SERS Analysis Platform Based on Aptamer Recognition-Release Strategy for Efficient and Sensitive Diagnosis of Colorectal Precancerous Lesions.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has become a significant global public health challenge, demanding immediate attention due to its high incidence and mortality rates. Regular CRC screening is essential for the early detection of precancerous lesions and CRC. Methods: : We developed a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis platform that employs high-throughput microarray chips as carriers and Au/SnO2 nanoring arrays (Au/SnO2 NRAs) as substrates. This platform utilizes an aptamer recognition-release strategy to achieve efficient and sensitive detection of protein tumor markers. In the detection process, the strong affinity and high specificity between the aptamer and the target protein result in competitive replacement of the SERS nanoprobes originally bound to the substrate surface. As a result, the SERS nanoprobes carrying Raman reporter genes are dislodged, leading to a reduction in the SERS signal intensity. Results: The platform demonstrated excellent detection performance, with rapid detection completed within 15 minutes and limits of detection (LOD) as low as 6.2×10-12 g/mL for hnRNP A1 and 6.51×10-12 g/mL for S100P. Clinical samples analyzed using the SERS platform showed high consistency with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results. Conclusion: This platform offers strong support for the early detection, risk assessment, and treatment monitoring of colorectal cancer precancerous lesions, with broad potential for clinical applications.

A Machine Learning-Driven Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Analysis Platform for the Label-Free Detection and Identification of Gastric Lesions.

Background: Gastric lesions pose significant clinical challenges due to their varying degrees of malignancy and difficulty in early diagnosis. Early and accurate detection of these lesions is crucial for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. Methods: This paper proposed a label-free and highly sensitive classification method for serum of patients with different degrees of gastric lesions by combining surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and machine learning analysis. Specifically, we prepared Au lotus-shaped (AuLS) nanoarrays substrates using seed-mediated and liquid-liquid interface self-assembly method for measuring SERS spectra of serum, and then the collected spectra were processed by principal component analysis (PCA) - multi-local means based nearest neighbor (MLMNN) model to achieve differentiation. Results: By employing this pattern analysis, AuLS nanoarray substrates can achieve fast, sensitive, and label-free serum spectral detection. The classification accuracy can reach 97.5%, the sensitivity is higher than 96.7%, and the specificity is higher than 95.0%. Moreover, by analyzing the PCs loading plots, the most critical spectral features distinguishing different degrees of gastric lesions were successfully captured. Conclusion: This discovery lays the foundation for combining SERS with machine learning for real-time diagnosis and recognition of gastric lesions.

Identification and Characterization of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA in Slimming Grass Carp.

Slimming grass carp is a commercial variety with good body form and meat quality, which is cultured by starving common grass carp in a clean flowing water environment. Compared to common grass carp, slimming grass carp has a far higher economic value. Until now, no molecular study has concentrated on the regulation mechanism of the muscle characteristics of slimming grass carp. This study first reported the gene expression profile of the muscle characteristics of slimming grass carp based on the level of extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs). EccDNAs are double-stranded circular DNAs derived from genomic DNAs and play crucial roles in the functional regulation of a wide range of biological processes, none of which have been shown to occur in fish. Here, muscle eccDNAs from slimming grass carp and common grass carp were both generally sequenced, and the information, as well as the expression profile of eccDNAs, were compared and analysed. The findings reveal that 82,238 and 25,857 eccDNAs were detected from slimming grass carp and common grass carp, respectively. The length distribution of eccDNAs was in the range of 1~1000 bp, with two peaks at about 200 bp and 400 bp. When the expression profiles of eccDNAs between slimming grass carp and common grass carp were compared, 3523 up-regulated and 175 down-regulated eccDNAs were found. Enrichment analysis showed that these eccDNA genes were correlated with cellular structure and response, cell immunology, enzyme activity, etc. Certain differentially expressed eccDNAs involved in muscle characteristics were detected, which include myosin heavy chain, myosin light chain, muscle segment homeobox C, calsequestrin, calmodulin, etc., among which the majority of genes were linked to muscle structure and contraction. This indicates that during the process of cultivating from common grass carp to slimming grass carp, the treatment primarily affected muscle structure and contraction, making the meat quality of slimming grass carp different from that of common grass carp. This result provides molecular evidence and new insights by which to elucidate the regulating mechanism of muscle phenotypic characterisation in slimming grass carp and other fish.

Dietary black soldier fly oil enhances growth performance, flesh quality, and health status of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

The study aimed to assess the effects of dietary black soldier fly oil (BSFO) on the growth performance, flesh quality, and health status of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Six iso-nitrogenous and isolipid diets were formulated by substituting fish oil and soybean oil (1/2, wt/wt) with BSFO in percentages of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. The diets were fed to 960 fish (initial body weight = 16.5 g) in four replicates for 8 weeks. Indicators related to growth performance, body composition, hematology, flesh quality, expression of genes related to inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis, and the response of fish to Aeromonas veronii challenge were analyzed. The results showed that the weight gain rate was numerically improved in all BSFO substitution groups, ranging from 9.3% to 44.0% compared to the control group. The highest survival rate and the lowest hepatosomatic index and condition factor were observed in the BFSO20 group. In terms of flesh quality, the water-holding capacity of the dorsal muscle was elevated with higher levels of dietary BSFO. However, significant changes in texture properties (cohesiveness, gluing, and chewiness) were observed in the BSFO20 group (P < 0.05). Six hematological parameters related to glycolipid and liver function were optimized in most of the BFSO substitution groups. Furthermore, the expressions of six inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes (IL-1ß, Bcl-xl, BAX, caspase8, TNF-α, and IL-10) were significantly affected by dietary BSFO (P < 0.05). Following bacterial challenge, the seven-day cumulative survival rates of fish were considerably increased from 10.0% in the control group to 60.0% and 66.7% in the BSFO80 and BSFO100 groups, respectively. One-variable linear regression analysis revealed that various parameters related to fish growth, flesh quality, and health status were significantly influenced by dietary BSFO substitution levels in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). In conclusion, substituting around 20% of dietary fish oil and soybean oil with BSFO is promising in improving the growth performance and flesh quality of M. salmoides. However, to enhance immunity and disease resistance, it is recommended to further increase the inclusion of BSFO in the diet.

Application Study of Neutralization Confirmatory Testing for Low Positive Hepatitis B Surface Antigen.

BACKGROUND: The high sensitivity of HBsAg quantitative tests has led to some challenges in the qualitative interpretation of weakly positive specimens. This study aimed to explore the clinical utility of neutralization confirma-tory testing for specimens with low positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on outpatient and inpatient cases, from January 2021 to January 2022, at the Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan. Confirmatory testing as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to reanalyze 382 samples with low positive HBsAg detected by chemilumi-nescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). A retrospective analysis of hepatitis B serum markers, including e-antigen, e-antibody, and core antibody patterns, was also performed. RESULTS: When the HBsAg value ranged from 0.05 - 0.09 IU/mL, the positivity rate of the confirmatory testing was 34.5%. The HBsAg true positivity levels were all between 0.07 and 0.09. In the range of 0.10 - 0.49, the positivity rate of confirmatory testing was 96.1%. The three methods exhibited a high consistency, when testing samples with relatively high HBsAg values. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the optimal sensitivity and specificity were achieved at 0.14 IU/mL. For the HBV e-antigen-positive and negative groups, the positivity rate of confirmatory testing was 100% and 93.8%, with no statistical difference between them. CONCLUSIONS: For specimens with weakly positive, low-value HBsAg, particularly when the hepatitis B surface an-tigen level is less than 0.14 IU/mL, neutralization confirmatory testing can serve as a means for further confirmation.

Micronuclei in 2-cell embryos show higher blastocyst formation rates on human embryonic development.

OBJECTIVE: Multinucleated blastomeres at the two-cell stage (2MNB) represent a frequently observed nuclear abnormality in early human embryos. This abnormality has been reported to significantly impact on the embryo's developmental potential to reach the blastocyst stage. However, our understanding of the embryo's developmental potential and the morphokinetics of 2MNB remains limited. This study investigates the influence of 2MNB and its subtypes on the blastocyst formation. STUDY DESIGN: A non-interventional retrospective study was performed in the Reproductive Medical Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, using a time-lapse incubator. The study involved the evaluation of 4416 embryos, including 628 multinucleated embryos, from 1521 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles conducted between October 2019 and October 2021. The morphokinetic characteristics of multinucleated embryos were analyzed. RESULTS: The results show multinucleation was the most common abnormal mitotic event during embryo development (14.22 %) in 4416 embryos. A control group of 3210 developmentally normal embryos was used in the study. The multinucleated blastomeres caused a lower blastocyst rate (52.48 % VS 64.02 %) compared to the control group. Whereas, 2MNBcause a higher blastocyst rate thanthemat the 4-cell stage (4MNB) (58.89 % VS 43.64 %). 2MNB can be further be further divided into 2MNB1/2cell and 2MNB2/2cell based on one multinucleated blastomere or two multinucleated blastomere appeared. Time to pronuclei fading (tPNf) is significantly longer in 2MNB2/2cell compared to 2MNB1/2cell. Furthermore, the 2MNB1/2cell embryos were divided into four subgroups (Bi-: two nuclei with almost the same size, Micro-: two nuclei with varying sizes, Poly-: more than two nuclei with almost the same size, and Cluster-: more than two nuclei with varying sizes) based on the number of nuclei and relative size. The results show that the Bi- and Micro- groups had a significantly increased blastocyst rate. The Cluster-, and Poly- groups showed significantly delayed embryonic development compared to normal controls. Bi-group has significant delays at t3, t5, and t8 and the Micro-group had a significant delay only at t8. CONCLUSION: 2MNB cause higher blastocyst rate than them at 4MNB. 2MNB1/2cell shows shorter tPNf compared to 2MNB2/2cell. Moreover, the Micro-, Bi- groups had a significantly increased blastocyst rate and different kinetic parameters compared to Cluster-, Poly-groups, suggesting that it is necessary to distinguish the nucleus status within 2MNB to increase the blastocyst rate. When selecting embryos for transformation from the 2MNB1/2cell, Micro- is the best choice.

Identification and Full-Length Sequence Analysis of a Novel Recombinant Goat Astrovirus Genotype in Guangxi, China.

Astroviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses capable of infecting humans as well as a wide range of mammalian and avian species, with a length of approximately 6.6-7.7 kb. In this study, 139 goat fecal samples collected from the Guangxi province were used for the RT-PCR detection, and two of these were positive for goat astrovirus, with a positivity rate of 1.44% (2/139). The complete genome sequence of an astrovirus strain and the partial genome sequence of a strain astrovirus, named GX WZ 2023 and GX HC 2023, were amplified and sequenced, and their sequence lengths were 6284 nt and 6213 nt, respectively. Among them, the capsid protein of goat astrovirus GX HC 2023 showed the highest amino acid identity of 95.9% with ovine astrovirus GX, which belonged to the MAstV-2 genotype. However, the closest relative of the GX WZ 2023 strain was found to be the caprine astrovirus Sichuan, with a nucleotide sequence identity of 76.8%. The ORF1ab nonstructural protein of this strain showed the highest amino acid identities of 89.2 and 95.8% with the ovine astrovirus S5.1 and caprine astrovirus G5.1 strains, respectively. However, its ORF2 capsid protein has 68.4% amino acid identity with the bovine astrovirus (BAstV) 16 2021 CHN strain and only 21.9-64% amino acid identity with all available strains of goat astrovirus. The GX WZ 2023 strain was recombined with the Chinese (BAstV 16 2021 CHN) and Japanese bovine strains (BAstV JPN 2015) in the ORF2 region. Therefore, the goat astrovirus GX WZ 2023 is proposed as a new member of the family goat astroviridae based on the species classification criteria of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. These findings enhance our understanding of the prevalence and genetic evolution of goat astrovirus and provide a scientific basis for future studies of these viruses in other animals.

Overexpression of oHIOMT results in various morphological, anatomical, physiological and molecular changes in switchgrass.

Introduction: Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a molecule implicated in multiple biological functions, but exerts contrasting effects on plants owing to concentration differences. Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), which catalyzes the last step of melatonin synthesis, plays a crucial role in this context. Methods: Transgenic switchgrass overexpressing oHIOMT with different melatonin levels displayed distinct morphological changes in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study, we divided the transgenic switchgrass into two groups: melatonin-moderate transgenic (MMT) plants and melatonin-rich transgenic (MRT) plants. To determine the concentration-dependent effect of melatonin on switchgrass growth and stress resistance, we conducted comparative morphological, physiological, omics and molecular analyses between MMT, MRT and wild-type (WT) plants. Results: We found that oHIOMT overexpression, with moderate melatonin levels, was crucial in regulating switchgrass growth through changes in cell size rather than cell number. Moderate levels of melatonin were vital in regulating carbon fixation, stomatal development and chlorophyll metabolism. Regarding salt tolerance, melatonin with moderate levels activated numerous defense (e.g. morphological characteristics, anatomical structure, antioxidant enzymatic properties, non-enzymatic capacity and Na+/K+ homeostasis). Additionally, moderate levels of oHIOMT overexpression were sufficient to increase lignin content and alter monolignol compositions with an increase in the S/G lignin ratio. Discussion: Taken together, oHIOMT overexpression in switchgrass with different melatonin levels resulted in morphological, anatomical, physiological and molecular changes in a concentration-dependent manner, which characterized by stimulation at low doses and inhibition at high doses. Our study presents new ideas and clues for further research on the mechanisms of the concentration-dependent effect of melatonin.

Molecular and cellular rhythms in excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the mouse prefrontal cortex.

Previous studies have shown that there are rhythms in gene expression in the mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC); however, the contribution of different cell types and potential variation by sex has not yet been determined. Of particular interest are excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) interneurons, as interactions between these cell types are essential for regulating the excitation/inhibition balance and controlling many of the cognitive functions regulated by the PFC. In this study, we identify cell-type specific rhythms in the translatome of PV and pyramidal cells in the mouse PFC and assess diurnal rhythms in PV cell electrophysiological properties. We find that while core molecular clock genes are conserved and synchronized between cell types, pyramidal cells have nearly twice as many rhythmic transcripts as PV cells (35% vs. 18%). Rhythmic transcripts in pyramidal cells also show a high degree of overlap between sexes, both in terms of which transcripts are rhythmic and in the biological processes associated with them. Conversely, in PV cells, rhythmic transcripts from males and females are largely distinct. Moreover, we find sex-specific effects of phase on action potential properties in PV cells that are eliminated by environmental circadian disruption. Together, this study demonstrates that rhythms in gene expression and electrophysiological properties in the mouse PFC vary by both cell type and sex. Moreover, the biological processes associated with these rhythmic transcripts may provide insight into the unique functions of rhythms in these cells, as well as their selective vulnerabilities to circadian disruption.

Effects of dietary glucosamine sulfate sodium on early laying performance and eggshell quality of laying hens.

This study was conducted to determine the influence of dietary glucosamine sulfate sodium (GSS) on laying performance, blood profiles, eggshell and inner quality of eggs and relative expression of the genes related to eggshell in laying hens at early stage. A total of 640 twenty-weeks-old Lohmann laying hens were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 10 replicates of 16 hens each. The experiment lasted for 8 wk, and dietary treatments were: 1) CON, basal diet; 2) G1, CON + 0.2% GSS; 3) G2, CON + 0.4% GSS; 4) G3, CON + 0.6% GSS. The inclusion of GSS increased average daily feed intake, laying rate, and egg mass (P < 0.05) linearly during wk 21 to 25, 25 to 29, and 21 to 29, egg weight during wk 21 to 25 and 25 to 29, and improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio linearly during wk 21 to 25. The supplementation of GSS increased (P < 0.05) albumen height quadratically, Haugh unit, calcium content, calcium mass, phosphorus content and phosphorus mass linearly at the end of 25th and 29th wk. At the end of 29th wk, the eggshell strength, eggshell weight, eggshell ratio, and eggshell thickness were increased (P < 0.05) linearly in GSS treatments compared with CON. The addition of GSS increased (P < 0.05) serum calcium, estrogen 2, and calcitonin, while decreased (P < 0.05) serum tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), parathormone, IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) at the end of 29th wk. The inclusion of GSS increased (P < 0.05) the relative expression of ovocalyxin-32 and ovocalyxin-36 linearly at the end of 29th wk, and ovalbumin, osteopontin, calbindin 1, and ovocleidin-116 linearly at the end of 25th and 29th wk. Quadratic effects were observed (P < 0.05) in the laying rate during wk 21 to 25, serum TRAP and PGE2, the relative expression of ovocleidin-116 at the end of 29th wk. In summary, the inclusion of GSS up-regulated relative expression of osteopontin, ovocleidin-116, ovocalyxin-32 and ovocalyxin-36 in uterus, promoted the serum PGE2 and calcitonin, thus increased the calcium content of eggshell and finally enhanced eggshell quality.

Prophylactic nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) mitigates CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice via preserving of ATP level in the mPFC.

Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with accumulating evidence implicating dysregulation of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). It remains unclear whether facilitating endogenous ATP production and subsequently increasing extracellular ATP level in the mPFC can exert a prophylactic effect against chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced depressive-like behaviors and enhance stress resilience. Here, we found that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) treatment effectively elevated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis and extracellular ATP levels in the mPFC. Moreover, both the 2-week intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and 3-week oral gavage of NMN prior to exposure to CSDS effectively prevented the development of depressive-like behavior in mice. These protective effects were accompanied with the preservation of both NAD+ biosynthesis and extracellular ATP level in the mPFC. Furthermore, catalyzing ATP hydrolysis by mPFC injection of the ATPase apyrase negated the prophylactic effects of NMN on CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors. Prophylactic NMN treatment also prevented the reduction in GABAergic inhibition and the increase in excitability in mPFC neurons projecting to the lateral habenula (LHb). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the prophylactic effects of NMN on depressive-like behaviors are mediated by preventing extracellular ATP loss in the mPFC, which highlights the potential of NMN supplementation as a novel approach for protecting and preventing stress-induced depression in susceptible individuals.

Screening and effects of intestinal probiotics on growth performance, gut health, immunity, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus agalactiae.

In the present study, 59 autochthonous bacteria were isolated from the intestine of tilapia. Following enzyme producing activity, antagonistic ability, hemolytic activity, drug sensitivity assessments, and in vivo safety evaluation, 7 potential probiotic strains were screened out: Bacillus tequilensis BT0825-2 (BT), Bacillus aryabhattai BA0829-3 (BA1), Bacillus megaterium BM0505-6 (BM), Bacillus velezensis BV0505-11 (BV), Bacillus licheniformis BL0505-18 (BL), B. aryabhattai BA0505-19 (BA2), and Lactococcus lactis LL0306-15 (LL). Subsequently, tilapia were fed basal diets (CT) and basal diets supplemented with 108 CFU/g of BT, BA1, BM, BV, BL, BA2 and LL, respectively. After 56 days of continuous feeding, the growth parameters (weight gain, final weight, and specific growth rate) showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) in both BM and BA2 groups. The total cholesterol and triglycerides of serum were significantly decreased in BV and LL groups (p < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and lysozyme of BV, BA2 and LL groups were increased, and the malondialdehyde of BV group was significantly decreased. The villous height and amylase of midgut were increased in BV, BA2 and LL groups. In addition, the expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin genes in the midgut of tilapia were enhanced in BM, BV, BA2 and LL groups. The supplementation of probiotics reduced the abundance of Cyanobacteria and increased the abundance of Actinobacteria at the phylum level. At the genus level, the addition of probiotics increased the abundance of Romboutsia. Furthermore, improvement in the expression of immune-related genes were observed, including interleukin 1ß, interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and transforming growth factor beta (p < 0.05). After challenging with S. agalactiae, the survival rates of BV, BA2 and LL groups were significantly higher than CT group (p < 0.05). Above results indicated that BM, BA2, BV and LL improved growth performance, gut health or immunity of tilapia, which can be applied in tilapia aquaculture.

Role of peritumoral tissue analysis in predicting characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma using ultrasound-based radiomics.

Predicting the biological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is essential for personalized treatment. This study explored the role of ultrasound-based radiomics of peritumoral tissues for predicting HCC features, focusing on differentiation, cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and Ki67 expression, and p53 mutation status. A cohort of 153 patients with HCC underwent ultrasound examinations and radiomics features were extracted from peritumoral tissues. Subgroups were formed based on HCC characteristics. Predictive modeling was carried out using the XGBOOST algorithm in the differentiation subgroup, logistic regression in the CK7 and Ki67 expression subgroups, and support vector machine learning in the p53 mutation status subgroups. The predictive models demonstrated robust performance, with areas under the curves of 0.815 (0.683-0.948) in the differentiation subgroup, 0.922 (0.785-1) in the CK7 subgroup, 0.762 (0.618-0.906) in the Ki67 subgroup, and 0.849 (0.667-1) in the p53 mutation status subgroup. Confusion matrices and waterfall plots highlighted the good performance of the models. Comprehensive evaluation was carried out using SHapley Additive exPlanations plots, which revealed notable contributions from wavelet filter features. This study highlights the potential of ultrasound-based radiomics, specifically the importance of peritumoral tissue analysis, for predicting HCC characteristics. The results warrant further validation of peritumoral tissue radiomics in larger, multicenter studies.

Enhanced resistance to heat and fungal infection in transgenic Trichoderma via over-expressing the HSP70 gene.

Heat stress is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting the growth, sporulation, colonization and survival of Trichoderma viride. This study aimed to gain a better insight into the underlying mechanism governing the heat stress response of T. viride Tv-1511. We analysed the transcriptomic changes of Tv-1511 under normal and heat stress conditions using RNA sequencing. We observed that Tv-1511 regulates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites through a complex network of signalling pathways. Additionally, it significantly activates the anti-oxidant defence system, heat shock proteins and stress-response-related transcription factors in response to heat stress. TvHSP70 was identified as a key gene, and transgenic Tv-1511 overexpressing TvHSP70 (TvHSP70-OE) was generated. We conducted an integrated morphological, physiological and molecular analyses of the TvHSP70-OE and wild-type strains. We observed that TvHSP70 over-expression significantly triggered the growth, anti-oxidant capacity, anti-fungal activity and growth-promoting ability of Tv-1511. Regarding anti-oxidant capacity, TvHSP70 primarily up-regulated genes involved in enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidant systems. In terms of anti-fungal activity, TvHSP70 primarily activated genes involved in the synthesis of enediyne, anti-fungal and aminoglycoside antibiotics. This study provides a comparative analysis of the functional significance and molecular mechanisms of HSP70 in Trichoderma. These findings provide a valuable foundation for further analyses.

An EEG Signature of MCH Neuron Activities Predicts Cocaine Seeking.

Background: Identifying biomarkers that predict substance use disorder (SUD) propensity may better strategize anti-addiction treatment. The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) critically mediates interactions between sleep and substance use; however, their activities are largely obscured in surface electroencephalogram (EEG) measures, hindering the development of biomarkers. Methods: Surface EEG signals and real-time Ca2+ activities of LH MCH neurons (Ca2+MCH) were simultaneously recorded in male and female adult rats. Mathematical modeling and machine learning were then applied to predict Ca2+MCH using EEG derivatives. The robustness of the predictions was tested across sex and treatment conditions. Finally, features extracted from the EEG-predicted Ca2+MCH either before or after cocaine experience were used to predict future drug-seeking behaviors. Results: An EEG waveform derivative - a modified theta-to-delta ratio (EEG Ratio) - accurately tracks real-time Ca2+MCH in rats. The prediction was robust during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), persisted through REMS manipulations, wakefulness, circadian phases, and was consistent across sex. Moreover, cocaine self-administration and long-term withdrawal altered EEG Ratio suggesting shortening and circadian redistribution of synchronous MCH neuron activities. In addition, features of EEG Ratio indicative of prolonged synchronous MCH neuron activities predicted lower subsequent cocaine seeking. EEG Ratio also exhibited advantages over conventional REMS measures for the predictions. Conclusions: The identified EEG Ratio may serve as a non-invasive measure for assessing MCH neuron activities in vivo and evaluating REMS; it may also serve as a potential biomarker predicting drug use propensity.

Effect of Perilla seeds inclusion on the performance, egg quality characteristics, biochemical parameters and egg yolk fatty acid composition of laying hens.

This study investigates the effect of supplementation of Perilla seeds (PS) on the performance, egg quality, blood biochemical parameters, and egg yolk fatty acids composition in the diet of egg-laying chicken. A total of 1600 Lohmann laying hens were randomly assigned to four different groups with 4 replicates each (100 chickens/replicate) and were subjected to varying PS concentrations (PS0, PS6, PS12, and PS18; 0%, 6%, 12%, and 18%, respectively) for four weeks, including an acclimation period of one week. The results showed no significant differences among the groups for average egg weight (P > 0.005). The laying rate (%), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average feed intake (AFI) decreased significantly for birds fed on 18% PS as compared to the other treatments (P < 0.005). Haugh unit, albumin height, egg-shape index and eggshell thickness among hens fed PS diets were greater averaging 80.53, 7.00, 1.29, 0.34 compared to 76.84, 6.86, 1.25 and 0.32 from Control hen eggs (P < 0.05). Serum analysis showed a trend towards elevated levels of glucose (Glu), total protein (TP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) among treatments. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased for the birds fed on 6% PS. The fatty acid composition of egg yolk showed a substantial reduction for α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increased significantly by the incorporating PS in the diet (P < 0.001). PS incorporation in diets resulted in significant improvements in both performance indicators and greater amounts of α-linolenic acid and DHA in egg yolks. These findings indicate that PS at 6% inclusion has the potential to improve fatty acid profiles of egg yolk without any adverse effect on performance of egg quality.

An Electroencephalogram Signature of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Neuron Activities Predicts Cocaine Seeking.

BACKGROUND: Identifying biomarkers that predict substance use disorder propensity may better strategize antiaddiction treatment. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus critically mediate interactions between sleep and substance use; however, their activities are largely obscured in surface electroencephalogram (EEG) measures, hindering the development of biomarkers. METHODS: Surface EEG signals and real-time calcium (Ca2+) activities of lateral hypothalamus MCH neurons (Ca2+MCH) were simultaneously recorded in male and female adult rats. Mathematical modeling and machine learning were then applied to predict Ca2+MCH using EEG derivatives. The robustness of the predictions was tested across sex and treatment conditions. Finally, features extracted from the EEG-predicted Ca2+MCH either before or after cocaine experience were used to predict future drug-seeking behaviors. RESULTS: An EEG waveform derivative-a modified theta-delta-theta peak ratio (EEGTDT ratio)-accurately tracked real-time Ca2+MCH in rats. The prediction was robust during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), persisted through vigilance states, sleep manipulations, and circadian phases, and was consistent across sex. Moreover, cocaine self-administration and long-term withdrawal altered EEGTDT ratio, suggesting shortening and circadian redistribution of synchronous MCH neuron activities. In addition, features of EEGTDT ratio indicative of prolonged synchronous MCH neuron activities predicted lower subsequent cocaine seeking. EEGTDT ratio also exhibited advantages over conventional REMS measures for the predictions. CONCLUSIONS: The identified EEGTDT ratio may serve as a noninvasive measure for assessing MCH neuron activities in vivo and evaluating REMS; it may also serve as a potential biomarker for predicting drug use propensity.

Effect of Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists on All-Cause Mortality in Critically Ill Patients With Essential Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Previous studies found that histamine H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) had blood pressure lowering and cardioprotective effects, but the impact of H2RAs on the survival outcomes of critically ill patients with essential hypertension is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of H2RAs exposure with all-cause mortality in patients with essential hypertension based on Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database. A total of 17,739 patients were included, involving 8482 H2RAs users and 9257 non-H2RAs users. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to improve balance between 2 groups that were exposed to H2RAs or not. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare the cumulative survival rates and multivariable Cox regression models were performed to evaluate the association between H2RAs exposure and all-cause mortality. After 1:1 PSM, 4416 pairs of patients were enrolled. The results revealed potentially significant association between H2RAs exposure and decreased 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortalities in multivariate analyses (HR = 0.783, 95% CI: 0.696-0.882 for 30-day; HR = 0.860, 95% CI: 0.778-0.950 for 90-day; and HR = 0.883, 95% CI: 0.811-0.961 for 1-year mortality, respectively). Covariate effect analyses showed that the use of H2RAs was more beneficial in essential hypertension patients with age ≥ 60, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, coronary arteriosclerosis, stroke, and acute kidney failure, respectively. In conclusion, H2RAs exposure was related to lower mortalities in critically ill patients with essential hypertension, which provided novel potential strategy for the use of H2RAs in essential hypertension patients.

Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition Method Based on Randomization and Local Feature Learning.

Personal privacy protection has been extensively investigated. The privacy protection of face recognition applications combines face privacy protection with face recognition. Traditional face privacy-protection methods encrypt or perturb facial images for protection. However, the original facial images or parameters need to be restored during recognition. In this paper, it is found that faces can still be recognized correctly when only some of the high-order and local feature information from faces is retained, while the rest of the information is fuzzed. Based on this, a privacy-preserving face recognition method combining random convolution and self-learning batch normalization is proposed. This method generates a privacy-preserved scrambled facial image and an image fuzzy degree that is close to an encryption of the image. The server directly recognizes the scrambled facial image, and the recognition accuracy is equivalent to that of the normal facial image. The method ensures the revocability and irreversibility of the privacy preserving of faces at the same time. In this experiment, the proposed method is tested on the LFW, Celeba, and self-collected face datasets. On the three datasets, the proposed method outperforms the existing face privacy-preserving recognition methods in terms of face visual information elimination and recognition accuracy. The recognition accuracy is >99%, and the visual information elimination is close to an encryption effect.