Studies of toxicity of dermally-absorbed nurelle D 550 EC preparations.

The aim of the study was the evaluation of the toxic effect of a two-component, preparation Nurelle D 550 EC (500 g of chlorpyrifos and 50 g cypermethrin per 1 l), administrated dermally. Toxicity was evaluated from histological and ultrastructural studies of the internal organs and immunotoxic effects (evaluation of phagocytical and bactericidal activity of neutrophils). The preparation for dermal application was applied in 2 concentrations (200 mg/kg/day of chlorpyrifos plus 20 mg/kg/day of cypermethrin or 1000 mg/kg/day of chlorpyrifos, plus 100 mg/kg/day of cypermethrin). The preparation was administrated on the tail skin of female Wistar rats for 4 hours daily for a period of 4 weeks. After 28 days of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetised and blood was taken from the heart to evaluate the granulocyte system. The following organs were taken for histological studies: liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. Ultrastructural studies were carried out on the lung, liver, kidney and heart. The results of the study showed that dermal application of the pesticide Nurelle D 550 EC resulted in slight morphological and ultrastructural changes in the liver, kidney, lung and heart. The preparation examined slightly elevated the bactericidal activity of neutrophils. The differences, however, were not statistically significant. The phagocytic reaction in animals of both experimental groups did not differ from that observed in control group

Toxicity of dermally applied alpha-cypermethrin in rats.

The aim of the study was to assess the immunotoxic effect of dermally applied alpha-cypermethrin in rats based on phagocytic and bactericidal activity of neutrophils of peripheral blood, and the general toxic effect based on histological and ultrastructural examination of internal organs. The preparation was dermally applied in doses of 50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg. It was administered to the tail skin of female Wistar rats, 4 hours daily for 28 days. After the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized and heart blood was taken in order to evaluate the activity of granulocyte system. The following organs were taken for histological examinations: brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, thymus and lymphatic nodes. Lung, liver, kidney and heart were used for ultrastructural studies. The results of the study showed that bactericidal and phagocytic activity of neutrophils was stimulated after administration of 50 mg/kg alpha-cypermethrin. Dermal application of the preparation resulted in slight histological changes in liver, kidney, lung and brain. Pathological changes in heart were observed only on the level of ultrastructure.

Toxicity of dermally absorbed dichlorvos in rats.

Toxicity of dermally absorbed dichlorvos was studied in rats, based on its effects on internal organs, and on phagocytic and bactericidal activity of the neutrophile system. The studies were conducted on 30 female rats of Wistar strain. The animals were divided into three groups, two of which were experimentally exposed to dermal absorption of dichlorvos (37.5 mg/kg - 1/2 LD50; or 7.5 mg/kg - 1/10 LD50;), and one control group which was exposed to dermal absorption of the solvent. The animals were exposed to dermal absorption for 4 hours daily for a period of 4 weeks. After 28 days, the rats were anaesthetized, blood was drawn from the heart to evaluate the activity of the neutrophilic system, and the internal organs excised for histological and ultrastructural studies. Dermally absorbed dichlorvos caused histopathological changes in lungs, lymphatic glands and thymus, as well as histopathological and ultrastructural changes in liver, kidneys and heart muscle. Dichlorvos stimulated the bactericidal and phagocytic activity of neutrophils.

Does moxonidine increase cytotoxic activity of ethanol in rats? Preliminary report on the base of the ultrastructural study.

Combined effects of moxonidine and ethanol on ultrastructure of selected Wistar-Kyoto rat organs (kidney, liver, heart) were investigated. In cells of the animals, which received moxonidine alone, no morphological changes were found. In the group of rats which received alcohol, several typical submicroscopical changes were found, especially related to the mitochondria. After the combined administration of ethanol and moxonidine the pathological changes were bigger than those found in animals which received alcohol alone. Those changes were particularly significant in kidney and liver. The results might indicate that moxonidine increased cytotoxic activity of ethanol on several organs in rats.

Does the Ukrain preparation protect mice against lethal doses of bacteria?

Ukrain, a semi-synthetic preparation obtained from Chelidonium majus L, is used in the treatment of cancer diseases. It has been observed to exert a protective influence in mice infected by influenza viruses. Recently, the influence of the preparation on the survival of mice infected by lethal doses of E. coli and S. aureus has been estimated. This preparation was administered to Balb/c mice subcutaneously in doses of 0.04, 0.4 and 4.0 mg/kg of body weight. Ukrain was given every second day during 20 days, or a short-term before-and-after method at 48, 24 and 2 h before the infection and or 2, 24 and 48 h after the infection of mice. The mice were infected intraperitoneally with E. coli or S. aureus in doses equivalent to 2LD50. Increased survival of mice, depending on the dose of the preparation and the kind of infecting bacterium was observed. The highest survival (50%) occurred in mice infected with E. coli and receiving the amount of the preparation corresponding to 0.4 mg/kg. The lowest survival was observed in mice infected by S. aureus and receiving the preparation in the amount of 4.0 mg/kg. Higher protective effectiveness of the Ukrain preparation was observed in mice when the preparation had been administered during 20 days as compared to the short-term before-and-after regime.

Estimation of direct influence of Ukrain preparation on influenza viruses and the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus.

Ukrain is a semisynthetic drug with immunomodulatory properties derived from Chelidonium majus L. alkaloids and thiophosphoric acid. It acts selectively in a lytic way on cancer cells. Its protective properties have been shown in mice infected by influenza viruses. In this paper, the studies made on the estimation of the direct activity of Ukrain preparation on viruses and bacteria E. coli and S. aureus are described. Viruses of different haemagglutination titres were incubated with different concentrations of the preparation during period of 1, 2 and 24 h. Afterwards the samples were collected and used for the infection of the allantoic cavity obtained from 10-day-old hen embryos. A second method was based on the introduction of the Ukrain preparation into the allantoic cavity of embryos before infection with influenza viruses and after the infection of embryos. In both the described methods, the embryos were incubated within 48 hours. Then the presence of influenza viruses in allantoic fluid was estimated using a haemagglutination reaction with 30% hen blood cells. The influence of the preparation on hen embryo was also studied. In order to estimate the antibacterial activity the following procedure was used. To the preparation diluted with the growth medium from 500 micrograms/ml to 1 microgram/ml a definite amount of the bacteria S. aureus or E. coli was added, and after 24 and 48 h of incubation at 37 degrees C the results were read off. In the second method, the bacteria were added to 1, 10, 100 and 500 micrograms of the preparation in 1.0 ml of 0.85% NaCl, and after 1, 2 and 24 of incubation at room temperature the samples were collected and inoculated on solid Mueller-Hinton medium. The presence of bacterial growth or medium turbidity after 24 and 48 h of incubation was taken as a positive result. Our studies have revealed that the above mentioned preparation does not exert any negative influence on hen embryos that could make it difficult to estimate replication of influenza viruses. This preparation did not show any direct influence on the inactivation of influenza viruses and the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus.

[Selected immune response parameters in respiratory tract infections in mice--effect of combined treatment with tienamycin and coparvax]. / Wybrane parametry odpowiedzi immunologicznej w przebiegu zakazenia ukladu oddechowego u myszy--wplyw lçznego stosowania tienamycyny i preparatu coparvax.

The combined model of viral/bacterial infections has been used in the study. Tienamycin and Coparvax have been administered to infected mice. During the time of 3, 6, 9 and 14 days the hemagglutination inhibition reactions, migration inhibition of leukocytes, phagocytic activity and killing effect of the peritoneal exudate granulocytes have been made. The analysis of migration inhibition of leukocytes gave a statistically characteristic answer after using antigen of anatoxin compared to influenza antigen. In the group of animals which were treated with tienamycin and Coparvax a higher percentage of migration inhibition was observed than in the other group are substantial in the reaction of phagocytosis. Generally, a more beneficial influence of the combined treatment with tienamycin and coparvax has been observed.

Biotransformation, by Enterobacter agglomerans, of pyrimidine acyclonucleosides to acyclonucleotides.

The ability of Enterobacter agglomerans to transform naturally occurring nucleosides into nucleotides has been utilized to transform newly synthesized pyrimidine acyclonucleosides into the corresponding acyclonucleotides. Unselected bacteria were used as the source of nucleoside phosphotransferase, the phosphate group donor being 4-nitrophenyl phosphate in the presence of Zn2+ ions. Optimal reaction conditions are outlined.

[Effect of TFX (Polfa) on the course of experimental bacterial infections in mice treated with ciprofloxacin, amikacin and cefoperazone]. / Wplyw preparatu TFX (Polfa) na przebieg doswiadczalnych zakazen bakteryjnych u myszy leczonych cyprofloksacyna, amikacyna i cefoperazonem.

The effect of TFX-Polfa administered alone or with three antibiotics on the survival time in mice infected with E.coli and S.aureus was estimated. TFX has been administered 48, 24, 2 hours before and 24, 48 and 72 hours after infection, in doses of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Ciprobay has been administered 2 hours after infection, and every 24 hours during the experiment in dose of 15, 7.5 and 3.75 mg/kg of body weight. Amikin has been used in doses of 7.5, 3.75 and 1.87 mg/kg of body weight, Cefobid in doses of 30, 15 and 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. The antibiotics have been administered 2 hours after infection and every 12 hours to the end of experiment. Animals have been observed 10 days after infection. The positive effect of TFX on the survival time in mice infected with E.coli has been observed, but this preparation has given a little effect on the tested parameter in mice infected with S.aureus. Best antibacterial effect of Ciprobay and Amikin has been observed after administration of clinical doses. However, simultaneous therapy with TFX and tested antibiotics resulted in various (positive and negative) effects on the survival time during 10 days of observation.

[The effect of tienamycin on selected cellular immunologic parameters in mice during the course of viral-bacterial infections of the respiratory system]. / Wplyw tienamycyny na wybrane parametry odpowiedzi komórkowej u myszy w przebiegu zakazen wirusowo-bakteryjnych ukladu oddechowego.

The effect of tienamycin on selected parameters of the immunological system in mice infected with the influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus was studied. Tienamycin was administered 24 hours, 2 hours prior the infection and 2 hours after the infection (model I), 24 hours and 48 hours after infecting the mice (model II). The authors analysed phagocytosis, bactericidal activity of peritoneal exudate cells and the LIF release induced by the staphylococcus antigen and the viral antigen by the spleen mice leukocytes. The authors found that the antibiotic given to non-infected mice inhibited phagocytosis of staphylococci by the peritoneal exudate cells. In mice that were infected a positive effect of the antibiotic on all studied parameters. Administering the antibiotic before infecting the mice produced an even better effect.