MAPbI3 nanoparticles). This photo-mechanical coupling strategy of mechanocatalysis, which enables the simultaneous utilization of multiple energy sources, provides a potentially new mechanism in mechanochemistry for highly efficient hydrogen production.

ILT2 and ILT4 Drive Myeloid Suppression via Both Overlapping and Distinct Mechanisms.

Solid tumors are dense three-dimensional (3D) multicellular structures that enable efficient receptor-ligand trans interactions via close cell-cell contact. Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)2 and ILT4 are related immune-suppressive receptors that play a role in the inhibition of myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment. The relative contribution of ILT2 and ILT4 to immune inhibition in the context of solid tumor tissue has not been fully explored. We present evidence that both ILT2 and ILT4 contribute to myeloid inhibition. We found that although ILT2 inhibits myeloid cell activation in the context of trans-engagement by MHC-I, ILT4 efficiently inhibits myeloid cells in the presence of either cis- or trans-engagement. In a 3D spheroid tumor model, dual ILT2/ILT4 blockade was required for the optimal activation of myeloid cells, including the secretion of CXCL9 and CCL5, upregulation of CD86 on dendritic cells, and downregulation of CD163 on macrophages. Humanized mouse tumor models showed increased immune activation and cytolytic T-cell activity with combined ILT2 and ILT4 blockade, including evidence of the generation of immune niches, which have been shown to correlate with clinical response to immune-checkpoint blockade. In a human tumor explant histoculture system, dual ILT2/ILT4 blockade increased CXCL9 secretion, downregulated CD163 expression, and increased the expression of M1 macrophage, IFNγ, and cytolytic T-cell gene signatures. Thus, we have revealed distinct contributions of ILT2 and ILT4 to myeloid cell biology and provide proof-of-concept data supporting the combined blockade of ILT2 and ILT4 to therapeutically induce optimal myeloid cell reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment.